Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

O presente estudo avaliou, em aorta de ratos, o efeito de uma sessão de exercício físico aeróbio na resposta vasoconstritora dependente e independente de receptores adrenérgicos, assim como a participação dos sistemas de síntese e remoção de óxido nítrico (NO) nestas respostas. Para isso, um grupo de ratos foi submetido a uma sessão de exercício físico em esteira rolante (grupo EX, n=14), enquanto o outro grupo permaneceu em repouso (grupo CTR, n=14), sendo que imediatamente após este período os ratos de ambos os grupos foram sacrificados e foi feita a retirada da aorta torácica para realização de medidas funcionais e bioquímicas in vitro. Resultados: pudemos observar que o grupo EX apresentou menor resposta vasoconstritora máxima à noradrenalina e ao cloreto de potássio quando comparados ao grupo CTR. Esta diferença na reatividade vascular deixou de ser observada nos anéis aórticos com o endotélio removido ou pré-incubados com um inibidor da síntese de NO. Além disso, o grupo EX apresentou maior biodisponibilidade de NO, maiores níveis vasculares de ânions superóxido, e maiores atividades das enzimas NAD(P)H oxidase e superóxido dismutase comparado ao grupo CTR. Esses resultados demonstram que uma única sessão de exercício físico aeróbio é capaz de atenuar a resposta vasoconstritora dependente e independente de receptores adrenérgicos em aorta de ratos, principalmente por aumentar a biodisponibilidade vascular de óxido nítrico, apesar de aumentar os níveis vasculares de ânions superóxido / The present study investigated, in rat aortas, the effect of one bout of aerobic exercise on the adrenergic receptor-dependent and -independent vasoconstrictor response, and the role of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and scavenging systems on this vasomotor response. One group of rats was submitted to a single bout of exercise on a treadmill (EX group, n=14) and the other one was placed in the treadmill without running (CTR group, n=14). Immediately after this period, both groups were euthanized and the thoracic aorta was removed for functional and biochemical analysis. Results: one bout of exercise attenuated the maximal contractile response to both noradrenaline and potassium chloride compared to CTR group. These differences on vascular reactivity were not observed in aortic rings when the endothelium was removed or aortic rings pre-incubated with a nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor. Additionally, EX group increased NO bioavailability, increased vascular superoxide levels, and increased NAD(P)H oxidase and superoxide dismutase activity compared to CTR group. These results demonstrate that one bout of aerobic exercise is able to attenuate adrenergic receptor-dependent and -independent vasoconstrictor response in rat aorta, mainly by increasing vascular NO bioavailability, despite the enhanced vascular superoxide levels

The pulmonary vein (PV) constricts to hypoxia however little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Hypoxic PV constriction is proposed to recruit upstream capillary beds and optimise gas exchange in healthy humans and may play a role in high altitude pulmonary oedema. The PV is also intrinsic to disease states including pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. Blood vessel culture can be a powerful tool to enable assessment of the impact of environmental factors on vessel function and as a disease model. However culture conditions alone affect vessel contractility; the effect of culture conditions on PV function remained to be established. The aim of this project was to investigate hypoxic responses of porcine PVs including the impact of maintenance in culture. Maintenance of PVs in culture conditions for 24 hours increased contraction to hypoxia and inhibited hypoxic relaxation post-contraction. These changes to PV hypoxic responses were thought to result from endothelial dysfunction. However, the endothelial nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME inhibited PV hypoxic contraction and enhanced relaxation. The impact of K+ channel inhibitors on hypoxic contraction was also investigated. Penitrem A, 4AP, DPO-1, ZnCl2 and glyburide had no significant effect however TEA and BDM inhibited the hypoxic contraction. This suggested that TASK, KV1.5, BKCa and KATP do not play a role in the mechanism of hypoxic pulmonary venoconstriction however KV channels containing KV2.1 α subunits may modulate the response. Results with L-NAME suggested endothelial dysfunction may not fully account for the change in PV function after exposure to culture. Therefore the impact of PV maintenance in culture was further explored using an isolated PV smooth muscle cell (PVSMC) model. Maintenance of PVs in culture conditions had minimal impact on morphology and electrical properties of PVSMCs. Notably, resting membrane potential and hypoxia-induced depolarisation were not significantly different. Based on the findings of this study, the endothelium in PVs appears to a) play a major role in modulation of the hypoxic response b) be sensitive to short-term exposure to culture conditions. K+ channels appear to play a minor role in PV hypoxic contraction and SMCs isolated from PVs maintained in culture conditions have similar morphological and electrophysiological characteristics to freshly isolated PVSMCs. Taking all this into account, endothelial regulation of contractility should be a key focus for future PV research.

The signaling mechanisms for muscarinic receptor-mediated vasoconstriction in coronary resistance arteries were studied in KCl-arrested isolated rat hearts perfused at a constant flow rate. The cholinergic agonists acetylcholine and bethanechol were given by bolus injection or constant infusion. The coronary vascular resistance was monitored by measuring the changes in perfusion pressure. The selective muscarinic agonist bethanechol caused a similar vasoconstrictor response as ACh, but with less potency and efficacy. Bolus injection of bethanechol evoked a phasic vasoconstriction in a dose-dependent manner, while infusion of bethanechol evoked a tonic vasoconstriction without producing tachyphylaxis. Coronary vascular responses to bethanechol were further examined in the absence and presence of a specific inhibitor or blocker for the potential signaling components. The bethanechol-induced phasic vasoconstriction was eliminated by perfusion with a Ca2+ -free medium. The maximal vasoconstriction to bethanechol was suppressed by 31% in the presence of the Ca2+ -dependent Cl- -channel blocker A-9-C. The L-type voltage-operated Ca2+ channel blocker nifedipine decreased the maximal constrictor response to bethanechol by 59%, while the putative receptor-operated Ca 2+ channel blocker SK&F 96365 converted this vasoconstriction into vasodilation which was not affected by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME. Coronary vascular responses to bethanechol were almost abolished by a combination of nifedipine and SK&F 96365. The protein kinase C inhibitor chelerythruine reduced bethanechol-evoked peak vasoconstriction by 79%. The bethanechol-induced tonic vasoconstriction was rapidly converted into vasodilation by the concomitant infusion of SK&F 96365 or nifedipine, but the simultaneous infusion of chelerythrine gradually attenuated this response. These data suggest that the novel receptor-operated Ca2+ channel, voltage-operated Ca2+ channel, and protein kinase C are the most crucial signaling components for muscarinic receptor-mediated coronary vasoconstriction in the isolated rat heart. Extracellular Ca 2+ influx via receptor-operated Ca2+ channels and voltage-operated Ca2+ channels is essential to both phasic and tonic vasoconstrictor responses to bethanechol. Protein kinase C plays a pivotal role in the regulation of bethanechol-evoked vasoconstriction by sensitizing the contractile apparatus and modulating the activity of Ca 2+ channels.

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Since its discovery in 1988 the powerful vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been widely implicated in the pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD) as well as the cardiovascular disease with which it is associated. ET receptor antagonists have favourable effects in experimental models of these conditions and orally acting antagonists are now licensed for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. However, there is a paucity of human data regarding the role of ET-1 in CKD. In this thesis, I have therefore explored the utility of ET-1 as a biomarker in CKD, and, using selective ET receptor antagonists, the beneficial renal and cardiovascular effects of ET receptor antagonism in CKD. I have shown that as glomerular filtration rate (GFR) declines plasma ET-1 increases linearly whereas urinary ET-1 shows an exponential increase. Furthermore, urinary ET-1 may be a useful marker of disease activity in patients with lupus nephritis. Its levels are high in those with biopsy-proven active renal inflammation and these fall with treatment. I have shown that in subjects with stable non-diabetic proteinuric CKD, acute selective ETA receptor antagonism reduces blood pressure and arterial stiffness and that these systemic benefits are associated with an increase in renal blood flow and reduction in proteinuria. Importantly, these effects are seen on top of those achieved with maximal therapy with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and/or angiotensin receptor blockers. Following a study confirming unchanged pharmacokinetics in CKD, I have used an oral selective ETA receptor antagonist to show that the reductions in BP, arterial stiffness and proteinuria seen in my acute studies are maintained longer term. This results of this study also suggest that the mechanism for the reduction in proteinuria is haemodynamic and relates to a reduction in GFR and filtration fraction. In summary, these studies suggest that ET-1 may act as a potential biomarker of renal inflammation, and confirm its role in the pathophysiology of the systemic and renal vasoconstriction seen in CKD. They also suggest that selective ETA receptor antagonism may provide a novel therapeutic approach in proteinuric CKD on top of standard therapies. Larger and longer term studies are now warranted to confirm this potential.

Twenty-four steers were grazed on endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophialum)-infected [[Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh]; E+] tall fescue (TF) and exposed to ergot alkaloids for an 106-d grazing period. Cattle were removed from pasture, placed in dry lots, and fed a non-toxic diet to evaluate changes in vascular contraction relative to time-off E+ TF pasture. Lateral saphenous veins (SV) were biopsied from steers at 0-, 21-, 42-, and 63-d off TF pasture and from 6 control steers at 0- and 63-d off bermudagrass (BG) pasture. To evaluate contractile response, biopsied SV were exposed to increasing concentrations of ergotamine in a multimyograph. Cross-sectional scans of the caudal artery were taken using color Doppler ultrasonography on 0-, 8-, 15-, 21-, 29-, 36-, 42-, and 45-d to determine artery luminal area. Contractility of SV was less for TF than BG steers on d 0, but was similar between the two treatments by d 63. Luminal areas of the caudal arteries in E+ TF steers relaxed over time and were similar to BG steers by 36 d off pastures. Results indicated that alkaloid-induced vasoconstriction in cattle grazed on E+ TF can be relaxed in 5 to 6 weeks after they are placed on non-toxic diets.

Endophyte-infected (E+) tall fescue grass has been associated with fescue toxicosis, a costly syndrome characterized by poor cattle performance and health resulting in significant production losses. The fungal endophyte produces ergot alkaloids, which help the grass thrive in poor conditions but are toxic to mammals. A number of symptoms of fescue toxicosis can be related to vasoconstriction of bovine core, peripheral, and foregut vasculature. The first part of this series of experiments demonstrated ergot alkaloids were also vasoactive in midgut vasculature, with the exception of lysergic acid. Additionally, prior dietary exposure to ergot alkaloids decreased the contractile response of mesenteric vasculature to many of the ergot alkaloids tested. In the second part of this series, a non-invasive method was developed for measuring rumen motility in cannulated cattle. Using this technology without different dietary treatments, it was determined that 8 to 16 h after feeding was the least variable between animals and would provide the best opportunity to measure differences in motility. Application of this technique in the third part of this series investigated the effect of ruminally dosed ergot alkaloids on rumen motility. Treatments were not effective at inducing fescue toxicosis, and no differences in rumen motility variables were detected.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.