Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The vegetation to be employed in techniques proposed by the natural engineering or soil bioengineering needs to fill out some requisites related to ecological, phytossociological and of reproduction aspects. The techniques in natural engineering use the plants in different angles in relation to the land. For this reason, the present work aims to evaluate the effects of different angles of stem cuttings planting of Phyllanthus sellowianus Müll. Arg., Salix humboldtiana Willd. and Sebastiania schottiana (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg., in order to determine the most suitable form to the planting of these species. The experiment was conducted in the Laboratory of Silviculture, in the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, in the period of August to November of 2007. The treatments consisted in the three species of stem cuttings planting, in three different angles of planting in relation to the land (10°, 30° and 90°). The stem cuttings with 30 cm of length, with variable diameter from 1.0 to 4.5 cm, were collected in the central region of the state of the Rio Grande do Sul, in the final of August month. Two thirds of the stem cutting s bases were inserted in inert substrate (sand). The experimental design was completely randomized, with 30 repetitions for treatment. After 30 and 60 days, the following parameters were observed: the number of sprouted stem cuttings, number and length of the sprouts, and after 90 days, besides these parameters, were determined the survival, the length, the diameter, and the dry mass of the shoots, and also the length, the diameter, the dry mass and the volume of the roots. The data were statistically analyzed through the statistical programs and Excel. Sebastiania schottiana did not present sprouting, not even rooting, which perhaps could be explained by the stem cuttings time of collection, where that should be tested in other periods of year. The planting angle showed influence on some variables for Phyllanthus sellowianus and Salix humboldtiana. Both the species presented high values of survival, with a tendency for major results for stem cuttings planted in angle of 10° and 90° for Phyllanthus sellowianus (100%) and in angle of 30° for Salix humboldtiana (87%). Significant correlations were observed between the variables of the air part and of the radicial system and the area of transverse section of the stem cuttings, for the different planting angles. Both the two species presented the majority of the roots located on the basis of the stem cuttings, except for the ones planted in angle of 30°, which had the roots distributed along the whole buried portion. The realization of new studies is suggested with other species and also with another angles of planting, as well as the use of bigger diametric breadth. / A vegetação a ser empregada em técnicas propostas pela engenharia natural ou bioengenharia de solos necessita preencher alguns requisitos relacionados a aspectos ecológicos, fitossociológicos e de reprodução. As técnicas de engenharia natural utilizam as plantas em diferentes ângulos em relação ao terreno. Por esta razão, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes ângulos de plantio de estacas de Phyllanthus sellowianus Müll. Arg., Salix humboldtiana Willd. e Sebastiania schottiana (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg., a fim de determinar a forma mais adequada para o plantio destas espécies. O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Silvicultura, na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, no período de agosto a novembro de 2007. Os tratamentos consistiram no plantio de estacas das três espécies, em três ângulos diferentes de plantio em relação ao terreno (10°, 30° e 90°). As estacas com 30 cm de comprimento, com diâmetro variável de 1,0 a 4,5 cm, foram coletadas no final de agosto, na região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Dois terços da base das estacas foram inseridos em substrato inerte (areia). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 30 repetições por tratamento. Após 30 e 60 dias, foram observados os seguintes parâmetros: número de estacas brotadas, número e comprimento dos brotos, e, aos 90 dias, além destes parâmetros, foram determinados a sobrevivência, o comprimento, o diâmetro, a massa seca dos brotos e o comprimento, a massa seca e o volume das raízes. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente através de programas estatísticos e Excel. Sebastiania schottiana não apresentou brotação, nem enraizamento, o que talvez possa ser explicado pela época de coleta das estacas, devendo ser testada em outras épocas do ano. O ângulo de plantio mostrou influência sobre algumas variáveis para Phyllanthus sellowianus e Salix humboldtiana. Ambas as espécies apresentaram altos valores de sobrevivência, com tendência de maiores resultados para estacas plantadas em ângulo de 10° e 90° para Phyllanthus sellowianus (100%) e em ângulo de 30° para Salix humboldtiana (87%). Observaram-se correlações significativas entre as variáveis da parte aérea e do sistema radicial e a área da seção transversal das estacas, para os diferentes ângulos de plantio. As duas espécies apresentaram a maioria das raízes localizadas na base das estacas, exceto para as estacas plantadas em ângulo de 30°, as quais tiveram as raízes distribuídas ao longo de toda a porção enterrada. Sugere-se a realização de novos estudos com outras espécies e também com outros ângulos de plantio, assim como a utilização de maior amplitude diamétrica.

Abstract Climate change and its warming effects on vegetation and soils are a widely recognized phenomenon. In addition to warming, the understorey vegetation in northern environments has been subjected to several environmental changes, such as increasing nitrogen (N) and other disturbances. This thesis examines the effects of N-fertilization and disturbances on the vegetation biomass and abundance, plant community composition and plant, soil and microbial N and C pools. Seedling establishment of the most common dwarf shrubs (deciduous Vaccinium myrtillus, evergreens V. vitis-idaea and Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum) was investigated after artificial disturbance treatments (vegetation and soil removal). These studies were conducted in the boreal and subarctic ecosystems and in the forest-tundra ecotone in northern Finland. N-fertilization and disturbances enhanced the amount of graminoids in plant communities, and the recovery ability of graminoids was enhanced after N-fertilization, which homogenized the vegetation and resulted in a new stable state in the plant community. The recovery ability of evergreen dwarf shrubs was low after disturbances. Disturbances created habitats for seed germination, but the seedling establishment of dwarf shrubs studied was still limited by seed availability. N-fertilization had no effect on microbial biomass. Instead, microbial biomass decreased with disturbance treatment in the boreal forest. However, the concentration of N increased in above-ground vegetation, both after N-fertilization and disturbance without any indication of N immobilization, suggesting that plant species captured the available N effectively for their recovery. The study shows that the likely outcome of N enrichment, when combined with disturbances, is the enhanced growth of graminoids. The seedling establishment does not compensate for the reduction of the vegetative recovery of evergreen dwarf shrubs, which makes evergreen dwarf shrubs sensitive to environmental changes. As the understorey is more resilient to perturbations in the boreal forest than in the subarctic ecosystem, these results emphasize the sensitivity of the vegetation to simultaneous environmental changes in the northernmost ecosystems. Moreover, microbial properties are more resilient to environmental changes than is above-ground vegetation. / Tiivistelmä Ilmaston muutos ja siitä aiheutuvan lämpenemisen vaikutus kasvillisuuteen ja maaperään on laajasti tunnustettu ilmiö. Lämpenemisen lisäksi pohjoisten alueiden aluskasvillisuuteen kohdistuu useita muutospaineita, kuten lisääntynyt typpipitoisuuden nousu ja kasvillisuutta muokkaavat häiriöt. Tässä tutkimuksessa mitattiin lisääntyneen typpipitoisuuden ja häiriöiden vaikutus kasvillisuuden biomassaan ja runsauteen sekä yhteisörakenteeseen, sekä kasvilajeihin, maaperään ja mikrobibiomassaan sitoutuneen typen ja hiilen määrään. Lisäksi tutkittiin yleisimpien varpukasvien (lehtensä pudottava mustikka, ikivihreät puolukka ja variksenmarja) siemenellistä lisääntymistä kokeellisen häiriön (kasvillisuuden tai maaperän poisto) jälkeen. Tutkimukset tehtiin boreaalisessa ja subarctisessa ekosysteemeissä sekä metsänrajaympäristössä Pohjois-Suomessa. Typpilannoitus ja häiriöt lisäsivät heinien määrää kasviyhteisöissä. Lisäksi typpilannoitus edisti heinien kasvullista palautumiskykyä häiriön jälkeen, joka johti kasvillisuuden homogenisoitumiseen ja kasviyhteisön uuteen tasapainotilaan. Häiriöt heikensivät ikivihreiden varpujen kasvullista palautumista häiriön jälkeen. Häiriö loi sopivia elinympäristöjä siementen itämiselle, mutta tutkittujen lajien siementen määrä rajoitti siemenellistä lisääntymistä. Typpilannoitus ei vaikuttanut mikrobibiomassaan, mutta häiriö vähensi mikrobibiomassaa boreaalisessa ekosysteemissä. Kuitenkin kasvien typen pitoisuudet lisääntyivät sekä lannoituksen että häiriön jälkeen ilman viitteitä typen sitoutumisesta mikrobibiomassaan. Tämä viittaa siihen, että kasvit käyttävät maaperän typen tehokkaasti häiriön jälkeiseen palautumiseen. Väitöskirjan mukaan typen lisääntyminen häiriöiden yhteydessä edistää heinien esiintymistä. Koska ikivihreiden varpujen siemenellinen lisääntyminen ei kompensoi häiriöstä kasvulliselle palautumiselle aiheutuvaa haittaa, ovat ikivihreät varvut erityisen herkkiä häiriöille. Aluskasvillisuus on vastustuskykyisempi ympäristön muutoksille boreaalisessa kuin subarktisessa ekosysteemissä, mikä korostaa pohjoisimpien alueiden herkkyyttä yhtäaikaisille ympäristön muutoksille. Maaperän olosuhteet ovat kasvillisuutta kestävämpiä ympäristön muutoksille.

Les systèmes reproducteurs déterminent comment le matériel génétique est transmis d’une génération à la suivante […]. Les espèces qui combinent de la reproduction sexuée et asexuée/clonale sont très répandues [… mais] l’effet de leur système reproducteur sur leur évolution reste énigmatique et discuté.L’objectif de cette thèse est de modéliser la dynamique des fréquences génotypiques d’une population avec une combinaison de reproduction sexuée et/ou clonale dans des cycles de vie principalement diploïdes [. … Un] modèle du type chaine de Markov avec temps et états discrets sert de base mathématique pour décrire [leurs] changements […] au cours du temps.Les résultats montrent que la reproduction partiellement asexuée peut en effet modifier la dynamique de la diversité génomique par rapport à une reproduction strictement sexuée ou strictement asexuée. […] L’histoire démographique a un rôle important pour les organismes partiellement clonaux et doit être prise en compte dans toute analyse […].Cette thèse fait des recommandations pour la collecte des données et une hypothèse de base pour l’interprétation des données de génétique/génomique […]. Ces résultats ont des retombées dans plusieurs domaines, allant de la recherche fondamentale […] à des applications en agriculture […], pêche […] et protection de la nature […]. / Reproductive systems determine how genetic material is passed from one generation to the next, making them an important factor for evolution. Organisms that combine sexual and asexual/clonal reproduction are very widespread [… yet] the effects of their reproductive system on their evolution are still controversial and poorly understood.The aim of this thesis was to model the dynamics of genotype frequencies under combined sexual/clonal reproduction in dominantly diploid life cycles [. … A] state and time discrete Markov chain model served as the mathematical basis to describe [their] changes […] through time.The results demonstrate that partial clonality may indeed change the dynamics of genomic diversity compared to either exclusively sexual or exclusively clonal populations. […] Time has a crucial role in partially clonal populations and needs to be taken into account in any analysis of their genomic diversity.This thesis provides recommendations for data collection and a null hypothesis for the interpretation of population genetic/genomic data […]. Moreover, it includes new methods for the analysis of genotype-based population genetic Markov chain models. These results have a high potential relevance in several areas, ranging from basic research […] to applications in agriculture […], fisheries […] and nature conservation […].

LFY of Arabidopsis is a member of a unique plant specific transcription factor family. It is involved in giving meristem a determinate floral fate by the activation of floral organ identity genes and preventing inflorescence meristem identity. RFL is a homolog of FLO/LFY in rice. Studies from our lab on rice RFL, based on the effects of knockdown or overexpression, showed its major functions are in timing the conversion of SAM to IM and to prevent the premature conversion of branch meristem to spikelets. Additionally roles in vegetative axillary meristem specification have been also been identified in laboratory. Here, we attempt to delineate molecular pathways directly regulated by RFL as a transcription factor controlling inflorescence and floral development in rice. Part I: Identification of global target genes bound by RFL in developing rice inflorescences We carried out ChIP sequencing of the DNA bound by RFL in panicles (01.-0.3cm stage) using anti-RFL antibody. DNA sequences in one library pool were analyses by the MACS algorithm (FDR<0.01), to find 8000 binding sites while the SPP algorithm identified 5000 enriched peaks. These mapped to 2500 or 2800 gene-associated loci respectively, 617 of which were common loci to both pipelines. Several RFL bound gene loci were homologs of Arabidopsis thaliana LFY gene targets. Such gene targets underscore conserved downstream targets for LFY-proteins in evolutionarily very distinct species. AtLFY is known to bind variants of CCANT/G cis element classified as primary, inflorescence or seedling type. We scanned for these three types of cis elements at 123 RFL bound genes with likely functions in flowering. For a few of these 123 rice loci we find one of these cis motifs (p-value<0.001) in RFL bound ChIP-seq data. To validate these targets of RFL, we adopted in vitro DNA-protein binding assays with bacterially purified RFL protein. We confirm RFL target interactions with some genes implicated in flowering time, others in photoperiod triggered flowering, circadian rhythm, gibberellin hormone pathway, inflorescence development and branching. The in vitro experiments hint different RFL-DNA binding properties as compared to Arabidopsis LFY. We report binding to sequences at rice gene loci that are unique targets. Part II: Pathways regulated by RFL for reproductive transition and panicle development To co-relate DNA binding of RFL to target loci with changes in their gene expression, expression studies were taken up for selected set of genes implicated in rice flowering transition and panicle architecture. To study in planta and tissue specific gene regulation by RFL we raised RFL dsRNAi transgenics. Comparative transcript analysis in these RFL partial knockdown lines and matched wild type tissues reveal that RFL is an activator for some genes and repressor for other gene targets. We also examined if the gene expression effects of RFL knockdown can be reversed by induced complementation with an RFL-GR protein. We raised transgenics plants with a T-DNA ubi:RFL-GR, 35S CaMV:amiR RFL for these experiments. In planta target gene transcript levels were assessed in various conditions conditions. These studies validate rice RFL as an activator of some panicle architecture genes. Part III: Analysis of endogenous RFL protein in WT rice tissues Studies in Arabidopsis and in petunia with LFY and AFL, respectively, implicate these some abnormal mobility as compared to their predicted molecular weight when overexpressed. We studied endogenous RFL protein abundance in planta, adopting western analysis with anti-RFL antibody. We consistently identify two prominent cross reacting bands in different tissues which can be also be pulled-down from whole nuclear extracts of panicle and axillary meristem tissues. We speculate on likely modifications and possible functions for the same.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to elaborate project documentation of a new-build mixed-use building in Moravske Budejovice, in the cadastral area of Moravske Budejovice. The mixed-use building comprises a partial cellar and three floors above the ground. In the cellar, technical facilities and storage space for the residental part of the building can be found. The ground floor and the part of the first floor are designed for commercial premises, a hairdresser's, a florist's, a bookshop and a café. Residental unit consisting of three flats is located on the first and second floor. the building is made from 300 mm thick ceramic construction blocks with the external thermal insulation system. Ceiling construction is made of 250 mm thick concrete monolithic panels. Furthermore, the documentation deals with potable water, electric power and gas couplers, sewerage system, rainwater sewer and paved surface for pedestrians and motor vehicles. The thesis is elaborated as documentation for the building execution.

The new building of a university dormitory with workshops is the content of the presented thesis. The building consists of fifty-two beds for students’ accommodation with complete equipment in eight cells, three workshops and a technical support. This is a combination of reinforced concrete prefabricated skeleton and classical masonry building construction with insulation. The building has four floors. It is designed as seven towers with flat roofs, which protrude from a ground floor with a vegetative roof. Paved and parking areas are adjacent to the building. The project is designed into an urban area of Nový Jičín. Glass atrium and overall shape solution are the distinctive features of the proposal.

The master’s Thesis – Minibrewery in Vyškov, has a form of project documentation which contains relevant requirements according to valid regulations. The proposed building is situated on the plot number 2123/72 in the city Vyškov. It is a detached building which stands separately on the flat terrain. It is a two-storey building with partial basement. It is formed from three units – a minibrewery, a brasserie with kitchen and an administrative part. It is made of monolithic reinforced concrete frame, brick blocks with vegetative flat roof. The upper level attic gable is at the height of 8,880 meters. The seminar paper – minibrewery in Vyškov – is a part of the Master’s Thesis.

The task of this diploma thesis was the development of construction documents for the implementation of project, icluding project specialization. This is a rebuilding of the existing mill and it´s conversion to the object. Proposed reconstruction is solved with a sense of highlighting the exist building and expressing his dominance and function in an environment, where the building is located. From the original state was preserved only main building in historical style, and in contrast to this building were proposed two smaller objects with the background. The object is used as a pension for the accommodation for persons, restaurant and also provides rooms for seminars and meetings. Due to a brooklet flowing in front of the building and location of pension between the spa´s and city parks is the use of this building more than suitable.

Thesis process in the form of project documentation, including all requirements according to applicable regulations. It is a new residential building on plot No. 5049/24 in the cadastral Brno - Lisen. The land is located in a developed area close to existing housing. The land is sloping towards the east. On the north side there is parking for residential units in connection with the entrance to the underground parking garage on the east side. The building's facade is more rugged and achieves approximate dimensions of 20.0 x 30.0 m Residential house is designed as a three-storey building with a basement, with a flat roof. In the basement there is a garage and utility room, the floors are residential units intended for permanent living persons. It is a building with a combined carrying system Porotherm and reinforced concrete structures insulated mineral insulation.

This thesis describes the design of the recreation grounds, which consists of a main building of a restaurant and six holiday cottages. The plot is also a tennis court. The restaurant is a two-storey building without a basement. All the cottages are single storey and cellar. Restaurants device is designed for a maximum capacity of 70 people. Total capacity of the entire complex is 30 beds. The restaurant is focused on the northern part of the land and buildings of six holiday cottages on the south side. Restaurant is designed as a brick structure with a contact insulating system. Partitions are designed as plasterboard. The ceiling is designed as a monolithic reinforced concrete slab. Part of the roof is designed as a pitch roof truss recognized. The largest area of flat roof occupies roof vegetation. Part of the restaurant is walk-terrace. The cottages are designed masonry with contact insulating system. Partitions are designed as plasterboard. Roofs are designed as counter recognized truss. The thesis contains drawings and technical documentation and it is composed as an implementation project.