O trabalho desenvolvido tem como objetivo avaliar a influência da rigidez estrutural no comportamento dinâmico do veículo baseando-se em manobra de raio constante em condição quase estática e análise de sensibilidade através de simulação numérica computacional. São apresentados dois modelos para avaliar a transferência de carga lateral do veículo quando sujeito à aceleração lateral (manobra de raio constante), um modelo completo de veículo elaborado em ambiente multicorpos tendo a carroceria e o sub-chassi modelados como corpos flexíveis, e outro modelo analítico com a consideração da rigidez torcional (obtida de modelo de elementos finitos) da estrutura. Com o modelo analítico atendendo o nível de correlação necessário para o propósito deste trabalho, discute-se neste ponto as variações na transferência de carga devido à rigidez torcional da estrutura. Em seguida, com o intuito de abranger, além do parâmetro de transferência de carga lateral, quais comportamentos do veículo são afetados pela sua rigidez estrutural, é proposta a utilização do método de engenharia robusta para a identificação das condições externas que geram diferentes resultados de comportamento dinâmico do veículo com a variação da rigidez estrutural. Este estudo permite identificar manobras ou situações nas quais as considerações de flexibilidade estrutural num modelo multicorpos, ou mesmo numa condição física real, são relevantes e podem afetar a segurança, dirigibilidade e o conforto do veículo. / The work aims to evaluate the influence of structural stiffness on the dynamic behavior of the vehicle based on a constant radius maneuver in a quasi-static condition and a sensitivity analysis through computer numerical simulation. Two models were developed to evaluate the lateral load transfer of the vehicle when subjected to lateral acceleration (constant radius maneuver), a complete vehicle built in multibody environment with the body and the sub-chassis modeled as flexible bodies, and an analytical model with consideration of structure torsional stiffness (obtained from finite element model). With the analytical model presenting the required correlation for the purpose of this paper, we discuss, at this point, the lateral load transfer variations due to torcional structural stiffness. Then, in order to cover, in addition to lateral load transfer, how the vehicle behavior is affected by its structural stiffness, the robust engineering method is considered for identifying the external conditions that generate different dynamic behavior results for the variation of structural stiffness. This study allows us to identify maneuvers or situations in which considerations of structural flexibility in multibody model, or even in a real physical condition, are relevant and can affect the safety, ride and handling of the vehicle.

Devido as severas condições as quais veículos militares blindados de esteira são submetidos, o desenvolvimento de modelos que representam o comportamento dinâmico destes veículos torna-se imprescindível, para além da possibilidade de avaliação das intensidades das vibrações ocorrendo na cabine, ser possível criar veículos que tenham vantagens na mobilidade, fator esse que engloba tanto a transposição de obstáculos, como a rodagem em condições menos severas, e por fim, no tempo e na exatidão dos disparos, afetada pelas respostas dinâmicas que o veículo fornece. Para ser possível encontrar um veículo que desempenhe tais condições de forma satisfatória, apenas modelos que representem adequadamente as suas propriedades, apresentando respostas das acelerações e deslocamentos, não são suficientes. O objetivo deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de um modelo numérico que tenha a capacidade de simular as condições dinâmicas extremas as quais um veículo de esteira é induzido, e também, otimizar o modelo, com a finalidade de encontrar molas e amortecedores capazes de proporcionar respostas adequadas às funções custo desenvolvidas. Estas funções objetivo são definidas como a combinação linear da aceleração e deslocamento, verticais e rotacionais, em conjunto de restrições impostas, objetivando encontrar uma combinação ideal para mobilidade, tempo e exatidão nos disparos e por fim, molas e amortecedores adequados as condições de logística Para proposta deste estudo, um modelo matemático 2D e um 3D, de um veículo de esteira, foi desenvolvido. O modelo possibilita a avaliação dos graus de liberdade de deslocamento vertical das massas não suspensas e do deslocamento vertical, arfagem e rolagem da massa suspensa. Os efeitos da esteira são modelados como molas verticais lineares exercendo uma força de restauração para alinhar as rodas de rodagem, proporcional ao deslocamento relativo entre essas rodas. A otimização é feita através de ferramentas numéricas presentes no software comercial Simulink, sendo necessário o desenvolvimento das funções custo que caracterizem os objetivos ideais para cada tipo de análise. Os resultados de simulações numéricas sob a forma de cursos de deslocamento de pontos característicos do casco e deslocamentos dos eixos de rodas em um sistema de coordenadas de referência assumido, também estão incluídos, bem como as quantidades de valor RMS de cada uma das respostas, comparando um veículo padrão, com o veículo com a suspensão otimizada. / Due to the severe conditions in which armored military vehicles are submitted, the development of models that represent the dynamic behavior of these vehicles becomes essential, besides the possibility of evaluating the vibration intensities occurring in the cabin, to be possible to create vehicles that have mobility a factor that encompasses both the transposition of obstacles, and the shooting in less severe conditions, and finally, in the time and accuracy of the shots, affected by the dynamic responses that the vehicle provides. In order to be able to find a vehicle that fulfills these conditions satisfactorily, only models that adequately represent its properties, presenting responses of the accelerations and displacements, are not enough. The objective of this work is the development of a numerical model that has the ability to simulate extreme dynamic conditions such as a tracked vehicle is induced, and also to optimize the model with the purpose of finding springs and shock absorbers capable of adequate alternative answers cost functions developed. These are the goals defined as a linear combination of acceleration and displacement, vertical and rotational, together imposed constraints, aiming to find an ideal combination for mobility, time and precision in the shots and, finally, springs and dampers suitable as logistics conditions To propose this study, a 2D and 3D mathematical model of a tracked vehicle were developed. The model allows the evaluation of the degrees of freedom of vertical displacement of the non-suspended masses and the vertical displacement, pitch and roll of the suspended mass. The effects of the track are modeled as linear vertical springs exerting a restoring force to align the road wheels, proportional to the relative displacement between these wheels. The optimization is done through numerical tools present in Simulink software, and it is necessary to develop cost functions that characterize the ideal objectives for each type of analysis. The results of numerical simulations in the form of displacement courses of characteristic hull points and wheel axle displacements in an assumed reference coordinate system are also included, as well as the RMS value quantities of each of the responses, comparing a standard vehicle with the optimized suspension.

O trabalho desenvolvido tem como objetivo aplicar metodologias de otimização de suspensão para veículos de passageiro e comerciais leves, baseando-se em parâmetros de dirigibilidade e conforto veicular, através do uso de simulação numérica computacional. São apresentadas métricas objetivas utilizadas para a avaliação de um veículo com relação ao seu desempenho em termos de dirigibilidade e conforto e é proposta uma nova métrica global conjunta. São desenvolvidos no trabalho modelos analíticos para quantificar as métricas de dirigibilidade. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com medições experimentais e resultados de modelos multicorpos mais complexos, atingindo o nível de correlação necessário para os propósitos deste trabalho. Alguns dos modelos analíticos desenvolvidos são contribuições inovadoras deste trabalho, não tendo correspondente anterior na literatura. É apresentada a modelagem dinâmica vertical que possibilita avaliar as métricas de conforto, cuja aplicação foi feita em conjunto com os modelos analíticos de dirigibilidade desenvolvidos, obtendo-se uma avaliação global conjunta. Três ferramentas de otimização são apresentadas e avaliadas na aplicação ao problema de otimização global. A análise comparativa dos resultados dos métodos de otimização permite identificar qual método mais adequado com relação ao desempenho computacional, praticidade de uso e disponibilidade de informação. Finalmente, demonstra-se que a aplicação da otimização numérica proporciona resultados efetivos para melhoria do produto, trazendo ganhos de tempo e custo no desenvolvimento de um novo projeto. / This work is intended to apply suspension set-up optimization methodologies to passenger vehicles and pick-up trucks based on their ride and handling parameters through the use of numerical computational simulation. Metrics used to evaluate a vehicle regarding its performance in terms of ride and handling are shown and a new global single metric for ride and handling is proposed. Analytical models are developed to quantify the vehicle handling metrics. The results obtained were compared with experimental measurements and the results of more complex multibody models, achieving the correlation level required for the purposes of this work. Some of the analytical models herein developed are new contributions from this work and were not previously available in the literature. The vertical dynamic model that allows the computation of the ride comfort metrics is shown, and its application simultaneously with the analytical handling models developed allows the calculation of the proposed global single ride and handling metric. Three different optimization techniques are presented and studied in order to compare their performance for the proposed problem. The comparative analysis among the optimization results allows determining where each method is more adequate with respect to computational performance, usage friendliness and information availability. Finally, it is shown that the application of numerical optimization is effective to improve the product performance, with gains in terms of development time and cost for a new project.

Apresenta uma solução inovadora de controle por redes neurais artificiais aprendendo segundo a técnica de aprendizagem por reforço usando algoritmos genéticos para integrar múltiplos sistemas ativos no controle de estabilidade de um veículo. Estudo, restringido a um domínio de manobras, foi desenvolvido excluindo falhas e alterações da planta no tempo. Contribui para responder como o controlador de dinâmica veicular pode ser aperfeiçoado para atuação simultânea de múltiplos sistemas ativos. Contempla o desenvolvimento do neurocontrolador e algoritmo de aprendizagem na plataforma Matlab, de um modelo de dinâmica veicular em ambiente ADAMS e do modelo de referência, atuadores e observador com programação Matlab. Analisa a estabilidade da planta e define regiões de atuação do controlador. Apresenta um estudo e definição da técnica de controle de estabilidade em guinada para nortear a função de otimização, o treinamento e as simulações. Treinamento da rede neural para acomodar as não linearidades envolvidas na planta e para otimizar a integração dos múltiplos sistemas ativos focando nas especificações de desempenho do controlador e no domínio de situações a serem analisadas. Simulação de situações e manobras para validação e avaliação do desempenho do controlador com co-simulação entre Matlab e ADAMS. Resultados qualitativos e quantitativos do desempenho do controlador justificando a integração efetiva dos sistemas e o neurocontrolador não-linear. / Presents an innovative control solution with artificial neural networks learning using reinforcement learning by genetic algorithms to integrate multiple active systems to control yaw vehicle stability. Study restricted to a maneuver domain and excluding plant changes in time and failures. Contributes to answer how the vehicle dynamics controller can be improved for multiple simultaneous active systems. Development of the neurocontroller and learning algorithm in Matlab, vehicle dynamics model in ADAMS environment and reference model, actuators and observer with Matlab programming. Plant stability analysis and activation areas definition. Study and method definition for stability yaw control to guide the task of optimization, training and simulation. Training the neural network to accomplish the plant nonlinearity and to optimize the multiple active systems synergy targeting the controller performance specifications and the analyzed conditions domain. Conditions and maneuvers simulation to validate and evaluate the controller performance using cosimulation between Matlab and ADAMS. Qualitative and quantitative controller results justifying the effective systems integration and non-linear neurocontroller.

<p>The objective of this thesis is to implement a basic, yet realistic, ESC system into the VTI simulator environment. This system is then validated to assure that it is working properly and provides a realistic behavior.</p><p>The implemented ESC system is used in a study, where the ESC system could be turned on and off, to evaluate the benefits of an ESC system after a side impact. This study shows that an ESC system may aid the driver in such a critical situation when the driver is unaware that a side impact will occur. With the ESC system active no driver lost control while with the system inactive there were five drivers that lost control, but deviations in initial speed give statistical difficulties, thus more tests are needed. In the case where the driver knows that an impact will occur the ESC system showed to stabilize the automobile faster and it is shown that an expected improvement in stabilization time is between 40 to 62 percent. It was also seen during this part of the scenario that 2 percent loss of control occurred with an active ESC system and 45 percent without.</p>

<p>This master thesis deals with experimental data that were collected through a crash avoidance experiment (which was lead by Professor Lennart Strandberg) in February and March 1990. Fifty-two ordinary drivers were instructed to perform two different kinds of manoeuvres on ice to determine the effectiveness of antilock brakes and of four tyre configurations. Results were reported at the 1991 ESV Conference.</p><p>The first aim of this master thesis is to check and revise the measured data (used by Prof. Strandberg in courses at Linköping University). Checking out many hours of video recordings from onboard cameras reveals various protocol inconsistencies and errors, which in some cases it is not possible to correct. This work might increase the reliability of any further analysis of these data.</p><p>The second aim is to elaborate on the revised data and to test the hypothesis that quick steering is a key factor to not lose control of the car during a crash avoidance manoeuvre. Different variables are introduced and used to estimate the steering wheel velocity and lateral friction use.</p><p>The results show linear (positive) correlations between lateral friction use and steering wheel velocity. The greatest steering wheel velocities appear in the tests with loss-of-control and reach values up to 1180 degrees per second. However, the 1990 experimental layout was not intended for this type of research questions and it seems difficult to determine the causal relationship between quick steering and control of the car. Some cases of excessive steering input might have occurred. The results indicate that quick steering by itself is not enough to guarantee the total control of the car. An early reaction to the skid might be necessary too. Evidently, further research is needed.</p>

<p>Information about dynamic tire properties has always been important for drivers of wheel driven vehicles. With the increasing amount of systems in modern vehicles designed to measure and control the behavior of the vehicle information regarding dynamic tire properties has grown even more important.</p><p>In this thesis a number of methods for modeling and estimating dynamic tire properties have been implemented and evaluated. The more general issue of estimating model parameters in linear and non-linear vehicle models is also addressed.</p><p>We conclude that the slope of the tire slip curve seems to dependent on the stiffness of the road surface and introduce the term combined stiffness. We also show that it is possible to estimate both longitudinal and lateral combined stiffness using only standard vehicle sensors.</p>

This study, conducted on August 12th and 13th, 2008 at Fort Riley, Kansas on a clay loam soil, evaluated the terrain impacts of four commonly used tracked and wheeled military vehicles: the M1A1 Abrams Main Battle Tank, M998 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle, M985 Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck, and M113 Armored Personnel Carrier. Disturbed width and impact severity were assessed along 14 spirals subjected to a maximum of eight consecutive passes for a total of 696 impact points. Data indicate that multiple passes produce increased vegetative impacts, with multipass coefficients ranging from 0.98 to 4.44 (compared to the commonly accepted value of 2.00) depending on vehicle type and turn severity. The widely-used MPC of 2.00 fits the M985 HEMTT and M113 at sharp turns, with an MPC of 1.00 fitting the straight and intermediate turning conditions of these vehicles, as well as all turning conditions for the M998 HMMWV. For the M1A1, a MPC of 2.00 is suitable for straight paths, a MPC of 3.00 is suitable for intermediate turns, while sharp turns can be represented by a MPC of 4.00. The data suggests that MPCs should be adjusted depending on the vehicle type and according to the turning radius of the vehicle, as tracked vehicles were found to have a higher multipass coefficient than wheeled vehicles, with multipass coefficients increasing with vehicle weight and the sharpness of turns.

No description available.

This thesis is focused on individual wheel actuators in road vehicles intended for vehicle motion control. Particular attention is paid to electro-mechanical actuators and how they can contribute to improving vehicle dynamics and safety. The employment of individual wheel actuators at the vehicle's four corner results in a large degree of over-actuation. Over-actuation has a potential of exploiting the vehicle's force constraints at a high level and of controlling the vehicle more freely. One important reason for using over-actuated vehicles is their capability to assist the driver to experience the vehicle as desired. This thesis demonstrates that critical situations close to the limits can be handled more efficiently by over-actuation. To maximise the vehicle performance, all the available actuators are systematically exploited within their force constraints.  Therefore, force constraints for the individually controlled wheel are formulated, along with important restrictions that follow as soon as a reduction in the degrees of freedom of the wheel occurs. Particular focus is directed at non-convex force constraints arising from combined tyre slip characteristics. To evaluate the differently actuated vehicles, constrained control allocation is employed to control the vehicle. The allocation problem is formulated as an optimisation problem, which is solved by non-linear programming. To emulate realistic safety critical scenarios, highly over-actuated vehicles are controlled and evaluated by the use of a driver model and a validated complex strongly non-linear vehicle model. it is shown that, owing to the actuator redundancy, over-actuated vehicles possess an inherent capacity to handle actuator faults, with less need for extra hardware or case-specific fault-handling strategies. / QC 20100722