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The current debates on abolishing hijabs in the European Union have seen many countries absolish headscarves. Nations including France, Belgium, and Austria are among the countries that have banned hijabs in public spaces. However, in Sweden, various bills have been presented in the parliament. The aimed to investigate wheather Hijab and other Islamic covering should be banned in Sweden. The current study adopted a systematic literature review that included 16 studies on the debates about banning the Hijab. The study's findings confirm that the call for a ban on Hijab in Sweden are unjustified and influenced by the oversimplification of the Islamic cultures. Besides, the assertions of the study indicate that the European nations unlawfully targeted Muslims, subjecting them to islamophobia and hate crimes.

Ever since Rawls published The Theory of Justice (1971/2009), the theory itself, along with many of its components, have been subject to intense debate. Both the "original position" and the "veil of ignorance" have been argued to be too unrealistic since the restriction on information makes it impossible to apply in the real world. Furthermore, it is argued that this restriction is too extensive, in that it excludes information that is necessary for making a just decision, and thus, that it contravenes fundamental egalitarian principles, making it less just than it should be. However, there still seems to be something appealing about the concept of the veil of ignorance and results from various experiments that have used it have shown results that indicate it has an effect, which implies that the concept might have some use after all. In this paper, I will argue for a modified version of Rawls' veil of ignorance that, while limited in its available applications, might both serve a practical use in society to increase justice and have a low risk of obtaining inegalitarian results. I will do this by first summarizing Rawls' theory of justice with a focus on his veil of ignorance. Second, I will present and discuss the critiques from various philosophers. Third, I will discuss the implications of several experiments that make use of the veil of ignorance, including the issue that these experiments are 'one-shot', or single iteration, experiments. Finally, I will detail my version of the veil of ignorance and explain why it both meets the critiques of the original veil of ignorance and could potentially serve a practical use in society.

Zugleich: Diss. Berlin, 2008. / Literaturverz.

This thesis is divided into two main parts. The first provides a novel analysis of dynamic optimal taxation under the assumption that individuals in an economy have ‘hidden’ idiosyncratic productivity levels. Specifically, it shows how to derive a complete set of optimality conditions characterising the solution to a problem of this kind. The method relies on constructing perturbations to the consumption-output allocations of agents in a manner that preserves all relevant incentive compatibility restrictions. We are able to use it to generalise the ‘inverse Euler condition’ to cases in which preferences are non-separable between consumption and labour supply, and to prove a number of novel results about optimal income and savings tax wedges. The second main part investigates a more general problem. When policymakers are constrained in their present choices by expectations of future outcomes a well-known time-inconsistency problem hinders optimal decision-making: the preferences of policymakers who exist at different points in time are not in agreement with one another, because of differences in the constraints faced by each. We present a new approach to determining policy in this setting, based on asking: What policy would be chosen by a decisionmaker who did not know the time period in which their choice was to be implemented? This is akin to designing institutions from behind a Rawlsian ‘veil of ignorance’. The theory is used to obtain qualitative policy prescriptions across a number of environments; these policies have several appealing properties that we outline.

This thesis deals with veiling of Czech women who convert to Islam, those who were born here, were brought up here and have a full Czech sociocultural background. The thesis focuses on the reasons for veiling in the Czech milieu, the real possibility of veiling in the Czech Republic, the emotional side of those women and the change in their visual appearance itself. It also discusses the changes in the acceptance of conversion to Islam in informants' families after they began to veil themselves. The thesis focuses on problems of the employment and the possibility of veiling being contraproductive in the western society. The whole thesis is based on a qualitative research and supported by the personal testimonies and life stories of eleven key informants and testimonies of secondary respondents. Their statements have been linked with theories that deals with veiling and clothing from different scientific perspectives and are compared with studies among female converts in other European countries, USA and Canada. Keywords: religion, Islam, conversion, hijab, veiled women, Czech, Muslim

The doctrine of piercing the veil and its application in Czech corporate law The theses concerns with the doctrine of piercing the veil and its application in Czech corporate law. Firstly, the crucial term of the separateness of assets is described as a characteristic feature of a legal subject under Czech law, followed with explanation of the concept of the shareholders' guarantee in the Czech law based on the fact that all companies are legal persons with the asset separateness, even though their function is similar to the partnership. The doctrine of piercing the veil was developed by judiciary decisions dealing with different situations and circumstances, under which the legal separateness of a corporation and separateness of assets are misused by shareholders and creditors (voluntary or involuntary) are harmed. The main question asked is whether in specific cases of "corporate form abuse" law can find a way to reimburse directly the harmed creditors or the company. Based on the description of development of judiciary in the United States, Great Britain and Germany and its conclusions, specific factors for application the doctrine were researched, such as alter ego, instrumentality, undercapitalization, agency, commingling of funds etc. These factors are used differently by courts and can be analyzed...

The purpose of my Thesis is an analysis of primary and secondary liability of Members of the Board of directors agains third persons especially against creditors. The main aim of the Thesis is to provide a comprehensive explanation of how the law enshrined in the creditors'pursuit of their rights directly to the members of the Board compared with the international rules. The thesis is composed of tree chapters. Chapter one is a general introduction to an organization, functions, duties and responsibilities of a joint-stock company.The chapter is subdivided into three parts. Part one describes generaly the Board of directors and focuses on its nature, actions, as well as on the casting of its members, on the membership itself and the relationship between the company and its members.The part two targets the rights and obligations related to executing the function given. Part tree pays attention to the responsibility and lability of Members of Board to joint-stock company. Chapter two examines relevant Czech legislation of legal personal lability of Members of the Board, who took part in establishment and managment of the legal entity. This chapter, too, consists of tree parts. Part one deals with individual regulations of the personal liability of Members of the Board. Part two elaborates on the...

For a long time, most women believed they had to choose between their Muslim or Arab identity and their belief in social equality of sexes. It was almost impossible to choose between either betraying their religious beliefs or their desires for social, political and economic justice, up until an upsurge of a feminist sentiment started to grow among women who were seeking to reclaim the Islamic paradigm and the Quran for themselves in the late nineteenth century (Bardan, 2005). During that time, contemporary female artists from the Arab and Muslim worlds started to create their own tools in their fight against oppressive patriarchal societies in order to express their feminine powers and renegotiate their identities. In this thesis, I analyze the feminist tools used in paradigmatic photo-based artworks by three contemporary female artists from the Arab and Muslim worlds: Mona Hatoum, Shirin Neshat, and Lalla Essaydi.

Aging-friendliness work uses a model of eight core domains to assess and achieve communities in which people are more equipped to age well, and remain in their community as they age. These domains are broken into the built environment (i.e., Housing, Transportation) and the social environment (i.e., Communication, Social Inclusion, Employment). This dissertation is centered on the efforts to make communities more aging-friendly, and focuses specifically on the Livable Lexington initiative. This dissertation utilized an exploratory study of a pre- and posttest evaluative design to pilot intergenerational discussion groups as a potential intervention. Intergenerational discussion groups were developed with the goal of changing community members’ perceptions of how aging-friendly their community is, and were a way of operationalizing Rawlsian concepts such as the Veil of Ignorance and Wide Reflective Equilibrium, with the end goal of Intergenerational Equity. The three outcome variables in the study were perceptions of 1) ability to age in place, with regard to domains, 2) overall aging-friendliness, and 3) ability to engage and participate in community activities (such as decision making). Recruited from an initial aging-friendly needs assessment developed by AARP, the intergenerational discussion groups (n = 40) exposed participants to an environment that allowed them to lead discussion around what would make their assigned core domains (i.e, housing, transportation, social inclusion, communication, employment, etc.) more aging-friendly. Participants in the discussion groups perceived a greater ability to age in place, with respect to the social environment (p < .001), as well as a greater ability to engage and participate in community activities (p < .001). Additionally, participants perceived their community as more aging-friendly after the intervention (p < .001). The participants, however, did not perceive a greater ability to age in place, with regard to the built environment (p < .001). Throughout the discussion, the results are tied back into the literature and theory, and reasons for the adverse result in the built environment are also discussed (while more time is often necessary to notice changes in the built environment). Implications for this research, as well as future recommendations are discussed, as well.