Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is a nosocomial infection that is acquired in critically ill patients 48 hours or more after intubation. Many interventions have been studied to reduce or prevent patients from acquiring VAP. This integrated literature review examines empirical evidence related to suctioning techniques that reduce or prevent the acquisition of VAP. Oral and subglottic secretion suctioning were examined in depth. It is concluded that the intervention of oral and subglottic secretion suctioning was shown to reduce the incidence of VAP in adult patients.

Récemment, les microbiotes pulmonaires bactériens d’un nombre très limité de patients atteints de mucoviscidose et de pneumopathies acquises sous ventilation mécanique (PAVM) ont été étudiés en utilisant l'amplification du gène 16S rDNA bactérien suivie par la construction de librairies de clones et différentes approches de séquençage. Ces études ont montré que la population microbienne de patients atteints de maladies respiratoires était plus diversifiée que prévue. Dans l'étude actuelle, nous utilisons une approche comparable pour identifier exhaustivement les agents pathogènes (bactéries, virus, et champignons) composant le microbiote pulmonaire associé aux pneumopathies développées en unités de réanimation. L'étude a inclus des patients admis en réanimation et présentant des formes de pneumopathies acquises sous ventilation mécanique (n = 106), de pneumopathies communautaires (n = 32), de pneumopathies nosocomiales sans ventilation mécanique (n = 22) et de pneumopathies d’aspiration (n = 25). Une cohorte de 25 patients admis en réanimation et ne présentant pas de symptômes de pneumopathie a été étudiée comme contrôle. Cette première partie du travail amènera ainsi à réaliser un catalogue exhaustif des agents de pneumopathies nosocomiales ; à connaître la prévalence des agents identifiés et d’identifier les co-infections fréquemment observées, et surtout à vérifier si ces agents peuvent être identifiés ou pas dans les prélèvements respiratoires profonds de patients non symptomatiques. Pour réaliser cette partie du travail, des séries de prélèvements, incluant des prélèvements de lavage broncho-alvéolaire (LBA), des prélèvements de sang et d'urine ont été étudiés. Ces prélèvements ont été testés par des moyens d’identification moléculaire moderne basés sur l’amplification de gènes conservés (gènes16S rDNA des bactéries et gène 18S rDNA des champignons) suivie par clonage et séquençage à grande échelle. D’autres pathogènes atypiques sont ciblés par des tests de PCR avec utilisation d’amorces spécifiques. Nous avons également inclus la culture, la co-culture d’amibes, la détection sérologique d'anticorps dirigés contre des agents sélectionnés et des tests d'antigène urinaire, afin de comparer ces tests de routine aux approches moléculaires. Comme résultats, les tests moléculaires nous ont permis d’identifier un vaste répertoire de 160 espèces bactériennes dont 73 n'ont jamais été précédemment rapportées à l’étiologie des pneumopathies. En outre, nous avons trouvé 37 phylotypes bactériens potentiellement nouveaux. Nous avons également identifié 24 espèces de champignons dont 6 n'ont pas été précédemment rapportées à l’étiologie des pneumopathies, 7 virus et étonnamment 6 espèces de plantes. De plus, certains agents pathogènes considérés comme typiques aux pneumopathies nosocomiales tels que Pseudomonas aeruginosa et des Streptococci ont été détectés chez les contrôles comme chez les patients. Cet étonnant résultat souligne l'existence d'un noyau de microbiote pulmonaire.Dans un deuxième travail, faisant suite aux travaux effectués dans notre laboratoire et qui ont pu mettre en évidence que 19% des pneumopathies nosocomiales étaient déterminées par des microorganismes associés aux amibes (MAAs) de l’eau préalablement ignorés ou négligés, nous avons utilisé un test d'immunofluorescence multiplexe pour tester la prévalence des anticorps contre les MAAs dans le sang de patients admis en réanimation et atteints de pneumopathies et la comparer à la prévalence au moment de l'admission. Comme résultat, nous démontrons que certains MAAs peuvent être plus fréquemment détectés après des épisodes de pneumopathies nosocomiales que lors de l’admission. En outre, la réponse immunitaire aux MAAs semble augmenter lorsque le séjour en réanimation est prolongé. Enfin, nous avons mis au point une stratégie de metagénomique pour tester les prélévements pour lesquels aucune étiologie n’a été retrouvée. [...] / Recently, bacterial microbiota from a limited number of patients with cystic fibrosis and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) was studied using 16S rDNA gene amplification followed by clone libraries construction and sequencing. These studies have showed that the microbial population of patients with respiratory infections was more diverse than expected. In the current study, we use a similar approach to identify exhaustively the pathogens (bacteria, viruses, and fungi) comprising the microbiota associated with episodes of pneumonia developed in the intensive care units (ICU). Our study included patients admitted to ICUswith with episodes of ventilator-associated pneumonia (n = 106), community-acquired pneumonia (n = 32), nosocomial pneumonia without mechanical ventilation (n = 22) and aspiration pneumonia (n = 25). A cohort of 25 patients admitted to ICUs without symptoms of pneumonia were studied as controls. This first part of the work enables to prepare an exhaustive repertoire of nosocomial pneumonia pathogenes; to know the prevalence of the pathogens identified and to identify co-infections frequently observed, and especially to ascertain whether these agents can be identified or not in the respiratory samples of patients without symptoms of pneumonia. To perform this part of work, series of samples, including bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples, blood samples and urine samples were collected. These samples were tested by means of modern molecular tools based on the amplification of conserved genes (bacterial 16S rDNA and fungal 18S rDNA genes), followed by highthroutput cloning and sequencing. The atypical pathogens are targeted by PCR tests using specific primers and probes. We also included culture, amoeba co-culture, serological detection of antibodies against selected agents and urinary antigen testing, to compare these routine tests to molecular approaches. Based on molecular testing, we identified a wide repertoire of 160 bacterial species of which 73 were never previously reported in pneumonia samples. Moreover, we found 37 putative new bacterial phylotypes. We also identified 24 fungal species of which 6 have not been previously reported in pneumonia, 7 viruses and surprisingly 6 plant species. Some pathogens considered being typical for ICU pneumonia such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus species may be detected as commonly in controls as in pneumonia patients which strikingly highlight the existence of a core of pulmonary microbiota.In a second work, following previous works performed in our laboratory which were able to show that 19% of nosocomial pneumonia were determined by micro-organisms associated to amoebae (AAMs) previously ignored or neglected, we used a recent test based on multiplex serology to test for the prevalence of antibodies against the AAMs in the blood of patients admitted to ICU and developed episodes of pneumonia and compare it to the prevalence at the time of admission (controls). As a result, we demonstrate that some AAMs may be more frequently detected after episodes of nosocomial pneumonia than at the admission. In addition, the immune response to AAMS appears to increase when the ICU stay is prolonged.Finally, in order to explore samples for which no microbial aetiology was found, we have developed a subtractive hybridization metagenomic strategy and tested it on different clinical samples. The sensitivity of this strategy was also evaluated. We have demonstrated that our method, based on the detection of DNA and RNA of microorganisms in a single test, allows sensitive detection of different types of microorganisms.

Pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica (PAV) é uma infecção relacionada à assistência à saúde que tem desafiado os órgãos de controle de infecção hospitalares por estar associada a altas taxas de mortalidade e grandes desafios em relação à sua prevenção. Pesquisas buscam encontrar meios para diminuir taxas de PAV e consequentemente reduzir tempo de internação e custos hospitalares. Este presente estudo teve como objetivo principal identificar a etiologia bacteriana pulmonar da PAV correlacionando com as bactérias patogênicas da cavidade bucal, em pacientes submetidos à higiene oral (HO) com clorexidina 0,12%. Foram realizados cultura quantitativa do aspirado traqueal (AT) e cultura da cavidade bucal (CB) em pacientes diagnosticados com PAV, em 10 leitos da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital Regional de Gurupi Tocantins. No período de 1 ano a amostra consistiu de 30 pacientes, sendo que 18 foram submetidos à HO com clorexidina e 12 à HO com água destilada. No grupo clorexidina, 5 pacientes (27,7%) apresentaram CB positiva contra 12 do grupo água destilada (100%). Em relação ao AT, 17 pacientes apresentaram cultura positiva com a seguinte frequência: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21,4%), Citrobacter freundii (21,4%), Acinetobacter baumanni (14,2%), Hafnia alvei (14,2%), Klebsiella sp (14,2%), Burkholderia cepacia (7,4%) e Enterobacter asburial (7,4%). Em 2 pacientes foi encontrado o mesmo microrganismo tanto no AT quanto na CB (Citrobacter freundii). Concluiu-se que a cavidade bucal pode ser um reservatório de potenciais patógenos da PAV e a clorexidina 0,12% pode ser um método eficaz de controle bacteriano neste ambiente. / Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a health-care-related infection that has challenged hospital infection control agencies because it is associated with high mortality rates and major challenges in preventing it. Researches seek to find ways to reduce VAP rates and consequently reduce length of hospital stay and hospital costs. This study aimed to identify the pulmonary bacterial etiology of PAV correlating with pathogenic bacteria of the oral cavity in patients submitted to oral hygiene (OH) with chlorhexidine 0.12%. Quantitative culture of the tracheal aspirate (AT) and culture of the buccal cavity (BC) were performed in patients diagnosed with VAP, in 10 beds of the Intensive Care Unit of the Regional Hospital of Gurupi - Tocantins. In the 1-year period the sample consisted of 30 patients, 18 of whom were submitted to OH with chlorhexidine and 12 to OH with distilled water. In the chlorhexidine group, 5 patients (27,7%) presented positive BC versus 12 in the distilled water group (100%). In relation to AT, 17 patients presented a positive culture with the following frequency: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21,4%), Citrobacter freundii (21,4%), Acinetobacter baumanni (14,2%), Hafnia alvei (14.2%), Klebsiella sp (14,2%), Burkholderia cepacia (7,4%) and Asburial Enterobacter (7,4%). In 2 patients the same microorganism was found in both, AT and BC (Citrobacter freundii). It was concluded that the oral cavity may be a reservoir of potential PAV pathogens and 0,12% chlorhexidine may be an effective method of bacterial control in this environment.

Base teórica: Muitos pacientes internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) necessitam da instituição da ventilação mecânica invasiva (VM). Porém esta pode trazer efeitos deletérios como: alteração na higiene brônquica e pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica (PAV). Devido a isso, faz-se necessária avaliação de técnicas de higiene brônquicas eficazes e o menos deletérias possíveis. Objetivos: Comparar a eficácia das técnicas em estudo: vibrocompressão (VB) (G1), hiperinsuflação com o ventilador mecânico (HMV) (G2) VB + HMV (G3) na quantidade de secreção aspirada (SEC), no tempo de VM, na incidência de PAV, na reintubação orotraqueal (Re-IoT) e na mortalidade de pacientes em VM. Método: Ensaio clínico randomizado, realizado no Centro de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA). Foram incluídos no estudo 93 pacientes (29 G1, 32 G2 e 32 G3) em VM por mais de 24 horas. Foram aplicadas as seguintes técnicas: aspiração isolada (ASP), VB, HMV e VB + HMV. Foram medidas as seguintes variáveis: frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), pressão arterial média (PAM), saturação arterial periférica de oxigênio (SpO2), pressão inspiratória de pico (PIP), volume corrente (VC), complacência dinâmica (Cdyn), peso da SEC; tempo de VM, Re-IoT, incidência de PAV e mortalidade na VM. Conclusão: O grupo 3 foi o único que apresentou aumento significativo da SEC, quando comparado à ASP (0,7 g (0,1-2,5) vs 0,2 g (0,0-0,6) – p = 0,006). Em comparação com os demais grupos, o grupo 2 apresentou aumento significativo na incidência de PAV (22% - p = 0,003) e Re-IoT (21,9% - p = 0,048), demonstrando assim, na amostra estudada, que VB + HMV é mais eficaz quanto à quantidade de SEC e exerce efeito protetor, juntamente com a VB, na incidência de PAV e Re-IoT. / Background: Many patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) require the institution of invasive Mechanical Ventilation (MV). However, this can bring harmful effects such as changes in mucociliary transport and cough capacity, leading to bronchial obstruction and Ventilator Associated-Pneumonia (VAP). Objective: To compare the efficacy of the techniques: Vibrocompression (G1), Hyperinflation with Mechanical Ventilation (G2) Vibrocompression + Hyperinflation with Mechanical Ventilation (G3) in the amount of Aspirated Secretions (AS), MV time, the incidence of VAP, Re-intubation tracheal (Re-IoT) and mortality of patients on MV. Method: Randomized clinical trial, conducted at the Intensive Care Unit, of the Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA). 93 patients were included in the study (29 G1, 32 G2 and 32 G3) in mechanical ventilation for more than 24 hours. The following techniques were applied: Isolated Aspiration (ASP), Vibrocompression (VB), Hyperinflation with Mechanical Ventilation (HMV) Vibrocompression + Hyperinflation with Mechanical Ventilation (HMV + VB). The following variables were measured: Heart Rate (HR), Respiratory Rate (RR), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), Peripheral Arterial Oxygen Saturation (SpO2); Peak Inspiratory Pressure (PIP), Tidal Volume (TV); Dynamic Compliance (Cdyn); weight of the AS; VM time; Re-IoT; VAP incidence and mortality in the VM. Conclusion: The HMV + VB (G3) was the only group that showed significant increase in the AS (0.7 g (0.1-2.5) vs 0.2 g (0.0-0.6) – p = 0.006) when compared to ASP. Compared with the other groups G2 showed a significant increase in the incidence of VAP (22% - p = 0.003) and Re-IoT (21.9% - p = 0.048). Thus demonstrating in the sample, which HMV + VB is more effective as the amount of secretion aspirated and has a protective effect, along with the VB, the incidence of VAP and Re-IoT.

Patients who require mechanical ventilation (MV) are at risk for developing ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP). Nurses’ adherence to sedation vacations (SVs) has a direct impact on the development of VAP, because SVs have been shown to reduce patients’ average duration of MV and length of stay (LOS) in the intensive care unit (ICU). The purposes of this study guided by Donabedian’s (1966) model were to quantify nurses’ level of adherence to SVs, in relation to the health outcomes of critically ill patients, and identify the barriers and facilitators to performing SVs. A correlational design was used. The design included three components: abstraction of patient data from the electronic medical record (EMR) (n=79 with VAP and n=79 without VAP), administration of surveys to ICU nurses (N =34), and vignettes related to SVs. Analyses included descriptive statistics, t-tests, correlations, and analyses of covariance. Most nurses held a Bachelors degree (70.6%), had < 9 years of ICU experience (52.9%), worked in a medical ICU (47.1%), and reported high confidence in managing SVs (M =8.88, SD =1.25). The majority of patients (N =158) were Black (58.2%), males (56.3%), and on average middle-aged (M =61.5, SD =14.91), with a long ICU LOS (M =15.5, SD =11.84), extended duration of MV (M =9.5, SD =8.47), and high acuity (APACHE III) (M =70.2, SD =25.42). The nurses’ education, advanced certification, and ICU experience were not associated with the appropriate implementation of SVs in the vignettes. On average nurses’ had low scores on the vignettes (M =6.97, SD =2.21; possible range =0-14). The adherence rate of nurses’ implementation of SVs, determined using EMR data, was also low (M =24%; SD =23%). There were higher rates of SV adherence in patients without VAP (p (p < .01), and a duration of MV < 6 days (p =.04). These findings indicate that even with established protocols, nurses may not consistently implement the evidenced-based interventions that have been shown to prevent nosocomial infections. Future research is needed to improve nursing practice and the quality of care in this patient population.

Utgångspunkten för denna litteraturstudie är att ventilatorassocierad pneumoni (VAP) går att förebygga. Syftet med detta arbete var att kartlägga olika evidensbaserade munvårdsmetoder som används av intensivvårdssjuksköterskor för att förebygga VAP hos ventilatorbehandlade patienter. Syftet var också att belysa vilka faktorer som påverkar intensivvårdssjuksköterskans utförande av evidensbaserad munvård till ventilatorbehandlade patienter. Studien utfördes som en systematisk litteraturstudie. Till resultatet användes 16 vetenskapliga artiklar. För att kunna bedöma artiklarnas vetenskapliga kvalitet granskades artiklarna utifrån en modifierad granskningsmall. Samtliga artiklar fick höga kvalitetspoäng, vilket innebär hög vetenskaplig relevans. Resultatet av litteraturstudien visar att i flera av de evidensbaserade munvårdsprotokoll som publicerats den senaste tiden finns några återkommande punkter. Dessa punkter är; bedömning av munhålans status, tandborstning med barntandborste, munsköljmedel och att munnen fuktas med ett intervall av två till sex timmar. Flera faktorer påverkar intensivvårdssjuksköterskans utförande av evidensbaserad munvård. Genom att införa ett evidensbaserat munvårdsprotokoll för ventilatorbehandlade intensivvårdspatienter och ge personalen utbildning i munvård kan incidensen av VAP minska. Resultatet visar också att generellt sett är kunskapsnivån låg hos intensivvårdssjuksköterskor gällande förebyggande åtgärder för att förhindra VAP. Om sjuksköterskan anser att hon/han har tid att utföra munvård blir resultatet av högre kvalitet och hon/han upplever också åtgärden som mindre obehaglig. Detta innebär att försök att förbättra omvårdnaden och därmed minska antalet vårdrelaterade infektioner även är en organisatorisk fråga.

Background: Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is a major cause of morbidity, longer intensive care unit (ICU) stay, increased duration of mechanical ventilation, and increased healthcare cost in critically ill patients. Critically ill patients are at increased risk for malnutrition, which is associated with impaired immune function, impaired ventilator drive and weakened respiratory muscles. Malnutrition has been thought to increase the risk of VAP due to bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract to the lungs. Previous research that has evaluated the effect of enteral nutrition on malnutrition associated with VAP has been inconsistent in part because of the subjectivity of the old definition of VAP. In 2013, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new definition for the diagnosis of VAP, which includes three tiers of a ventilator associated event (VAE); ventilator associated condition, infection-related ventilator-associated complication, or possible or probable VAP). The purpose of this study is to retrospectively examine the relationship between enteral formula, tube-feeding placement site, time of tube feeding initiation and the incidence of VAE using this new CDC definition. Objective: The aim of the study was to retrospectively examine the relationship between enteral formula, tube-feeding placement site, time of tube feeding initiation and the incidence of VAE using this new CDC definition. Participants/setting: The medical records of 162 adult patients admitted to one of the ICUs (Medical ICU, Surgical ICU, Neurological ICU, Burn ICU) at Grady Memorial Hospital (GMH) in Atlanta, GA in 2013 Main outcome measures: Demographic and baseline medical characteristics including the type of enteral formula used (standard, immune-modulating, hydrolyzed, immune-modulating and hydrolyzed, or mixed), enteral tube feeding placement (gastric or small bowel), and timing of enteral nutrition (never fed, fed48 hours after admission) were collected. Statistical analysis: Demographic and baseline medical characteristics were described using frequency statistics and compared by VAE status using the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The relationship between tube placement, enteral formula, timing of feeding and the diagnosis of a VAE was evaluated using the Chi-square test. Results: In 2013, 81 patients admitted to the ICU at GMH were diagnosed with a VAE. The median age of the study population (n=162) was 50 years (range, 19 to 88 years) and the median BMI was 27.6 kg/m2 (range, 13.2 to 83.2 kg/m2). The majority of the population was African American (53.1%) and male (64.2%). Most patients were fed through a gastric tube (86.4%), were given an immune-modulating enteral formula (32.1%) and were fed after 48 hours of admission (44.4%). After subdividing by ICU location, 12 of 14 patients (86%) in the Medical ICU who were diagnosed with a VAE were either never fed or fed >48 hours after admission vs. 7 of 13 (54%) of patients in the Medical ICU who were not diagnosed with a VAE (p=0.031). No other relationships between the type of feeding initiation, tube placement, and enteral formula were found by VAE status for the population or by ICU location. Conclusion: Adults admitted to the Medical ICU may have a reduced risk of developing a VAE if fed within 48 hours of admission. The type of enteral formula provided and the route of administration was not associated with the diagnosis of VAE. Future prospective studies should include all critical care patients to further evaluate the effect of nutrition on VAE outcome.

Base teórica: Muitos pacientes internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) necessitam da instituição da ventilação mecânica invasiva (VM). Porém esta pode trazer efeitos deletérios como: alteração na higiene brônquica e pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica (PAV). Devido a isso, faz-se necessária avaliação de técnicas de higiene brônquicas eficazes e o menos deletérias possíveis. Objetivos: Comparar a eficácia das técnicas em estudo: vibrocompressão (VB) (G1), hiperinsuflação com o ventilador mecânico (HMV) (G2) VB + HMV (G3) na quantidade de secreção aspirada (SEC), no tempo de VM, na incidência de PAV, na reintubação orotraqueal (Re-IoT) e na mortalidade de pacientes em VM. Método: Ensaio clínico randomizado, realizado no Centro de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA). Foram incluídos no estudo 93 pacientes (29 G1, 32 G2 e 32 G3) em VM por mais de 24 horas. Foram aplicadas as seguintes técnicas: aspiração isolada (ASP), VB, HMV e VB + HMV. Foram medidas as seguintes variáveis: frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), pressão arterial média (PAM), saturação arterial periférica de oxigênio (SpO2), pressão inspiratória de pico (PIP), volume corrente (VC), complacência dinâmica (Cdyn), peso da SEC; tempo de VM, Re-IoT, incidência de PAV e mortalidade na VM. Conclusão: O grupo 3 foi o único que apresentou aumento significativo da SEC, quando comparado à ASP (0,7 g (0,1-2,5) vs 0,2 g (0,0-0,6) – p = 0,006). Em comparação com os demais grupos, o grupo 2 apresentou aumento significativo na incidência de PAV (22% - p = 0,003) e Re-IoT (21,9% - p = 0,048), demonstrando assim, na amostra estudada, que VB + HMV é mais eficaz quanto à quantidade de SEC e exerce efeito protetor, juntamente com a VB, na incidência de PAV e Re-IoT. / Background: Many patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) require the institution of invasive Mechanical Ventilation (MV). However, this can bring harmful effects such as changes in mucociliary transport and cough capacity, leading to bronchial obstruction and Ventilator Associated-Pneumonia (VAP). Objective: To compare the efficacy of the techniques: Vibrocompression (G1), Hyperinflation with Mechanical Ventilation (G2) Vibrocompression + Hyperinflation with Mechanical Ventilation (G3) in the amount of Aspirated Secretions (AS), MV time, the incidence of VAP, Re-intubation tracheal (Re-IoT) and mortality of patients on MV. Method: Randomized clinical trial, conducted at the Intensive Care Unit, of the Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA). 93 patients were included in the study (29 G1, 32 G2 and 32 G3) in mechanical ventilation for more than 24 hours. The following techniques were applied: Isolated Aspiration (ASP), Vibrocompression (VB), Hyperinflation with Mechanical Ventilation (HMV) Vibrocompression + Hyperinflation with Mechanical Ventilation (HMV + VB). The following variables were measured: Heart Rate (HR), Respiratory Rate (RR), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), Peripheral Arterial Oxygen Saturation (SpO2); Peak Inspiratory Pressure (PIP), Tidal Volume (TV); Dynamic Compliance (Cdyn); weight of the AS; VM time; Re-IoT; VAP incidence and mortality in the VM. Conclusion: The HMV + VB (G3) was the only group that showed significant increase in the AS (0.7 g (0.1-2.5) vs 0.2 g (0.0-0.6) – p = 0.006) when compared to ASP. Compared with the other groups G2 showed a significant increase in the incidence of VAP (22% - p = 0.003) and Re-IoT (21.9% - p = 0.048). Thus demonstrating in the sample, which HMV + VB is more effective as the amount of secretion aspirated and has a protective effect, along with the VB, the incidence of VAP and Re-IoT.

Base teórica: Muitos pacientes internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) necessitam da instituição da ventilação mecânica invasiva (VM). Porém esta pode trazer efeitos deletérios como: alteração na higiene brônquica e pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica (PAV). Devido a isso, faz-se necessária avaliação de técnicas de higiene brônquicas eficazes e o menos deletérias possíveis. Objetivos: Comparar a eficácia das técnicas em estudo: vibrocompressão (VB) (G1), hiperinsuflação com o ventilador mecânico (HMV) (G2) VB + HMV (G3) na quantidade de secreção aspirada (SEC), no tempo de VM, na incidência de PAV, na reintubação orotraqueal (Re-IoT) e na mortalidade de pacientes em VM. Método: Ensaio clínico randomizado, realizado no Centro de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA). Foram incluídos no estudo 93 pacientes (29 G1, 32 G2 e 32 G3) em VM por mais de 24 horas. Foram aplicadas as seguintes técnicas: aspiração isolada (ASP), VB, HMV e VB + HMV. Foram medidas as seguintes variáveis: frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), pressão arterial média (PAM), saturação arterial periférica de oxigênio (SpO2), pressão inspiratória de pico (PIP), volume corrente (VC), complacência dinâmica (Cdyn), peso da SEC; tempo de VM, Re-IoT, incidência de PAV e mortalidade na VM. Conclusão: O grupo 3 foi o único que apresentou aumento significativo da SEC, quando comparado à ASP (0,7 g (0,1-2,5) vs 0,2 g (0,0-0,6) – p = 0,006). Em comparação com os demais grupos, o grupo 2 apresentou aumento significativo na incidência de PAV (22% - p = 0,003) e Re-IoT (21,9% - p = 0,048), demonstrando assim, na amostra estudada, que VB + HMV é mais eficaz quanto à quantidade de SEC e exerce efeito protetor, juntamente com a VB, na incidência de PAV e Re-IoT. / Background: Many patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) require the institution of invasive Mechanical Ventilation (MV). However, this can bring harmful effects such as changes in mucociliary transport and cough capacity, leading to bronchial obstruction and Ventilator Associated-Pneumonia (VAP). Objective: To compare the efficacy of the techniques: Vibrocompression (G1), Hyperinflation with Mechanical Ventilation (G2) Vibrocompression + Hyperinflation with Mechanical Ventilation (G3) in the amount of Aspirated Secretions (AS), MV time, the incidence of VAP, Re-intubation tracheal (Re-IoT) and mortality of patients on MV. Method: Randomized clinical trial, conducted at the Intensive Care Unit, of the Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA). 93 patients were included in the study (29 G1, 32 G2 and 32 G3) in mechanical ventilation for more than 24 hours. The following techniques were applied: Isolated Aspiration (ASP), Vibrocompression (VB), Hyperinflation with Mechanical Ventilation (HMV) Vibrocompression + Hyperinflation with Mechanical Ventilation (HMV + VB). The following variables were measured: Heart Rate (HR), Respiratory Rate (RR), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), Peripheral Arterial Oxygen Saturation (SpO2); Peak Inspiratory Pressure (PIP), Tidal Volume (TV); Dynamic Compliance (Cdyn); weight of the AS; VM time; Re-IoT; VAP incidence and mortality in the VM. Conclusion: The HMV + VB (G3) was the only group that showed significant increase in the AS (0.7 g (0.1-2.5) vs 0.2 g (0.0-0.6) – p = 0.006) when compared to ASP. Compared with the other groups G2 showed a significant increase in the incidence of VAP (22% - p = 0.003) and Re-IoT (21.9% - p = 0.048). Thus demonstrating in the sample, which HMV + VB is more effective as the amount of secretion aspirated and has a protective effect, along with the VB, the incidence of VAP and Re-IoT.

Bakgrund: Intuberade patienter inom intensivvården har en hög risk för att erhålla en ventilator-associerad pneumoni (VAP). Det finns evidensbaserade riktlinjer för vuxna somförebygger VAP. För barn behövs det däremot mer forskning för att klargöra vilka omvårdnadsåtgärder som kan standardiseras. Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva vilka omvårdnadsåtgärder som förebygger VAP hos barn inom intensivvården, en litteraturöversikt. Metod: En deskriptiv litteraturstudie med kvantitativ induktiv ansats valdes. 16 kvantitativa studier analyserades med en innehållsanalys. Det samlade materialet kvalitetsgranskades med hjälp av GRADE. Resultat: Fem huvudteman identifierades utifrån studiernas resultat. Huvudteman var VAP-omvårdnadspaket, munvård med klorhexidin, skötsel av endotrakealtub, olika nutritionssonder, omvårdnadsutbildning. VAP-omvårdnadspaket och omvårdnadsutbildning visade sig statistiskt signifikant sänka VAP-prevalensen hos barn. Munvård med klorhexidin kunde inte sänka VAP-prevalensen. Slutsats: Med rätt evidensbaserad vård kan VAP-prevalensen sänkas. Forskning kring VAP-prevention till barn saknar evidens i nuläget och kan ej anses vara evidensbaserad vård. För att göra vården evidensbaserad, rekommenderas att globala riktlinjer för VAP-prevention till barn tas fram. / Background: Intubated patients admitted to an intensive care unit have a higher risk ofacquiring ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). There are evidence-based guidelines for adults that prevent VAP. For children there is a need for more research in this area to clarifywhich nursing methods can be standardized. Aim: The aim was to describe which nursing care measures prevent VAP in children admitted to the intensive care unit, a literature review. Method: A descriptive literature study with a quantitative inductive approach was used. A total of 16 quantitative studies was analysed with a content analysis. A GRADE system was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Results: Five main themes were identified from the study’s results. The main themes where VAP-care bundles, oral care with chlorhexidine, care of endotracheal tube, different nutritional catheters, and nursing care education. VAP-care bundles and nursing care education showed to have statistically and significantly lowered the prevalence of VAP in children. Oral care with Chlorhexidine did not lower the prevalence significantly of VAP. Conclusion: The prevalence of VAP can be lowered with the right evidence-based practice. At the current situation research on preventing VAP in children lack evidence and can’t be considered as evidence-based practice. To make the nursing care evidence based, it´s recommended to create global guidelines of VAP-prevention for children.