Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

The 17th century was a time of change in Sweden. During the century many of the Swedish laws were altered. In the beginning of the 17th century this alteration resulted in a more severe sentence for most of the committed crimes, but a mitigation of the sentence for some of those crimes was effected in the middle of the 17th century. The aim of this study is to see how two local courts in the judicial system during the mid 17th century in Sweden treated adultery, and those who committed the crime against the background of what the law regarding adultery stipulated. The source material used are court records from Fryksdals hundred and Jösse hundred in western Sweden, and laws regarding adultery during the 17th century. This research shows that the laws regarding adultery were in themselves not gender specific, and their main concern was the marital status of those involved. The punishment for all forms of adultery was a death sentence during the first half of the 17th century, but during the latter part of the century the punishment for a specific form of adultery, when only one of the involved was married, was mitigated to a fine which differed according to marital status. In most of the cases both courts in Fryksdals hundred and Jösse hundred applied the law as it was written in their verdict, and the verdicts of acquittals were few. There is however a tendency in the findings towards a difference between the actual local courts at the end of the first half of the 17th century. Court records show that Fryksdals hundred, which generally had more crimes regarding adultery than Jösse hundred, during that time applied a more rigorous attitude towards those crimes. The conclusion is that, although the results from both hundreds do not differ much from the general picture of adultery in Sweden, there is still a tendency of a difference between the actual local courts themselves.

In my thesis, I discuss and analyze William Shakespeare’s utilization and adaptation of source texts within three of his dramas: Henry IV, Part I, a history; Twelfth Night, a comedy; and Julius Caesar, a tragedy. By comparing Shakespeare’s adaption of sources to the contemporary United Kingdom intellectual property policies, it becomes possible for me to determine whether Shakespeare’s extensive and popular dramas would violate modern copyright law. The first chapter, “Printing and Writing in the Early Modern Period,” discusses the development of proprietary interests among the Elizabethan people. I break down the individual components of the printing process in the early modern period and further consider how its creation affected writers and impacted the world at large. Additionally mentioned within this chapter are the United Kingdom’s initial attempts at regulating printed materials among publishers. The availability, pricing, and evolution of printed material is all discussed, as well as the imitative and collaborative writing process among Elizabethan dramatists and poets. The second chapter, “An Introduction and Brief History of Intellectual Property and Copyright,” addresses the United Kingdom’s current legislation on borrowing and infringing upon creative works. After an introduction to key terms within the intellectual property field, I provide a brief history on the evolution of copyright within the United Kingdom. After a discussion on property protection and rights for literary, dramatic, and artistic works, I cite the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 as the key document from which I draw my conclusions on Shakespeare’s infringement of source texts within his plays. Chapters three, four, and five, focus on the individual analyses of source texts used by Shakespeare within each of his selected plays. While Shakespeare did borrow from a multitude of source texts, I strive to analyze his utilization of content within only his most primary source texts. Each chapter begins with a brief synopsis of the play, characters, and major themes. After each introduction, I devote multiple pages of text to comparing and contrasting Shakespeare’s imitation and utilization of primary source texts within his own works. At the end of each chapter, I calculate the age of each source text as it relates to the public domain and intellectual property law. Following chapter five, I use the combination of my analyses and personal understanding of copyright to render three separate verdicts on Shakespeare’s infringement of source materials within each of his plays. Alongside each verdict, I provide lawful reasoning for the individual outcome of each case. In the final pages, I draw a conclusion concerning Shakespeare’s infringement of source texts within his plays. It looks like one play clearly breaks the United Kingdom’s copyright laws, one play may or may not depending on further studies, and a third drama clearly does not constitute infringement. Furthermore, I offer a brief commentary on the reigning United Kingdom intellectual property laws based upon my analyses and verdicts.

abstract: Several states within the United States have recently passed the Victim Life Photo Act, which allows prosecutors to present photographs of alleged murder victims when they were alive during the guilt phase of a trial. Critics argue that these photographs do not offer any relevant information about the crime or the defendant’s potential guilt and might bias jurors to vote guilty based on their sympathy for the victim—perhaps disproportionally so for high-status victims. Two mock trial experiments tested whether online participants who viewed alleged murder victim photographs would convict more because they increase anger, disgust, fear, sadness, and/or sympathy. Mock jurors who saw photographs of White (but not racial minority) victims while they were alive reported more sympathy for the victim relative to those who saw the same evidence without a photograph of the living victim—but the sympathy did not increase convictions (Study 1). Study 2 extended this study by testing whether the living victim photographs are more impactful in conjunction with seeing gruesome photographs of the victim after her death, creating a particularly disturbing contrast effect versus seeing the living photograph alone. Study 2 found that (a) living victim photographs on their own again had no effect on participants’ verdicts, (b) gruesome photographs on their own increased convictions through increased disgust, and (c) participants who saw both living and gruesome murder victim photographs (versus gruesome alone) were more conviction prone due to increased anger and sympathy. These studies inform current debates regarding the controversial Victim Life Photo Act: Admitting living victim photographs during the guilt phase—if presented along with gruesome photographs—can make jurors more sympathetic and angry, which can increase convictions. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2020

L’objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre de quelle manière le juge décide de la culpabilité de l’accusé, notamment dans les affaires de vol et de trafic de stupéfiants. En s’appuyant sur le programme ethnométhodologique et sur une enquête ethnographique, la recherche se penche sur l’ensemble de pratiques et raisonnements présents dans l’activité décisionnelle des juges, afin de rendre visibles les savoirs d’action mobilisés pour décider de la culpabilité. La thèse montre que la prise de décision est fortement marquée par la présomption de culpabilité qui découle d’un processus de catégorisation des justiciables en tant que « voleurs » et « trafiquants ». Ces catégories typiques sont associées à l’image de l’ennemi, c’est-à-dire, l’individu insoumis et incapable d’un modus vivendi commun (Jakobs, 2009). Prenant appui sur les analyses empiriques réalisées, l’étude fait une analogie entre la figure de l’ennemi et le concept d’homo sacer (Agamben, 1997; 2002) en proposant finalement que le verdict de culpabilité se construit à l’intérieur d’un « camp » - c’est-à-dire, un lieu de suspension de l’ordre juridique (Agamben, 1997) – qui se structure, paradoxalement, au sein même de la justice pénale. Mots-clés: sentencing ; vol ; trafic de stupéfiants ; verdict de culpabilité ; Brésil / This ethnographic study of the judicial practices in Brazil investigates how criminal judges decide the guilt of the accused. The research shows that this decision is strongly influenced by the presumption of guilt arising from a process of categorization of individuals as "thieves" and "drug traffickers". These categories are associated with the typical image of the enemy, that is to say, the individual unruly and incapable of common modus vivendi (Jakobs, 2009). Building on empirical data, the study makes an analogy between the enemy and the concept of homo sacer (Agamben, 1997, 2002), suggesting that the verdict of guilt builts inside a "camp", i.e, a place of suspension of the juridical order (Agamben, 1997).

L’objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre de quelle manière le juge décide de la culpabilité de l’accusé, notamment dans les affaires de vol et de trafic de stupéfiants. En s’appuyant sur le programme ethnométhodologique et sur une enquête ethnographique, la recherche se penche sur l’ensemble de pratiques et raisonnements présents dans l’activité décisionnelle des juges, afin de rendre visibles les savoirs d’action mobilisés pour décider de la culpabilité. La thèse montre que la prise de décision est fortement marquée par la présomption de culpabilité qui découle d’un processus de catégorisation des justiciables en tant que « voleurs » et « trafiquants ». Ces catégories typiques sont associées à l’image de l’ennemi, c’est-à-dire, l’individu insoumis et incapable d’un modus vivendi commun (Jakobs, 2009). Prenant appui sur les analyses empiriques réalisées, l’étude fait une analogie entre la figure de l’ennemi et le concept d’homo sacer (Agamben, 1997; 2002) en proposant finalement que le verdict de culpabilité se construit à l’intérieur d’un « camp » - c’est-à-dire, un lieu de suspension de l’ordre juridique (Agamben, 1997) – qui se structure, paradoxalement, au sein même de la justice pénale. Mots-clés: sentencing ; vol ; trafic de stupéfiants ; verdict de culpabilité ; Brésil / This ethnographic study of the judicial practices in Brazil investigates how criminal judges decide the guilt of the accused. The research shows that this decision is strongly influenced by the presumption of guilt arising from a process of categorization of individuals as "thieves" and "drug traffickers". These categories are associated with the typical image of the enemy, that is to say, the individual unruly and incapable of common modus vivendi (Jakobs, 2009). Building on empirical data, the study makes an analogy between the enemy and the concept of homo sacer (Agamben, 1997, 2002), suggesting that the verdict of guilt builts inside a "camp", i.e, a place of suspension of the juridical order (Agamben, 1997).

Esta dissertação tem por objeto as narrativas emergentes a partir de um caso de assassinato ocorrido em Ouro Preto/MG em 14 de outubro de 2001, o caso Aline, que teve repercussão nacional ao ser representado com características de mistério e barbárie, tecendo uma teia de relações causais com diferentes elementos drogas, festas estudantis, satanismo e, em especial, jogos de interpretação de papeis (RPGs). A partir da noção de drama social de Victor Turner, analisa-se a ruptura do cotidiano de Ouro Preto com o crime, abrindo fissuras para a emergência de metáforas radicais de sacrifício e crucificação, que energizam a leitura do crime como ritual macabro. Analisam-se a evolução do processo e o julgamento dos acusados, o encontro de narrativas e o desfecho dissonante das expectativas punitivas. Em seguida, acompanha-se a produção de narrativas dominantes e o escalonamento dos conflitos do caso Aline para as arenas narrativas midiáticas, mágico-religiosas e jurídico-políticas. Discutem-se as expectativas de justiça e punição por meio da análise de linchamento moral e da busca por vítimas sacrificais, unindo-as com uma discussão sobre racionalidade penal moderna que permite questionar a aporia formada pela absolvição. Por fim, tecem-se algumas considerações sobre a produção de ordens e desordens no ritual do júri e o que poderia ser uma narrativa justa do caso Aline. / This dissertation analyzes the rising narratives of a murder case occurred in Ouro Preto/MG in October 14, 2001, the Aline case. This case was nationwide known due to the mystery and cruelty with which it was represented, weaving a web of causal relations with several elements drugs, student parties, Satanism and Roleplaying Games (RPGs). Victor Turners notion of social drama is engaged to analyze how the crime creates a breach in Ouro Preto everyday life, opening cracks for the arouse of root metaphors of sacrifice and crucifixion, that energizes the crime reading as a macabre ritual. The evolution of the process and the defendants trial are discussed as a narrative gathering with an unexpected non-punitive outcome. The crystallization of dominant narratives and the escalating conflicts of Aline case are followed to the media, magical-religious and juridical-political arenas. Then the expectations of justice and punishment are discussed, through an analyze of the moral lynching and the search of a escape goat, and also a discussion of the modern penal rationality, that enables questions on the aporia created by the defendants discharge. At last, some considerations on Jury ritual creations of order and disorder and of what could be a just narrative of Aline case.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Esta tese apresenta um estudo de dez crimes passionais julgados pelo Tribunal do JÃri brasileiro, sendo quatro os conceitos-chave que orientam a discussÃo: crimes passional, jÃri, honra, veredicto e sentenÃa. Um dos principais objetivos do trabalho foi caracterizar o discurso da honra nas prÃticas escritas e orais da elaboraÃÃo do crime passional, entendendo a honra como o valor do rÃu aos olhos dele mesmo e, mais ainda, à Ãptica da sociedade a que pertence. Na anÃlise que se segue, sÃo discutidos os conceitos de honra ligados ao pensamento sociolÃgico, antropolÃgico e jurÃdico, mais especificamente na figura do homicida passional, mediante atravÃs da apresentaÃÃo dos casos de crimes passionais e na anÃlise do argumento da âlegÃtima defesa da honraâ, discurso constituÃdo durante a narraÃÃo dessas mortes, desde a denÃncia do ato atà o julgamento pelo Tribunal do JÃri. A elaboraÃÃo deste texto à fundamentada na tipologia de estudo de casos, com abordagem qualitativa e mÃtodo descritivo. Na montagem da problemÃtica que orienta a discussÃo desta tese, tem-se a seqÃÃncia: caracterizaÃÃo da honra, apresentaÃÃo do Tribunal do JÃri, relato de uma sessÃo do jÃri, descriÃÃo dos casos de crimes passionais e anÃlise dos ilÃcitos. Nas conclusÃes da anÃlise, pode-se perceber que o crime passional, o discurso, o julgamento e a sentenÃa tÃm significados sociolÃgicos relevantes na caracterizaÃÃo desse condensado de idÃias, interpretadas como expressÃo das tradiÃÃes sociais, dever moral exposto na sentenÃa, e fortalecimento dos discursos da honra nas narrativas, aspectos formuladores do mundo social. / This thesis presents a study of ten cases of crimes of passion tried before the Jury Court (Tribunal do JÃri), a Brazilian court with specialized jurisdiction over each of certain grave offenses in which a life is taken. A main objective of the study was to characterize the discourse concerning honor in the written and oral practices in the construction of the crime of passion, understanding honor as a value of the accused, both through their own eyes and through the eyes of the society to which they belong. Concepts of honor are discussed in connection with sociological, anthropological and juridical thought, more specifically in the figure of the passionate murderer within the presentation of cases of crimes of passion and in the analysis of the juridical "legitimate defense of honor", a discourse constructed in the narrative of these deaths throughout the process from the charge of the crime to the verdict of the Jury Court. The development of the text is based upon a typology of the cases using a qualitative approach and descriptive method. The construction of questions guiding the discussion in this thesis takes the following sequence: characterization of the concept of honor, overview of the Jury Court, account of a jury session, description of the cases of crimes of passion and analysis thereof. It can be seen in the conclusions of the analysis that crime of passion, discourse, verdict and sentence all have sociological meaning as expression of social traditions and moral duty, strengthening the discourse concerning honor in the narrative and reinforcing aspects of the construction of the social world.

Esta dissertação tem por objeto as narrativas emergentes a partir de um caso de assassinato ocorrido em Ouro Preto/MG em 14 de outubro de 2001, o caso Aline, que teve repercussão nacional ao ser representado com características de mistério e barbárie, tecendo uma teia de relações causais com diferentes elementos drogas, festas estudantis, satanismo e, em especial, jogos de interpretação de papeis (RPGs). A partir da noção de drama social de Victor Turner, analisa-se a ruptura do cotidiano de Ouro Preto com o crime, abrindo fissuras para a emergência de metáforas radicais de sacrifício e crucificação, que energizam a leitura do crime como ritual macabro. Analisam-se a evolução do processo e o julgamento dos acusados, o encontro de narrativas e o desfecho dissonante das expectativas punitivas. Em seguida, acompanha-se a produção de narrativas dominantes e o escalonamento dos conflitos do caso Aline para as arenas narrativas midiáticas, mágico-religiosas e jurídico-políticas. Discutem-se as expectativas de justiça e punição por meio da análise de linchamento moral e da busca por vítimas sacrificais, unindo-as com uma discussão sobre racionalidade penal moderna que permite questionar a aporia formada pela absolvição. Por fim, tecem-se algumas considerações sobre a produção de ordens e desordens no ritual do júri e o que poderia ser uma narrativa justa do caso Aline. / This dissertation analyzes the rising narratives of a murder case occurred in Ouro Preto/MG in October 14, 2001, the Aline case. This case was nationwide known due to the mystery and cruelty with which it was represented, weaving a web of causal relations with several elements drugs, student parties, Satanism and Roleplaying Games (RPGs). Victor Turners notion of social drama is engaged to analyze how the crime creates a breach in Ouro Preto everyday life, opening cracks for the arouse of root metaphors of sacrifice and crucifixion, that energizes the crime reading as a macabre ritual. The evolution of the process and the defendants trial are discussed as a narrative gathering with an unexpected non-punitive outcome. The crystallization of dominant narratives and the escalating conflicts of Aline case are followed to the media, magical-religious and juridical-political arenas. Then the expectations of justice and punishment are discussed, through an analyze of the moral lynching and the search of a escape goat, and also a discussion of the modern penal rationality, that enables questions on the aporia created by the defendants discharge. At last, some considerations on Jury ritual creations of order and disorder and of what could be a just narrative of Aline case.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(社会健康医学) / 甲第18648号 / 社医博第60号 / 新制||社医||8(附属図書館) / 31562 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科社会健康医学系専攻 / (主査)教授 村井 俊哉, 教授 佐藤 俊哉, 教授 福原 俊一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Public Health / Kyoto University / DFAM