Thesis (LL. M.)--Judge Advocate General's School, 1959. / "April 1959." Typescript. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in microfiche.

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Guilty pleas are the primary mode of criminal case dispositions in the common law world. Given how guilty pleas effectively waive the need for trials, it has been regarded as undermining due process safeguards. Although the written law in Hong Kong emphasizes the importance of ensuring defendants make their plea decisions free from any improper pressure, it neglects the intrinsic pressures brought upon by having to go through the criminal justice process. This is particularly true in the lower courts in Hong Kong and other common law jurisdictions. According to the Pre-trial Process Model (Feeley, 1979), because the offences that appear in the lower courts are relatively minor, the time and effort required of defendants often outweigh the sentences imposed on them. A lacuna however, exists in Hong Kong where guilty pleas have not been systematically analysed. The research questions of this study are: 1) Which factors influence decisions to plead guilty?; 2) Why are these factors salient in the plea decision-making process?; 3) What are the considerations of defence lawyers behind plea advices; and 4) How do plea negotiations operate in Hong Kong? Data collection involved courtroom observations in two Hong Kong Magistrates’ Courts (N = 1,008 cases) and in-depth interviews with defence lawyers (N = 26). Quantitative data were collected for both legal and extra-legal variables that were relevant to plea decisions. Legal variables included: the types of offence, the number of charges and whether an admission was made under caution. Extra-legal factors included: bail status, type of legal representation and demographic characteristics of defendants. Logistic regression analyses indicate that defendants who made an admission under caution, represented themselves in-person, and were remanded in custody, are more likely to plead guilty. Interviews and courtroom interactions are used to shed light on decision-making during the pre-trial stages of criminal procedure including lawyers’ advices and the practice of plea bargaining, and moreover substantiate the quantitative findings. Thematic analyses reveal that most defendants plead guilty in order to terminate as quickly as possible the stress and sanctions of being caught up in the criminal process and also to secure sentencing discounts for guilty pleas. This lends support to the notion that the process itself is already the punishment and that enticements to plead guilty are significant. As there is little empirical research into the daily operations of the justice system in Hong Kong, this study offers important insights. Theoretically, this study enhances the Pre-trial Process Model, and expands on it by focusing not only on the costs of going through the criminal justice process but also the benefits secured in return for a guilty plea. This revised version of the Pre-trial Process Model, named the Cost and Benefit Model, can be used to predict the likelihood of guilty pleas and explain the phenomenon of guilty pleas. As for practical significances, it illuminates on which groups of defendants are most susceptible to pleading guilty and provides recommendations in order to safeguard against the innocent pleading guilty. / published_or_final_version / Social Work and Social Administration / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Thesis (LL. M.)--Judge Advocate General's School, United States Army, 1973. / "March 1973." Typescript. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in microfiche.

Afrikaans text / Skuldgevoelens is 'n emosie wat aile mense een of ander tyd in hulle lewens ervaar. Daar is egter diegene wat daagliks gebuk gaan onder skuldgevoelens en met die gevolge daarvan worstel, byvoorbeeld depressie, angsversteurings, woede-uitbarstings, ensovoorts. Skuldgevoelens se simptome demonstreer heelwat destruktiwiteit en raak persone se totale funksionering, dit is die liggaamlike, affektiewe, kognitiewe, en geestelike aspekte van menswees. Die huidige psigoterapeutiese intervensies fokus op die behandeling van die simptome van skuldgevoelens. Simptoombehandeling bring egter slegs tydelike verligting, aangesien daar met verloop van tyd ander simptome ontwikkel en/ofterugvalle voorkom. Buiten die fokus op simptome van skuldgevoelens is dit belangrik om ook as terapeut te verstaan, wat maak een persoon meer kwesbaar as 'n ander om skuldgevoelens te ontwikkel en waarom die skuldgevoelens instand gehou word. Die behandeling moet derhalwe verskuifword vanaf simptoombehandeling, na die oplossing van die oorsaak en instandhouding. Navorsing oor skuldgevoelens is hoofsaaklik gerig op die effek wat skuldgevoelens op die individu se persoonsvorming het (onder andere die ontwikkeling van patologie). Min navorsing is egter gedoen oor die oorsaak van skuldgevoelens en by name onderbewustelike skuldgevoelens. Die oorkoepelende doel van hierdie navorsing is om die dinamiese verloop van onderbewustelike skuldgevoelens in retrospek bloot te le. 'n Voorafgaande literatuurstudie oor skuldgevoelens lei die gevalstudie in. Daar word gepoog om met behulp van 'n gevalstudie die onderbewustelike persepsies en denke van die respondent bloot te le en dit te omskryf, te interpreteer en te verduidelik. Die studie het verder ook ten doel om aanbevelings vir sielkundiges, professionele hulpverleners, ouers en onderwysers te maak rakende die oorsaak en die onderbewustelike dinamiese verloop van skuldgevoelens, sodat kliente se overte gedrag binne die konteks van bulle volledige psigodinamika verstaan kan word. Literatuur oor die praktiese verloop van hipnoterapie en die motivering van die terapeut se gedagtegang en terapeutiese handeling is yl. Die navorsing poog om op hierdie gebied 'n bydrae te Iewer, aangesien die volledige terapeutiese interaksie opgeskryf is. / Guilt is an emotion which all people experience at times through the course of their lives. There are however, those who experience guilt all the time and struggle with the effects of it, for example depression, anxiety, anger, etcetera. The symptoms of guilt demonstrate destruction and influence the complete functioning of a person - body, emotions, mind, and spirit. The current psychotherapeutic interventions focus on the treatment of the symptoms of guilt. Symptom treatment brings only tempor ry relief, which is usually followed by new symptoms developing or relapses. Apart from the focus on the symptoms of guilt, it is also important that the therapist should understand why one person is more vulnerable than another person to develop guilt, and why is guilt preserved. Accordingly treatment can be shifted from symptom treatment to solving the problems of the cause and maintenance of guilt. Research on guilt focuses primarily on the effect of guilt on personality development (pathology among others). Less research has been done on the cause of guilt - especially subconscious guilt. The overall aim of this study is to uncover the dynamic course of subconscious guilt retroperspectively. A literature study on guilt serves as introduction to the case study. The research is done by means of a case study to uncover the subconscious perceptions and thoughts of the respondent, which will be described, interpreted and explained. The research will establish recommendations for Educational Psychologists, psychologists in other categories, parents and teachers to understand the cause and subconscious dynamic course of guilt. That will enable them to interpret the overt behaviour in the context of the complete psychodynamics. Literature on the practical course of therapy and the train of thoughts of the therapist is in short supply. This research seeks to contribute to filling this gap when the complete therapeutic interaction between the therapist and the client is put down in writing. / Psychology of Education / D. Ed. (Sielkundige Opvoedkunde)

Afrikaans text / Skuldgevoelens is 'n emosie wat aile mense een of ander tyd in hulle lewens ervaar. Daar is egter diegene wat daagliks gebuk gaan onder skuldgevoelens en met die gevolge daarvan worstel, byvoorbeeld depressie, angsversteurings, woede-uitbarstings, ensovoorts. Skuldgevoelens se simptome demonstreer heelwat destruktiwiteit en raak persone se totale funksionering, dit is die liggaamlike, affektiewe, kognitiewe, en geestelike aspekte van menswees. Die huidige psigoterapeutiese intervensies fokus op die behandeling van die simptome van skuldgevoelens. Simptoombehandeling bring egter slegs tydelike verligting, aangesien daar met verloop van tyd ander simptome ontwikkel en/ofterugvalle voorkom. Buiten die fokus op simptome van skuldgevoelens is dit belangrik om ook as terapeut te verstaan, wat maak een persoon meer kwesbaar as 'n ander om skuldgevoelens te ontwikkel en waarom die skuldgevoelens instand gehou word. Die behandeling moet derhalwe verskuifword vanaf simptoombehandeling, na die oplossing van die oorsaak en instandhouding. Navorsing oor skuldgevoelens is hoofsaaklik gerig op die effek wat skuldgevoelens op die individu se persoonsvorming het (onder andere die ontwikkeling van patologie). Min navorsing is egter gedoen oor die oorsaak van skuldgevoelens en by name onderbewustelike skuldgevoelens. Die oorkoepelende doel van hierdie navorsing is om die dinamiese verloop van onderbewustelike skuldgevoelens in retrospek bloot te le. 'n Voorafgaande literatuurstudie oor skuldgevoelens lei die gevalstudie in. Daar word gepoog om met behulp van 'n gevalstudie die onderbewustelike persepsies en denke van die respondent bloot te le en dit te omskryf, te interpreteer en te verduidelik. Die studie het verder ook ten doel om aanbevelings vir sielkundiges, professionele hulpverleners, ouers en onderwysers te maak rakende die oorsaak en die onderbewustelike dinamiese verloop van skuldgevoelens, sodat kliente se overte gedrag binne die konteks van bulle volledige psigodinamika verstaan kan word. Literatuur oor die praktiese verloop van hipnoterapie en die motivering van die terapeut se gedagtegang en terapeutiese handeling is yl. Die navorsing poog om op hierdie gebied 'n bydrae te Iewer, aangesien die volledige terapeutiese interaksie opgeskryf is. / Guilt is an emotion which all people experience at times through the course of their lives. There are however, those who experience guilt all the time and struggle with the effects of it, for example depression, anxiety, anger, etcetera. The symptoms of guilt demonstrate destruction and influence the complete functioning of a person - body, emotions, mind, and spirit. The current psychotherapeutic interventions focus on the treatment of the symptoms of guilt. Symptom treatment brings only tempor ry relief, which is usually followed by new symptoms developing or relapses. Apart from the focus on the symptoms of guilt, it is also important that the therapist should understand why one person is more vulnerable than another person to develop guilt, and why is guilt preserved. Accordingly treatment can be shifted from symptom treatment to solving the problems of the cause and maintenance of guilt. Research on guilt focuses primarily on the effect of guilt on personality development (pathology among others). Less research has been done on the cause of guilt - especially subconscious guilt. The overall aim of this study is to uncover the dynamic course of subconscious guilt retroperspectively. A literature study on guilt serves as introduction to the case study. The research is done by means of a case study to uncover the subconscious perceptions and thoughts of the respondent, which will be described, interpreted and explained. The research will establish recommendations for Educational Psychologists, psychologists in other categories, parents and teachers to understand the cause and subconscious dynamic course of guilt. That will enable them to interpret the overt behaviour in the context of the complete psychodynamics. Literature on the practical course of therapy and the train of thoughts of the therapist is in short supply. This research seeks to contribute to filling this gap when the complete therapeutic interaction between the therapist and the client is put down in writing. / Psychology of Education / D. Ed. (Sielkundige Opvoedkunde)

abstract: Several states within the United States have recently passed the Victim Life Photo Act, which allows prosecutors to present photographs of alleged murder victims when they were alive during the guilt phase of a trial. Critics argue that these photographs do not offer any relevant information about the crime or the defendant’s potential guilt and might bias jurors to vote guilty based on their sympathy for the victim—perhaps disproportionally so for high-status victims. Two mock trial experiments tested whether online participants who viewed alleged murder victim photographs would convict more because they increase anger, disgust, fear, sadness, and/or sympathy. Mock jurors who saw photographs of White (but not racial minority) victims while they were alive reported more sympathy for the victim relative to those who saw the same evidence without a photograph of the living victim—but the sympathy did not increase convictions (Study 1). Study 2 extended this study by testing whether the living victim photographs are more impactful in conjunction with seeing gruesome photographs of the victim after her death, creating a particularly disturbing contrast effect versus seeing the living photograph alone. Study 2 found that (a) living victim photographs on their own again had no effect on participants’ verdicts, (b) gruesome photographs on their own increased convictions through increased disgust, and (c) participants who saw both living and gruesome murder victim photographs (versus gruesome alone) were more conviction prone due to increased anger and sympathy. These studies inform current debates regarding the controversial Victim Life Photo Act: Admitting living victim photographs during the guilt phase—if presented along with gruesome photographs—can make jurors more sympathetic and angry, which can increase convictions. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2020

Most people are in agreement that guilty pleasures exist, and that we feel them at some point in our life. In my masters thesis I am going to try and answer why guilty pleasure exists and if it should exist. I am going to do this by exploring three different types of situations where our aesthetic tastes may not align with what we think is correct to like. I will call these situations the self theory, the social theory and the moral theory. I will discuss each one in turn and suggest reasons for and against them, ultimately concluding that the moral theory is the only theory that gives good reasons to think that guilty pleasure is justified.

One common approach to managing the inevitable erroneous convictions and erroneous acquittals produced by criminal justice systems is to employ various means (rules and procedures) to decrease the number of erroneous convictions at the expense of increasing, even many more times, the number of erroneous acquittals. Blackstone’s famous dictum (1765) that “[i]t is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer” (“the Blackstone ratio”), and others like it, have inspired this error distributing approach to error management. A mathematical analysis is provided demonstrating that, under certain conditions (“the R-conditions”), error distributing approaches result in criminal justice systems that function worse, by all quantitative measures (including the number of innocents convicted), than similar systems in which defendants are randomly acquitted. These results follow from one of a pair of derived fundamental equations applicable to all criminal justice systems, regardless of circumstance. Thus, the results hold irrespective of the means used to avoid convicting the guilty and challenge those who wish to engage in a particular error distributing approach to show that the R-conditions do not obtain for that approach (with reasonably convincing accuracy). Further, the results presented herein identify an upper bound to the Blackstone ratio, according to one conception of that ratio. / text

Les individus ont une forte propension à communiquer leurs émotions, mais les malades chroniques éprouvent des difficultés quant au partage social des émotions (PSE), et ceci, en lien avec la perception de réponses sociales négatives. Par le biais de 3 études l’examen du (non) PSE chez les patients atteints du VIH/SIDA en République Dominicaine a été visé. L’étude 1 a voulu vérifier si dans cette culture les pratiques à cet égard étaient semblables à celles démontrées auparavant. 306 participants ont répondu à un questionnaire. Comme attendu, les taux, délais et récurrence du PSE se sont avérés superposables à ceux retrouvés ailleurs. L’étude 2 a comparé le PSE chez les patients atteints du VIH/SIDA avec celui des patients atteints d’une autre maladie chronique. 104 patients (35 VIH/SIDA, 35 diabète, 34 cancer) ont répondu à un questionnaire. Notre hypothèse a été validée : les patients atteints du VIH/SIDA s’abstiennent du PSE significativement. Ils ont ainsi rapporté éprouver plus de honte et de culpabilité et une forte appréhension des réponses sociales négatives. L’étude 3 a ciblée la question: pourquoi retrouve-on le non-PSE chez les personnes atteintes du VIH/SIDA et quelles sont ses conséquences? 101 patients sous ARV ont répondu à un questionnaire. Le non-PSE est en partie prédit par la perception de la stigmatisation et aucune conséquence du non-PSE n’a été trouvée. Il s’est avéré que la perception de la qualité du PSE est à l’origine des conséquences positives associées à la verbalisation émotionnelle. Ces résultats soulèvent le rôle joué par la qualité du PSE et pourraient justifier des interventions ciblées sur la honte et la culpabilité chez ces patients. / Laypersons are quite inclined to communicate their emotional experiences. Yet, previous studies have shown that patients living with a chronic illness have difficulties in the social sharing of emotions (SSE) linked to the perception of negative social responses. The present dissertation has intended to examine the (non) SSE in HIV/AIDS patients living in the Dominican Republic. Three field studies were conducted. Study 1 aimed to verify if the SSE takes place in the dominican cultural context as it has been showed in other studies. 306 participants answered a questionnaire, and as hypothesized, rates, initiation and extent of SSE were consistent with previous results. Study 2 aimed to compare HIV/AIDS to other chronic illness patients regarding SSE. 104 patients (35 HIV/AIDS, 35 diabetes and 34 cancer) responded to a questionnaire. Our main hypothesis was confirmed: HIV/AIDS patients’ SSE scores were significantly lower. Furthermore, these patients reported higher feelings of shame and guilt, and greater fears concerning others’ negative responses. Study 3 intended to answer one main question: why this non-SSE in HIV/AIDS patients and what would be its consequences? 101 patients under ARV answered a questionnaire. Non-SSE was partially predicted by perceived stigma and no consequences of non-SSE were found. However, results showed that the perception of the quality of SSE was a significant predictor of the positive consequences linked to emotional expression. Our results highlight the importance of the qualitative aspect of SSE and could lead to future research on interventions aiming the expression of shame and guilt in these patients.