Texte remanié de: Diss.--Philosophisch-historische Fakultät--Basel--Universität Basel, 1996. / Bibliogr. p. 210-234.

Proefschrift--Kunstgeschiedenis--Amsterdam, 1979. / Résumé en anglais. Bibliogr. p. 147-152. Index.

Zugl.: Graz, Univ., Diss.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

O presente trabalho, localizado nos domínios da historiografia dos estudos da tradução, tem como objetivo investigar o percurso do funcionalismo alemão no Brasil, com foco, por um lado, na ação de lideranças para a promoção da abordagem teórica no país e, por outro, no tratamento conceitual atribuído aos conceitos fundamentais da abordagem teórica por pesquisadores brasileiros. Ademais, o trabalho visa a propor uma metodologia útil à pesquisa histórica dos estudos da tradução, amparada por um modelo teórico interdisciplinar, bem como a contribuir para o mapeamento do campo disciplinar e para a promoção da abordagem funcionalista. Parte-se de duas hipóteses: no plano social, a disseminação do Funcionalismo teria se dado, no inicio, através da ação de lideranças funcionalistas na divulgação teórica, um posto depois assumido por agentes difusores em instituições de ensino superior no Brasil; no plano conceitual, as pesquisas fundamentadas pelo funcionalismo no Brasil fariam uso do arsenal conceitual estabelecido pela teoria em seus primeiros anos, sobretudo por meio dos trabalhos de Christiane Nord, expandindo ou reformulando os conceitos da teoria-base ao aplicá-los no exame de um problema específico de tradução. Para confirmar ou refutar essas hipóteses, são empregados, no âmbito teórico, noções de historiografia, em especial da história das ciências, assim como noções da filosofia e da sociologia da ciência e da sociobiologia. No âmbito metodológico, a linguística de corpus e a cientometria fornecem procedimentos e ferramentas de análise. Desse modo, essas abordagens são coadunadas em dois vieses de pesquisa: uma pesquisa contextual (externalista) e uma pesquisa conceitual (internalista). A partir desses dois vieses, almeja-se uma compreensão holística da difusão da teoria no Brasil. Como parte da pesquisa externalista, delineia- se um mapa do campo disciplinar no Brasil desde o seu início, nos anos de 1950, com especial ênfase ao período entre 1990 e 2005. Esse mapa revela um crescimento bastante significativo do campo, sobretudo a partir da década de 1990, impulsionado por sua institucionalização. Outrora concentrada em instituições no Sudeste e no Sul brasileiros, as investigações de temas ligados à tradução disseminam-se para outras localidades, surgindo assim outros polos de pesquisa. No que tange ao funcionalismo, observa-se, conforme uma das hipóteses de trabalho, que sua entrada no âmbito dos estudos da tradução no país ocorre, de modo preponderante, pela ação dos fundadores da abordagem teórica. Seu crescimento e disseminação ocorrem apenas em tempos mais recentes, sobretudo em torno de temas como a tradução técnica, a tradução de quadrinhos e o emprego da tradução em aulas de língua estrangeira. Quanto à pesquisa conceitual, ela revela que os pesquisadores brasileiros absorvem algumas noções fulcrais do funcionalismo, tais como o fato de a tradução ser um proceder entre culturas, orientado pela função do texto traduzido. Em conformidade com as hipóteses iniciais, observa-se também que as ideias que circulam nos estudos da tradução no Brasil foram introduzidas principalmente pelas obras de Christiane Nord. Por fim, ressalta-se o fato de que o funcionalismo, como qualquer teoria, não contemplar todos os casos específicos de tradução, sendo necessária a contribuição de aportes teóricos advindos de outras áreas disciplinares, o que é um valoroso exemplo da interdisciplinaridade inerente aos estudos da tradução. / This study, inserted in the field of historiography of translation studies, seeks to investigate the course of German functionalism in Brazil, focusing, on the one hand, on the leaderships action to promote the theoretical approach in the country and, on the other hand, in the conceptual treatment attributed to the fundamental concepts of the theoretical approach by Brazilian researchers. Moreover, the study aims to propose a useful methodology for the historical research of translation studies, supported by an interdisciplinary theoretical model, as well as to contribute to the mapping of the disciplinary field and to promote the functionalist approach. It is based on two hypotheses: at the social level, the dissemination of Functionalism would have taken place, in the beginning, by the functionalist leaderships actions to promote the theory, a position later assumed by promoters in higher education institutions in Brazil; and, on the conceptual level, the researches based on functionalism in Brazil would make use of the conceptual array established by the theory in its early years, especially through the studies by Christiane Nord, expanding or reformulating the concepts of the basic theory by applying them to the examination of a specific translation problem. In order to confirm or refute these hypotheses, notions of historiography are used in the theoretical scope, especially notions of history of sciences, as well as notions of philosophy and sociology of science and sociobiology. In the methodological scope, corpus linguistics and scientometrics provide analysis procedures and tools. Therefore, these approaches are linked by two research models: a contextual research (externalist) and a conceptual research (internalist). From these two models, we aim for a holistic understanding of the dissemination of the theory in Brazil. As part of the externalist research, a map of the disciplinary field in Brazil is outlined since its inception in the 1950s, with special emphasis on the period between 1990 and 2005. This map shows a very significant growth of the field, especially since the 1990s, driven by its institutionalization. Formerly centred in institutions in the Southeast and South of Brazil, research studies on themes related to translation are disseminated to other localities, thus, other research centres emerge. Regarding functionalism, it can be seen that, according to one of the hypotheses of this study, its inclusion into the scope of translation studies in the country occurs, predominantly, by the action of the founders of the theoretical approach. Its growth and dissemination only occur in more recent times, especially involving themes such as technical translation, translation of comic books, and the use of translation in foreign language lessons. As for the conceptual research, it reveals that Brazilian researchers absorb some key notions of functionalism, such as the fact that translation is a proceeding between cultures, guided by the function of the translated text. In accordance with the initial hypotheses, it is also noted that the ideas that circulate in translation studies in Brazil were mainly introduced by the works of Christiane Nord. Finally, we emphasize the fact that functionalism, like any theory, does not contemplate all specific cases of translation, requiring the contribution of theoretical inputs from other disciplinary areas, which is a valuable example of the inherent interdisciplinarity of translation studies.

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is an investigation into the relationship between photorealistic painting and specific devices used to aid the artist in mediating the real. The term 'reality' is negotiated and a hybrid theoretical approach to photorealism, including mimesis and semiotics, is suggested. Through careful analysis of Vermeer's suspected use of the camera obscura, I argue that camera vision already started in the 17th century, thus signalling the dramatic shift from the classical Cartesian perspective scopic regime to the model of vision offered by the camera long before the advent of photography. I suggest that contemporary photorealist painters do not just merely and objectively copy, but use photographic source material with a sophisticated awareness in response to a rapidly changing world. Through an examination of the way in which the camera obscura and photographic camera are used in the works of four artists, I suggest that a symbiotic relationship of subtle tensions between painting and photographic technology emerges. This results in visions of the painted real that may be meaningful to contemporary society and have the ability to emotionally affect the viewer. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek die verhouding tussen fotorealistiese skilderkuns en die spesifieke metodes wat die kunstenaar se vertolking van die werklikheid vergemaklik. Die term, 'realiteit' word krities oorweeg te midde van 'n saamgestelde teoretiese aanslag tot fotorealisme wat mimesis en semiotiek insluit. Deur 'n noukeurige analise van Vermeer se oënskynlike gebruik van die camera obscura, hou ek voor dat fotografiese sig reeds sedert die 17e eeu teenwoordig is. Hierdie gewaarwording dui op 'n dramatiese skuif vanaf 'n klassieke, Kartesiaanse perspektief en skopiese regime tot die model van visie gebied deur die kamera, lank voor die ontwikkeling van fotografie. Ek stel voor dat kontemporêre fotorealistiese skilders nie bloot objektief kopieër nie, maar fotografiese verwysings met 'n gesofistikeerde bewussyn in reaksie tot 'n vinnigveranderende wêreld gebruik. Deur 'n ondersoek na die wyse waarop die camera obscura en fotografiese kamera in die werke van vier kunstenaars gebruik word, stel ek voor dat 'n simbiotiese verhouding die subtiele spanning tussen skilderkuns en fotografiese tegnologie meemaak. Dit lei tot visionêre weergawes van 'n geskilderde realiteit wat 'n betekenisvolle posisie in die kontemporêre samelewing beklee en die moontlikheid besit om die toeskouer op 'n emosionele vlak te affekteer.

<p>För att se hur olika skopoi påverkar en översättning översattes en källtext parallellt med vardera sitt specifika skopos. En facktext om vikingarna i Irland på 800-talet översattes dels för publicering i en fackbok, dels för publicering i en populärvetenskaplig tidskrift. För att analysera översättningsprocessen under de två översättningarna registrerades det som Christiane Nord (2005) kallar loopar, återkopplingar under översättningsprocessen när ny kunskap kräver en omformulering av strategin. I en egen metodutveckling av Nords modell registrerades och kategoriserades looparna. Den kvantitativa studien visar att klart flest loopar inträffar i inlednings- och avslutningsskedet av översättningen, oavsett skopos. Antalet loopar för ett skopos som går ut på att producera en nära översättning av denna vetenskapliga text, med dess specifika genremarkörer, är högre än antalet loopar vid produktionen av en kraftigt omarbetad populärvetenskaplig översättning. Den kvalitativa studien visar att kulturspecifika kategorier orsakar flest loopar och ofta kräver individuella strategier.</p> / <p>The <em>Skopos </em>theory, as formulated by Vermeer (1984), stresses that all translations have a purpose to fulfil. However, how this purpose is fulfilled depends on the strategy used by the translator. In order to see the effect of two different purposes for one and the same text, a study, conducted as two parallel annotated translations, was carried out on a scientific text about Vikings in Ireland. Nord‟s (2005) term and understanding of „translation loop‟ was used in order to pinpoint when and how often the different skopoi made it necessary to stop, make a loop, and adjust the translation strategy. The quantitative study shows a pattern where most loops occur at the start and at the end of the translation. The qualitative study of the translation loops shows that cultural aspects originate most loops, and they often demand individual strategies.</p>

För att se hur olika skopoi påverkar en översättning översattes en källtext parallellt med vardera sitt specifika skopos. En facktext om vikingarna i Irland på 800-talet översattes dels för publicering i en fackbok, dels för publicering i en populärvetenskaplig tidskrift. För att analysera översättningsprocessen under de två översättningarna registrerades det som Christiane Nord (2005) kallar loopar, återkopplingar under översättningsprocessen när ny kunskap kräver en omformulering av strategin. I en egen metodutveckling av Nords modell registrerades och kategoriserades looparna. Den kvantitativa studien visar att klart flest loopar inträffar i inlednings- och avslutningsskedet av översättningen, oavsett skopos. Antalet loopar för ett skopos som går ut på att producera en nära översättning av denna vetenskapliga text, med dess specifika genremarkörer, är högre än antalet loopar vid produktionen av en kraftigt omarbetad populärvetenskaplig översättning. Den kvalitativa studien visar att kulturspecifika kategorier orsakar flest loopar och ofta kräver individuella strategier. / The Skopos theory, as formulated by Vermeer (1984), stresses that all translations have a purpose to fulfil. However, how this purpose is fulfilled depends on the strategy used by the translator. In order to see the effect of two different purposes for one and the same text, a study, conducted as two parallel annotated translations, was carried out on a scientific text about Vikings in Ireland. Nord‟s (2005) term and understanding of „translation loop‟ was used in order to pinpoint when and how often the different skopoi made it necessary to stop, make a loop, and adjust the translation strategy. The quantitative study shows a pattern where most loops occur at the start and at the end of the translation. The qualitative study of the translation loops shows that cultural aspects originate most loops, and they often demand individual strategies.