Universiẗat, Diss.--Dortmund, 2007.

Zugl.: Dortmund, Univ., Diss., 2006

Universiẗat, Diss.--Dortmund, 2006.

Zugl.: Marburg, Universiẗat, Diss., 2007.

Die Nutzung von Kommunikationstechnologien parallel zum Führen eines Fahrzeugs stellt durch die drohende Ablenkung von sicherheitsrelevanten Umweltreizen eine nicht zu unterschätzende Gefahr dar. Ein starkes Kommunikationsbedürfnis und die Unterschätzung der Gefahren sorgen dennoch dafür, dass Autofahrer immer wieder während der Fahrt einer kommunikativen Nebentätigkeit nachgehen. Im Laufe der Jahre sind eine Reihe von technologischen Gegenmaßnahmen entwickelt und veröffentlicht worden, die die Ablenkung durch das Smartphone und andere Kommunikationstechnologien mindern oder gänzlich vermeiden sollen. Deren Wirkung und Sinnhaftigkeit wurde bislang allerdings bestenfalls punktuell untersucht. Die vorliegende Studie umfasst eine Marktrecherche zu den gegenwärtig erhältlichen technologischen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung und Verminderung von Ablenkung durch Kommunikationstechnologie. Die Studie systematisiert die in diesen Lösungen verwendeten Ansätze und Funktionsarten. Daraus resultieren vier Funktionstypen: restriktive Funktionen, motivationsbezogene Funktionen und die Ein- oder Ausgabe der Nebenaufgabe unterstützende Funktionen. Diese Funktionsarten wurden durch Experten aus der Verkehrs- und Verkehrssicherheitsforschung bzgl. ihrer Eignung zur Minderung oder Vermeidung von Ablenkung bewertet. Es zeigte sich, dass ein Großteil der verfügbaren Lösungen bereits auf konzeptueller Ebene kaum geeignet ist, die Ablenkung durch Kommunikationstechnologie wirksam zu vermindern. Favorisiert wurde von den Experten eine auditiv-verbale Nutzerschnittstelle auf Basis eines Sprachsteuerungssystems. Allerdings sind die gegenwärtig verfügbaren Sprachsteuerungssysteme noch nicht ausgereift genug, um als uneingeschränkt sicherheitsförderlich gelten zu können. Daher ist eine vollständige Vermeidung der fahrtbegleitenden Nutzung von Kommunikationstechnologien immer noch die beste Option, um Ablenkung vom Verkehrsgeschehen zu vermeiden. Sofern Kommunikationstechnologie im Fahrzeug benutzt wird, ist gegenwärtig die Integration in die fahrzeugeigne Bordinfrastruktur mit einer auditiv-verbalen Nutzerschnittstelle (Sprachsteuerung) zu bevorzugen. Die Sprachsteuerung muss soweit verbessert werden, dass sie dem Kommunikationsverhalten eines Beifahrers möglichst nahe kommt und visuelle Prüfblicke des Fahrers nicht erforderlich sind. Besonders ablenkende Funktionen wie z.B. Social Media sollten blockiert werden. Für Fahrzeuge ohne fahrzeugeigne Bordinfrastruktur muss eine Lösung bereitgestellt werden, die ausschließlich auf Basis des Smartphones selbst funktioniert. Im Rahmen der Studie wurden Anforderungen an eine derartige App identifiziert. Bereits am Markt verfügbare Apps erfüllen diese Anforderungen gegenwärtig nicht. Wünschenswert sind auch Richtlinien für eine ablenkungsarme Gestaltung der Nutzerschnittstellen und Apps nach dem Vorbild der „European Statement of Principles on human machine interaction“ (ESOP). Darüber hinaus ist absehbar, dass das Problem der Ablenkung beim Autofahren durch Kommunikationstechnologien allein durch den Einsatz weiterer Technologie nicht zu lösen sein wird. Ebenso bedarf es einer langfristigen Aufklärungsarbeit über die Folgen von Ablenkung beim Fahren und einer gesellschaftlichen Umbewertung sowohl der Risiken als auch der vermeintlichen Notwendigkeit einer Smartphonenutzung während des Fahrens. / The use of communication-related technology while driving can compromise the safety of the driver, due to the risk of being distracted from relevant traffic-related information. Strong communication needs and the underestimation of the associated risks nonetheless result in drivers consistently engaging in communication-related secondary tasks. Over the years, a variety of technological countermeasures was developed and released, which aim at mitigating or entirely preventing driver distraction caused by smartphone usage. Up until now, the effect and meaningfulness of these countermeasures have been researched only occasionally, at best. This study consists of a market analysis regarding currently available technologies for prevention and reduction of driver distraction through communication technologies. Furthermore, the study systemizes the specific approaches and functions that were implemented in the solutions found. Four distinct classes of functions were observed: restrictive functions, motivation-related functions, input-supporting functions, output-related support functions. These functionality classes were evaluated by traffic and road safety experts regarding their capability to reduce or prevent distraction. Results showed that even on a conceptual level, the majority of available solutions can hardly be expected to efficiently reduce distracted driving in the population. Experts preferred a voice-user interface to face the challenges of distracted driving. Contemporary voice-command devices, however, are not yet well-engineered enough to be considered as unreservedly beneficial to road safety. Therefore, a complete avoidance of the use of communication technologies while driving is still the best way to prevent distraction. If communication technologies are used while driving, currently the favorable approach is the integration of the smartphone into the in-vehicle infotainment infrastructure with a auditory-verbal voice-command interface. Voice-command technology needs to be improved in such a way that the resulting communication between system and driver is as close as possible to an exchange with a human passenger, while eliminating the driver’s need for visual checking behavior. Using highly distracting functions and services like social media should be blocked entirely during drives. For vehicles without a sufficient in-vehicle infotainment system ready for smartphone-integration, a solution which is solely based and run on the smartphone itself has to be developed and provided. In the course of the study, the requirements of such an app were identified. No app-based solution already available to drivers currently meets these requirements. A guideline for distraction-decreasing design of user interfaces and apps following the example of the “European Statement of Principles on Human Machine Interaction“ (ESOP) is desirable. Furthermore, the problem of distracted driving will conceivably not be solved by yet another technological solution alone. There is a need for long-term efforts to inform about the consequences of distracted driving and a societal re-evaluation of the risk and the alleged necessity to use the smartphone while driving.

No description available.

Objective: This study sought to determine the factor structure of the newly developed self-report screening questionnaire Eating Disturbances in Youth-Questionnaire (EDY-Q) as well as to report the distribution of variants of early-onset restrictive eating disturbances characteristic of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) in a middle childhood population sample. Method: Using the EDY-Q, a total of 1444 children aged 8-13 years were screened in elementary schools in Switzerland via self-report. The factor analysis of the 12 items covering ARFID related symptoms was performed using a principal component analysis (PCA). Results: The PCA showed a four factor solution, with clear allocation to the scales covering three variants of early-onset restrictive eating disturbances and weight problems. Inadequate overall food intake was reported by 19.3% of the children, a limited accepted amount of food by 26.1%, and food avoidance based on a specific underlying fear by 5.0%. Discussion: The postulated factor structure of the EDY-Q was confirmed, further supporting the existence of distinct variants of early-onset restrictive eating disturbances. Avoidant/restrictive eating behavior seems to be a common experience in middle childhood, but results have to be confirmed using validated interviews.

Introduction: The emergence of Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) research in the human neurobehavioral domain has been met with increased interest over the past two decades. A variety of PIT tasks were developed during this time; while successful in demonstrating transfer phenomena, existing tasks have limitations that should be addressed. Herein, we introduce two PIT paradigms designed to assess outcome-specific and general PIT within the context of addiction. - Materials and Methods: The single-lever PIT task, based on an established paradigm, replaced button presses with joystick motion to better assess avoidance behavior. The full transfer task uses alcohol and nonalcohol rewards associated with Pavlovian cues and instrumental responses, along with other gustatory and monetary rewards. We constructed mixed-effects models with the addition of other statistical analyses as needed to interpret various behavioral measures.- Results: Single-lever PIT: both versions were successful in eliciting a PIT effect (joystick: p < 0.001, ηp² = 0.36, button-box: p < 0.001, ηp ² = 0.30). Full transfer task: it was determined that the alcohol and nonalcoholic reward cues selectively primed their respective reward-associated responses (gustatory version: p < 0.001, r = 0.59, and monetary version: p < 0.001, r = 0.84). The appetitive/aversive cues resulted in a general transfer effect (gustatory: p < 0.001, ηp² = 0.09, and monetary: p < 0.001, ηp ² = 0.17). - Discussion/Conclusion: Single-lever PIT: PIT was observed in both task versions. We posit that the use of a joystick is more advantageous for the analysis of avoidance behavior. It evenly distributes movement between approach and avoid trials, which is relevant to analyzing fMRI data. Full transfer task: While gustatory conditioning has been used in the past to elicit transfer effects, we present the first paradigm that successfully elicits both specific and general transfers in humans with gustatory alcohol rewards.

Durch die Zunahme von Offshorewindparks wird der anthropogene Lärmpegel im Meer weiter ansteigen. Deshalb ist es notwendig, mögliche negative Effekte von Windturbinenschall auf Fische zu erkennen und zu minimieren. Um mögliche Effekte des Turbinenschalls auf Kabeljau (Gadus morhua) und Scholle (Pleuronectes platessa) zu untersuchen, wurden die Fische in Laborversuchen verschiedenen tiefen Frequenzen und Schallstärken, wie sie von Windturbinen emittiert werden ausgesetzt. Ein ringförmiges Betonversuchsbecken mit 10 Metern Durchmesser wurde mit Schallisolationwänden in verbundene Viertel unterteilt, wodurch im Becken eine Schalldruckdifferenz von 32-52 dB, abhängig von Frequenz und produziertem Schalldruckpegel erzeugt wurde. Die Fische, die sich frei im Becken bewegen und so, wenn sie wollten, den höchsten Schalldruckpegeln ausweichen konnten, wurden monofrequenten Tönen im Frequenzbereich zwischen 25 und 250 Hz in Schalldruckpegeln von 130 und 140 dB re 1 µPa ausgesetzt. Die Position der Fische im Becken wurde in den 24-Stunden-Phasen vor, während und nach Beschallung verglichen und zeigte in den meisten Versuchen während Beschallung signifikant weniger Kabeljau in der Nähe der Schallquelle, als in den Phasen vor und nach Beschallung. Scholle zeigte uneinheitliche Reaktionen, die teilweise auf Meideverhalten, in anderen Versuchen auf Attraktion durch den Schall hindeuteten. Die Ergebnisse lassen wenigstens kurzzeitige, durch Schall verursachte Verteilungsänderungen von Kabeljau in Offshorewindparks erwarten. / The growing number of offshore wind farms will lead to an increase of anthropogenic noise in the sea. Research is therefore necessary to identify and minimize any potentially negative effects of offshore wind turbine noise on fish. To examine the potential impact of offshore wind farm noise emissions on cod (Gadus morhua) and plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), tank experiments were carried out exposing the fishes to different low frequencies at sound levels as emitted by wind turbines An annular concrete tank of 10 m in diameter was divided in connected quarters by sound barriers, so that sound pressure differences of 32 to 52 dB were achieved, depending on frequency and produced sound levels. Pure tones in the frequency range between 25 and 250 Hz were artificially emitted in sound levels of 130 and 140 dB re 1µPa. The experimental fish were free to move around in the tank and therefore could avoid the highest sound levels if they chose to. The location of fish in the 24 hour periods before, during and after sound production were compared and showed significantly lower numbers of cod in the vicinity of the sound source during sound presentation in the majority of the experiments. Reactions of plaice were ambiguous, suggesting both avoidance of, or attraction to the sound. From the results at least short-term changes in distribution of cod related to sound in the vicinity of offshore wind farms could be expected.

Objective: This study sought to determine the factor structure of the newly developed self-report screening questionnaire Eating Disturbances in Youth-Questionnaire (EDY-Q) as well as to report the distribution of variants of early-onset restrictive eating disturbances characteristic of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) in a middle childhood population sample. Method: Using the EDY-Q, a total of 1444 children aged 8-13 years were screened in elementary schools in Switzerland via self-report. The factor analysis of the 12 items covering ARFID related symptoms was performed using a principal component analysis (PCA). Results: The PCA showed a four factor solution, with clear allocation to the scales covering three variants of early-onset restrictive eating disturbances and weight problems. Inadequate overall food intake was reported by 19.3% of the children, a limited accepted amount of food by 26.1%, and food avoidance based on a specific underlying fear by 5.0%. Discussion: The postulated factor structure of the EDY-Q was confirmed, further supporting the existence of distinct variants of early-onset restrictive eating disturbances. Avoidant/restrictive eating behavior seems to be a common experience in middle childhood, but results have to be confirmed using validated interviews.