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Islam was drastically altered in Iran as a result of the 1978/79 Revolution. This thesis looks at the political aspects of contemporary Imami Shi'ism by comparing the ideas of three leading mujtahids of the day: Ayatullah Shari 'atmadari, Ayatullah Khumayni, and Ayatullah Taliqani. This study points out the wide divergences of ideas present within the religious class, ranging in the political spectrum, from conservative to radical. A comparison of these three figures highlights the differences between "Traditionalist" Islam, as put forth by Shari 'atmadari, and "Fundamentalist" Islam, as proposed by Khumayni and Taliqani. Further differences within the fundamentalist "camp" are demonstrated through Taliqani 's progressive all-inclusive "Liberation Theology" and Khumayni 's equally all-encompassing "religion of militant individuals".

Thesis (MCur)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The researcher has identified in her place of work that the multicultural views and work experience of the staff negatively impacts on optimal team coherence and patient care. Given the pivotal role that teamwork plays in an OR, it is required of the peri-operative (PO) nurses working in a Middle Eastern hospital, to develop a high cultural sensitivity and awareness of each other's values. The goal of the study through the hermeneutic inquiry was to identify the PO participants’ meanings of their perceptions and experiences within a multicultural workforce in the OR environment. A phenomenological interpretative research design was used to illuminate the phenomenon of team coherence and to answer the question, “What are the perceptions and experiences of a multicultural PO nursing team in a Middle Eastern hospital.” A purposive sample of n=13 was drawn from a population of 107 PO nurses. A semi-structured interview guide was designed and validated before data collection. Ethical approval and permission to conduct the research was obtained from the Ethics Committee at the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch and the Institutional Review Board of the Hospital. The data that emerged from the data analysis was coded and categorized into themes and constitute patterns. The four patterns were multiculturalism within PO nurse teams contributes to complex group dynamics; the pervasive influence of the medical model and power struggle on group cohesion; dominance renders the PO nurses powerless; and empowerment is the panacea to improving team communication. The researcher compiled a written account of the interpretations that emerged from the data analysis and verified it with an external research reviewer. In, addition, member checking was done on two (2) of the participants from the individual interviews to validate the transcribed data. The Conceptual Theoretical Framework of Habermas on Critical Social Theory and Freire’s model of Oppressed Group Behavior supports the findings of the study. The findings suggest that cultural values clarification should change the behavior of the PO nurses and team building activities should enhance group cohesion. Policies on disruptive behavior will create an awareness to illuminate fear and reiterate selfworth. However, empowerment through education, reflection in action and active communication was to liberate powerless PO nurses in a multicultural environment. The pervasive influence of the medical model can be overcome with strong leadership. Furthermore, culturally sensitive leadership might be essential to sustain a supportive and growth producing culture. Further research is recommended. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die navorsers' werksarea het sy geindentifiseer dat die multikultirele uitkyk en werkservaring van die personeel optimale span koheise en pasientsorg negatief beinvloed. Gegee die deurslaggewende rol wat spanwerk in die operasiesaal speel, word dit van die teater verpleegkundiges in n hospitaal in die Midde Ooste verwag om n hoe kulturele sensitiwiteit te kweek. Die doel van die studie, deur hermeneutiese navraag, was om die persepsies en ervaringe van multikulturele PO verpleegkundiges in die operasiesaal te identifiseer. n Kwalitatiewe benadering met n fenomenologiese interpreterende navorsingsonderwerp was toegepas om die fenomenoom van span kohesie te illumineer deur die vraag te beantwoord, " Wat is die persepsies en ervaringe van 'n multikulturele PO verpleegspan in a hospitaal in die Midde Ooste". n Doelbewuste steekproef van n=13 is geneem vanuit n totale bevolking van 107 teater verpleegkundiges. n Semi-gestruktureerde onderhoudsgids was ontwerp en geldig verklaarg voor die insameling van data. Etiese goedkeuring vir die studie was verkry van die Etiese Komitee van die Fakultiet van Gesondheidswetenskappe, Stellenbosch Universiteit. Goedkeuring om die navorsing te doen, was verkry van die IRB, en toestemming was op skrif geplaas. Die data wat voortspruit uit die analise, was geenkodeer en gekategoriseer in temas en omvattende patrone. Die vier (4) pattrone was, multikulturalisme dra by tot komplekse groep dinamika te midde van die teater verpleegkundiges; die persewerende invloed van die mediese model en onderlinge struweling op groeps kohesie; dominering veroorsaak weerlose teater verpleegkundiges; en bemagtiging is die redding om komminuksie in die span te bewerkstellig. Die navorser het n geskrewe verslag saamgestel van die weergawe van die data analise en is deur n eksterne navorsingskundige geverifieer. Bykomend is kontrole van lede van twee (2) van die deelnemers vanuit die individuele onderhoude gedoen, om die getransskribeerde data se geldigheid te verklaar. Die Konseptuele Teoretiese Raamwerk van Habermas se Kritiese Sosiale Teorie en Freire se model van onderdrukte groeps gedrag het die bevinding van hierdie studie gerigsteun. Die bevindinge beveel aan dat kulturele waarde uitklaring gedrag sal verander, en spanbou aktiwiteite groeps kohesie sal bewerkstellig. Die opstel van beleide wat ontwrigte gedrag identifiseer om sodoende 'n bewustheid te kweek wat vrees verminder en selfwaardigheid herstel. Bemagtiging, deur onderrig, refleksie in aksie en aktiewe kommunikasie was as sleutel elemente aangewys om weerlose PO verpleegkunidiges werksaam in die multikulturele omgewing, te bevry. Die aanhoudende invloed van die mediese model kan oorkom word deur sterk leierskap. Voorts mag kulturele sensitiewe leierskap essentiel wees om n ondersteunende, produserende en groeiende kultueer te bewerkstellig. Verdere navorsing word aanbeveel.

Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Gadamer's hermeneutical philosophy is an enlightenment of consciousness that intends to correct a false consciousness concerning the power of reason and methods. His concept of the Wirkungsgeschichte presents his hermeneutical philosophy in a nutshell and demonstrates that understanding is more being (Sein) than consciousness (Bewuïstseins. The Wirkungsgeschichte is constituted by three perspectives on the understanding of meaning from three different regions that escape the controlling procedures of method. The first is the experience of art where the concept of play functions as model; the second is the experience of tradition where the concept of dialogue functions as model; the third is the experience of speaking where the concept of translation functions as model. These three perspectives on understanding of meaning together constitute the concept of the Wirkungsgeschichte and their relation is like three concentric circles with the art perspective as the inner circle. The Wirkungsgeschichte transcends the subject-object dichotomy and demonstrates the understanding of meaning as a single event. It is here where Gadamer's concepts of hermeneutics and truth crystallize. Gadamer's concept of truth is not truth as mirror in the way in which it functions in science as the correspondence of correct judgment and reality. The kind of truth he is concerned with, is truth as claim awareness (Angesprochenheity or truth as rock that carries and orientates us. One reaches truth as mirror only approximately and only after methodical procedures; while truth as rock is something that carries us, it is the claim awareness that constantly accompanies us and sweeps us along since we participate in it all the time. Hermeneutics that reflects on understanding is, according to Gadamer, part of Practical Philosophy because understanding, like Aristotle's concept of phronesis, is orientated on the general that must become concrete in the particular. Understanding is, like phronesis, not theoretical, but practical; the conclusion of understanding is also not a theoretical judgment, but a decision on orientation and action as part of the ongoing dialogue that we are. Phronesis as the concretization of the Wirkungsgeschichte functions also fruitfully in Gadamer's response to criticism from the perspectives of text interpretation, theory of science and critique of ideology. The contribution of this dissertation, is to place Gadamer's claim to universality in perspective and typify his one-sidedness as a prophetic appeal. Gadamer does not provide a new method, nor rejects methodical procedures; he simply demonstrates what happens before and while we approach reality methodically. His hermeneutical philosophy is an enlightenment of consciousness which he typifies as part of the Third Enlightenment. As Third Enlightenment his Wirkungsgeschichtliche BewuDtsein helps to ask critical questions to science, and especially to technocracy. In this way Gadamer's hermeneutics becomes Practical Philosophy and the Wirkungsgeschichte is concretized in phronesis as the prudent and sensible concern with life in its striving to deepen humaneness. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gadamer se hermeneutiese filosofie is bedoel as 'n bewussynsverheldering waarby 'n valse bewussyn oor die mag van die rede en metodes gekorrigeer word. Sy begrip van Wirkungsgeschichte vat sy hermeneneutiese filosofie in 'n neutedop saam en toon aan dat verstaan meer syn as bewussyn is. Die Wirkungsgeschichte word gekonstitueer uit drie perspektiewe op die verstaan van sin vanuit drie onderskeie gebiede wat die kontrole van metodes ontglip. Die eerste is die ervaring van kuns waar die begrip spel as model funksioneer; die tweede is die ervaring van die tradisie waar die begrip gesprek as model funksioneer; die derde is die ervaring van spreke waar die begrip van vertaling as model funksioneer. Al drie perspektiewe op verstaan van sin konstitueer gesamentlik die begrip Wirkungsgeschichte en hulle verhouding is soos drie konsentriese sirkels waar die kunsperspektief die binneste sirkel vorm. Die Wirkungsgeschichte deurbreek die subjek-objek diehotomie en toon die verstaan van sin as 'n eenheidsgebeurtenis. Hieruit kristalliseer Gadamer se begrippe van hermeneutiek en waarheid. Die begrip waarheid by Gadamer is nie waarheid as spieël soos dit funksioneer in die wetenskappe as die ooreenstemming tussen die juiste uitspraak en die ding nie. Die soort waarheid waaroor hy dit het is waarheid as aangesprokenheid of waarheid as rots wat jou dra en oriënteer. Waarheid as spieël bereik jy eers min of meer en voorlopig na metodiese prosedures; waarheid as rots is dit wat jou dra, dit is die aangesprokenheid wat jou voortdurend begelei en meesleur en waaraan jy van meet af aan deel het. Hermeneutiek wat nadink oor verstaan is vir Gadamer deel van die Praktiese Filosofie aangesien verstaan, soos Aristoteles se begrip van phronesis, gerig is op 'n algemene saak wat in die besondere situasie gekonkretiseer moet word. Verstaan is, net soos phronesis, nie 'n teoretiese aangeleentheid nie, maar prakties; die slotsom van verstaan is ook nie 'n teoretiese uitspraak nie, maar 'n besluit tot oriëntering en handeling te midde van die voortgaande gesprek wat ons is. Phronesis as die konkretisering van die Wirkungsgeschichte funksioneer dan ook vrugbaar in Gadamer se reaksie op die kritiek vanuit teksinterpretasie, wetenskapsteorie en ideologiekritiek. Die bydrae wat hierdie proefskrif lewer, is om Gadamer se universele aanspraak in perspektief te plaas en sy eensydigheid as 'n profetiese appél te tipeer. Gadamer poog nie om 'n nuwe metode tot stand te bring of om die metodiese benadering af te wys nie, hy probeer ons bloot bewus maak van wat gebeur vóór en wanneer ons die werklikheid metodies benader. Sy hermeneutiese filosofie is 'n bewussynsverheldering wat hyself tipeer as deel van die Derde Aufklárung. As Derde Aufklarung wil sy Wirkungsgeschichtliche Bewusstsein help om kritiese vrae aan die wetenskap, en veral aan die tegnokrasie, te stel. In hierdie sin gaan Gadamer se hermeneutiek oor in Praktiese Filosofie en vind die Wirkungsgeschichte sy konkretisering in die begrip van phronesis as die verstandige omgaan met die lewe ter wille van groter menslikheid.

published_or_final_version / Computer Science / Master / Master of Philosophy

Female genital mutilation (FGM) has been illegal in Tanzania since 1998; nonetheless this procedure is still being performed in some regions of the country. Since the prohibition of this practice it has become harder to detect the practitioners. Nurses are one of the professions who can identify the women who have been exposed to FGM, which creates an opportunity to provide care for these women and educate them about the practice. The aim of this study is to describe Tanzanian nursing students’ views on FGM. Data was collected with focus group interviews with second and third year students at a nursing school in northwest Tanzania. Data was analysed inductively by content analysis. The results, the students’ views on FGM, were categorised into four themes; ‘FGM creates suffering’, ‘the right to sexual integrity’, ‘the role of nurses’ and ‘educating the patient and the community’. The findings clearly demonstrate that the students’ negative attitudes toward the practice are based on their knowledge of its harmful implications on health. For further research, it may be of interest to study nursing students’ views of the practice in more FGM-prevalent regions of Tanzania. / <p>Röda Korsets sjuksköterskeförening stipendium 2017</p>

This study examines how teachers view the use of peer assessment of pupils’ texts in grade 3. Six teachers were interviewed about how they work with peer assessment and the possibilities and challenges they see in using peer assessment in grade 3. The result showed that five of the teachers in the study worked with peer assessment by giving the pupils clear criteria for things they were supposed to respond to. The potential that the teachers saw in peer assessment was that pupils become aware of their own development and their learning. They also saw that the pupils’ social skills were positively affected by peer assessment. The greatest challenge the teachers saw lay in pairing the pupils together best as regards their zone of proximal development and ensuring that pupils developed through peer assessment. The conclusions of this study are that teachers need training in peer assessment so that they will feel comfortable using the method and be able to meet pupils’ development needs.

As mathematical modeling gains popularity in K-12 classrooms, it is important to define what this entails for both students and teachers. The following study reviews various definitions of mathematical modeling and how these definitions are relevant for middle grades (5-9) teachers. Following a professional development workshop on mathematical modeling, four middle school teachers expressed their views about teaching mathematics through modeling tasks. This study documents the teachers' perceptions of what it means to model with mathematics, which tasks are most appropriate for their students, and why this is important in each of their classrooms. Although the teachers varied in their views depending on the context and circumstances surrounding each modeling task, they agreed that mathematical modeling helps students build critical thinking skills and provides an opportunity to align mathematics concepts with engaging, realistic phenomena.

Atualmente, diversas áreas de aplicação necessitam de mecanismos mais efetivos para analisar dados provenientes de naturezas distintas. Tipicamente, esses dados são abstratos, não estruturados e possuem uma natureza multidimensional (e.g., coleções de documentos). Dados que não possuem uma natureza multidimensional podem ser representados como tal por meio da aplicação de algoritmos extratores de características (e.g., coleções de imagens). Assim, técnicas de visualização de informação projetadas para interpretar dados multidimensionais podem ser aproveitadas para analisar dados não estruturados. Esta tese empregou técnicas de visualização de informação para construir mapas de similaridade a partir de dados multidimensionais como uma forma de representação desses dados, uma vez que as técnicas para construilos tem evoluído com a expansão dos campos de aplicação. Novas técnicas para coordenação de múltiplas visões foram desenvolvidas para permitir a exploração de conjuntos de dados, a partir de mapas de similaridade gerados por diferentes técnicas de construção de mapas, diferentes parâmetros ou ainda diferentes conjuntos de dados. As técnicas de coordenação desenvolvidas são baseadas em identificador, em distância, em tópicos, na identificação de tópicos em coleções que evoluem no tempo, e em uma técnica que combina o mapeamento de diferentes técnicas de coordenação. Esta tese também apresenta aplicações das técnicas de coordenação desenvolvidas e das ferramentas construídas para análise de coleções de documentos, coleções de imagens e dados volumétricos, empregando coordenações de mapas de similaridade. As técnicas de coordenação desenvolvidas são apoiadas por um modelo de coordenação que estende um modelo previamente proposto na literatura. O modelo estendido permite a configuração de técnicas de coordenação durante a exploração, admitindo diferentes tipos de mapeamentos. Uma característica importante do modelo é permitir o desenvolvimento de mapeamentos dinâmicos para técnicas de coordenação, isto é, mapeamentos que podem mudar o comportamento de acordo com a interação do usuário. Como resultado desta tese, está disponível um arcabouço para visualização coordenada de múltiplos mapas de similaridade, composto por um modelo, um conjunto de técnicas e um conjunto de ferramentas que efetivamente permitem a análise visual de conjuntos de dados multidimensionais / Currently, various fields of application need effective mechanisms to analyse data differing in nature. Typically these data are abstract, unstructured and multidimensional (e.g. document collections). Data that do not present multidimensional description can be represented as such by means of feature extraction algorithms (e.g. image collections). Thus, information visualization techniques designed to interpret multidimensional data sets can be employed to analyse unstructured data. This thesis employed information visualization techniques that build similarity maps from multidimensional data as a form of data representation, since the techniques to construct them have evolved lately with expanding fields of application. Novel techniques for coordination of multiple views were developed that allow exploration of data sets, from similarity maps generated using different techniques for building maps, different parameters or even different data sets. The developed coordination techniques are based on identity relationships, on distance relationships, on topic coverage (for text or other annotated data) and on evolution of topic coverage (also for text). An approach to combine different coordination techniques was also developed. This thesis also reports on applications of the coordination techniques developed, and on tools built for analysis of image, text and volumetric data employing coordinated similarity maps. The techniques developed in this work are supported by a coordination model that extends a model previously proposed in literature. The extended model allows the definition and configuration of coordination techniques during coordination tasks and performing various types of mappings. An important feature of the model is to support the development of dynamic mappings, which are mappings that may change behavior according to user interaction. As a result of this thesis, a framework is available for coordinated visualization of multiple similarity maps, composed by a model, a set of techniques and a set of implemented tools that effectively support the visual analysis of multidimensional data sets