Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1970. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

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Orientador: Anselmo Eduardo Diniz / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T12:18:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Suyama_DanielIwao_D.pdf: 19824608 bytes, checksum: 42328aa3d238d31db30a82c3afb12889 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A usinagem de materiais endurecidos, com dureza acima de 45 HRC, surge como alternativa à retificação na década de 70, com a disponibilidade comercial de ferramentas de Nitreto Cúbico de Boro (cBN). Porém, a baixa tenacidade deste tipo de ferramenta a torna muito sensível a avarias causadas por vibrações, que são críticas nas operações as quais a peça ou a ferramenta são suscetíveis a grandes deflexões. Este trabalho busca contribuir com o estudo de vibrações no torneamento interno de furos do aço AISI 4340 endurecido, em condições de acabamento. Foram testadas diferentes condições de usinagem, diferentes suportes (aço, metal duro e equipada com amortecedor de partículas) e foram avaliados o acabamento, os sinais de aceleração (vibração) da ferramenta e o desgaste dos insertos de cBN. Os resultados obtidos mostram que as vibrações podem assumir papel secundário no acabamento superficial, que a usinagem com ferramentas de geometria definida pode substituir a retificação em alguns casos e que a utilização de amortecedores passivos pode ser uma solução simples para a usinagem de furos mais longos / Abstract: The machining of hardened materials with hardness over 45 HRC, emerges as an alternative to grinding in the 70s, with the commercial availability of Cubic Boron Nitride (cBN) tools. However, the low toughness of this type of tool makes it very sensitive to damage caused by vibrations, which are critical in the operations which the part or tool are susceptible to large deflections. This work aims to contribute to the study of vibrations in internal turning of holes in hardened AISI 4340 steel in finishing conditions. Different machining conditions and different tool holders (steel, carbide and equipped with particle damper) were tested. The surface finish, the acceleration (vibration) signals and tool wear of cBN inserts were evaluated. The results show that the vibration can take a secondary role in the surface finish, the machining with defined geometry tools can replace grinding in some cases, and the use of passive dampers can be a simple solution for machining longer holes / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Stelamaris Rolla Bertoli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T10:59:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbosa_AdrianoAurelioRibeiro_D.pdf: 5486627 bytes, checksum: fd9ac7f13185126d6aabd57ae00f989b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A poluição sonora e sua influência sobre o meio ambiente e a qualidade de vida das pessoas têm sido focos de várias pesquisas em diversas partes do mundo. Estudos apontam a construção civil como fator gerador de ruídos que incomodam a sociedade. A contribuição das máquinas e das ferramentas utilizadas nas obras tem influência direta neste processo. Os usos frequentes destes facilitadores estão entre as vertentes de melhoria de qualidade, racionalização dos processos e aplicação de inovações tecnológicas no setor. O estudo do comportamento e a caracterização dos ruídos ambientais nos canteiros de obras da construção civil, devido às operações com equipamentos elétricos, apresentam importância para o setor. A determinação do ruído gerado por máquinas, quando em contato com as superfícies de corte dos materiais de construção, contribui com as ações de controle do ruído em atividades desta natureza para fins ocupacionais e de conforto ambiental. A serra-mármore é uma máquina elétrica manual, portátil, largamente utilizada, na construção civil, para executar pequenos cortes e acabamentos em pisos, azulejos, telhas, tijolos e madeiras e destaca-se pela sua versatilidade, praticidade, leveza e ergonomia. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor um material de condição de carga padrão para implementação de método de determinação de potência sonora do ruído gerado por serra-mármore e estabelecer a incerteza de medição associada às operações. A metodologia utilizada para o estudo considerou os níveis de ruído gerados nas operações de corte em relação ao ruído do equipamento sem carga em concordância com a ISO 3744:2010, que especifica a determinação de níveis de potência sonora de ruído transmitido através do ar, por um método de engenharia, num campo livre sobre um plano refletor. Os resultados indicaram elevados níveis de ruído com a carga padrão proposta e diferentes materiais de construção em relação às atividades da serra-mármore sem carga. Os níveis globais de potência sonora obtidos nas operações chegaram a 110,1dB. A relação da condição do equipamento vazio e com carga apontam diferenças de até 10,0dB. Os resultados revelaram similaridade nas incertezas de medição nas operações de serra em diferentes condições de carga. Foi possível avaliar quantitativamente o nível de ruído gerado nas operações de corte, bem como propor um material de carga padrão para a determinação de níveis de potência sonora. Resultou em 4,3dB a incerteza de medição expandida nas operações da serra-mármore em campo aberto sobre um plano refletor. O estudo representa ainda uma contribuição na análise de ruído nas obras, considerando as dificuldades na obtenção de valores dos espectros sonoros nas operações de máquinas portáteis de construção civil na literatura, como a serra-mármore / Abstract: Worldwide, noise pollution and its influence on environment and quality of life have been studied. And so, such researches have pointed out the building construction as the main responsible for disturbing sounds today. In this sector, machinery and tools have direct influence on this process. Thus, the regular use of such tools are the main concern aiming quality improvement, streamlining processes and application of technological innovations in the industry. For this reason, the study and characterization of environmental noise behavior at construction sites (due to electrical equipment) is relevant for the sector, in order to contribute to noise control actions in construction activities aiming occupational purposes and environmental comfort. The masonry saw (circular saw for granite stone) is an electrical device, regularly used on building construction for cutting and shaping floors, tiles, bricks and woods and stands out for its versatility, practicality, lightness and ergonomics. Thus, the aim of our study is to design material of proper standard condition and measurement uncertainty associated with operations and measurements to implement the method for determining sound power of noise generated by masonry saw. The method applied in this study was comparing noise levels - generated by cutting operations - and the noise of the equipment without charge, according the ISO 3744:2010 (which specifies sound levels transmitted through the air, by a method of engineering, in a free field over a reflecting plane. Results have indicated high levels of noise with the proposed standard charge and different building materials in relation to the activities of the unloaded masonry saw. The overall sound power levels obtained from operations reached 110.1 dB. The ratio of unloaded and loaded device points to differences of up to 10.0 dB. Also, results have revealed a similarity in the measurement uncertainties in masonry saw operations on different load conditions. It was possible to quantitatively assess the noise level generated during cutting operations, so proposing a standard charge for determining sound power levels. Finally, the expanded measurement uncertainty has resulted in 4.3 dB of the masonry saw in an open field over a reflecting plane. Moreover, the study represents a great contribution for analyzing noise levels from the use of portable machinery on building construction, considering the difficulties in obtaining values of sound spectra in the literature / Doutorado / Arquitetura e Construção / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire s’intéresse à la prédiction des vibrations d'un noyau de transformateur multicouche, constitué d'un assemblage de tôles ferromagnétiques. Le problème couplé magnéto-mécanique est résolu par une approche séquentielle progressive : la résolution magnétique est suivie d'une résolution mécanique. Un modèle multi-échelle simplifié 3D décrivant les anisotropies magnétiques et magnétostrictives, et considérant les non-linéarités magnétiques et de magnétostriction, est utilisé comme loi de comportement du matériau. La structure du noyau du transformateur est modélisée en 2D. Une technique d'homogénéisation permet de tenir compte du comportement anisotrope de chaque couche afin de définir un comportement moyen pour chaque élément du maillage éléments finis.. Des mesures expérimentales sont ensuite effectuées, permettant d’une part la validation des lois de comportement matériau utilisées, et d’autres part des modèles de comportement structurel statique, du comportement structurel dynamique et de l'estimation du bruit. Différents matériaux et différentes géométries de prototypes de transformateurs sont considérés pour ce travail. Des optimisations structurelles sont finalement proposées grâce à des simulations numériques s’appuyant sur le modèle développé, afin de réduire les vibrations et les émissions de bruit du noyau du transformateur. / This thesis deals with the prediction of the vibration of a multi-layer transformer core made of an assembly of electrical sheets. This magneto-mechanical coupled problem is solved by a stepping finite element method sequential approach: magnetic resolution is followed by mechanical resolution. A 3D Simplified Multi-Scale Model (SMSM) describing both magnetic and magnetostrictive anisotropies is used as the constitutive law of the material. The transformer core structure is modeled in 2D and a homogenization technique is implemented to take the anisotropic behavior of each layer into consideration and define an average behavior at each element of the finite element mesh. Experimental measurements are then carried out, allowing the validation of the material constitutive law, static structural behavior, dynamic structural behavior, and the noise estimation. Different materials geometries are considered for this workStructural optimizations are finally achieved by numerical simulation for lower vibration and noise emission of the transformer cores.

La sûreté des réacteurs nucléaires constitue une condition primordiale et nécessaire à leur industrialisation. Pour les réacteurs à neutrons rapides refroidis au sodium, cette sûreté passe par la possibilité de détection d’une fuite d’eau dans le sodium au niveau du générateur de vapeur à des stades très précoces de leur déclenchement. Le présent travail de thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre du développement d’une technique non intrusive pour la détection d’une réaction sodium-eau dans le générateur de vapeur d’un réacteur nucléaire refroidi au sodium. On désire identifier le bruit vibratoire de cette réaction à partir de mesures d’accélération sur la virole externe du générateur. Cependant, les vibrations dues à la fuite peuvent être noyées dans le bruit généré par l’écoulement du sodium ou par d’autres sources d’excitation. Afin d’augmenter, le rapport signal à bruit, on s’intéresse à l’apport d’un filtrage spatial par formation de voies pour ce type de système. Ce dernier se caractérise notamment par la présence d’un couplage structure-fluide lourd (c.-à-d. virole-sodium) et des modes vibroacoustiques qui apparaissent aux mêmes fréquences d’intérêt pour la détection de la fuite. Pour réaliser cette étude, nous considérons une maquette expérimentale composée d’une conduite cylindrique reliée à un circuit hydraulique par deux brides très rigides. La source à identifier est simulée par un hydrophone de taille réduite en mode émetteur positionné à l’intérieur de la conduite par un dispositif mécanique dédié à cet effet. Le bruit perturbateur est induit par l’écoulement de l’eau, supposé turbulent à partir d’un certain débit. L’antenne est composée de vingt-cinq accéléromètres placés sur la conduite d’essai. L’objectif consiste à traiter simultanément les signaux accéléromètriques pour faire ressortir le signal de la fuite tout en rejetant le bruit dû à l’écoulement. Deux types de traitement par formation de voies sont considérés : la formation de voies conventionnelle (dites de Bartlett) et une formation de voies optimisée qui vise à maximiser le rapport signal à bruit de la fuite. / The safety of nuclear reactors represents a necessary and vital condition for the exploitation of nuclear plants with liquid-cooled cores. This safety passes by the ability to detect and anticipate the earliest stages of a water leak into sodium within the heat generator. The study detailed in this manuscript has been initiated in a framework aiming to develop nonintrusive detection techniques for sodium water chemical reactions. Its main goal is to uncover the signal of a water leak into sodium, based on the measurements of the vibratory field recorded by the means of accelerometers externally mounted on the heat generator shell. However, such a spectrum is masked by the plant general background noise, especially that generated by heavy fluid flow (i.e. sodium flow) during actual operating times of the power plant. In order to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the leak, beamforming technique for the acceleration measurements of the mechanical system is considered. The aforementioned system is characterized by a strong non-linear coupling between the the heat generator’s cylindrical shell and the heavy fluid in motion. In particular, fluid motion and the acoustic emission of the leak seem to excite some eigen modes of the cylinder, at these same frequencies where the acoustic signature of the leak is at its highest amplitude. For the purpose of our study, a cylindrical mock-up connected by some very rigid links to a hydraulic circuit is considered. A hydrophone emission excites the mock-up from within and is being accounted for the acoustic leak. Water flows inside the cylinder at turbulent Reynolds number. An array of twenty-five accelerometers is mounted on the mock-up shell using ceramic insulators. The main goal is to combine the twenty-five signals in such a way that allows the increase of the SNR for the acoustic source while rejecting water flow noise. Two beamforming techniques are applied and compared: classical Bartlett beamforming as well as optimized beamforming for SNR maximization (Max SN

Helicopters suffer from severe vibration levels compared to fixed-wing aircraft. The main source of vibration in a helicopter is the main rotor which operates in a highly unsteady aerodynamic environment. Active vibration control methods are effective in helicopter vibration suppression since they can adapt to various flight conditions and often involve low weight penalty. One such method is the actively controlled flap (ACF) approach. In the ACF approach, a trailing-edge flap (TEF) located in each rotor blade is deflected at higher harmonics of rotor frequency to reduce vibratory loads at the rotor hub. The ACF approach is attractive because of its simplicity in practical implementation, low actuation power and enhanced airworthiness, since the flap control is independent of the primary control system. Multiple-flaps are better suited to modify the aerodynamic loading over the rotor blade and hence offer more flexibility compared to a single flap. They also provide the advantage of redundancy over single-flap configuration. However, issues like the number, location and size of these individual flaps need to be addressed based on logic and a suitable performance criteria. Preliminary studies on a 4-bladed hingeless rotor using simple aerodynamic and wake models predict that multiple-flaps are capable of 70-75 percent reduction in hub vibration levels. Numerical studies confirm that multiple-flaps require significantly less control effort as compared to single-flap configuration for obtaining similar reductions in hub vibration levels. Detailed studies include more accurate aerodynamic and wake models for the rotor with TEF’s. A simple and efficient flap control algorithm is chosen from literature and modified for use in multiple-flap configuration to actuate every flap near complete authority. The flap algorithm is computationally efficient and performs creditably at both high and low forward speeds. This algorithm works reasonably well in the presence of zero-mean Gaussian noise in hub load data. It is also fairly insensitive to small changes in plant parameters, such as, blade mass and stiffness properties. The optimal locations of multiple TEF’s for maximum reduction in hub vibration are determined using Response Surface methodology. Piezoelectric stack actuators are the most promising candidates for actuation of full-scale TEF’s on helicopter rotors. A major limitation of piezoelectric actuators is their lack of accuracy due to nonlinearity and hysteresis. The hysteresis in the actuators is modeled using the classical Preisach model (CPM). Experimental data from literature is used to estimate the Preisach distribution function. The hub vibration in this case is reduced by about 81-86 percent from baseline conditions. The performance of the ACF mechanism can be further improved by using an accurate hysteresis compensation scheme. However, using a linear model for the piezoelectric actuator or an inaccurate compensation scheme can lead to deterioration in ACF performance. Finally, bench-top experiments are conducted on a commercially available piezostack actuator (APA500L from CEDRAT Technologies) to study its dynamic hysteresis characteristics. A rate-dependent dynamic hysteresis model based on CPM is used to model the actuator. The unknown coefficients in the model are identified using experiments and validated. Numerical simulations show the importance of modeling actuator hysteresis in helicopter vibration control using TEF’s. A final configuration of multiple flaps is then proposed by including the effects of actuator hysteresis and using the response surface approach to determine the optimal flap locations. It is found that dynamic hysteresis not only affects the vibration reduction levels but also the optimal location of the TEF's.