Le but de notre travail est de développer une stratégie de vectorisation pour conférer la mobilité phloémienne aux produits agrochimiques en appliquant le concept de prodrogue dans l'élaboration de composés phytopharmaceutiques. Le fenpiclonil, fongicide non systémique de la famille des phénylpyrroles, a été choisi comme composé parent modèle et modifié en l'associant à un acide alpha-aminé ou à un monosaccharide.La mobilité phloémienne des conjugués entre le fenpiclonil et les acides L ou D-glutamique ou le D-glucose (D-GFC) a été évaluée chez des plantules de ricin. Le test de systémie a montré que le L-aminoacide était nettement plus favorable à la mobilité phloémienne que l'acide D-aminé ou le D-glucose. Les résultats suggèrent que le conjugué fenpiclonil/L-aminoacide est reconnu et manipulé par un système de transport d'acide aminé stéréospécifique énergisé par la force proton-motrice. Des expériences complémentaires ont montré que le D-GFC était un inhibiteur puissant et sélectif de l'absorption du saccharose par les tissus foliaires et du chargement phloémien du saccharose. En raison de l'inhibition spécifique des transporteurs de saccharose (par exemple AtSUC2), le D-GFC peut être envisagé comme un nouvel outil en phloémologie.Enfin, nous avons exploré l'impact de la modification de structure de l'espaceur afin d'optimiser la stratégie de prodrogue. Après avoir introduit différentes structures d'espaceur entre le fenpiclonil et la fonction acide aminé, le conjugué qui contient un cycle triazole avec l'acide aminé comprenant la chaine la plus courte a montré la meilleure mobilité phloémienne et, par ailleurs, une systémie optimisée par rapport aux dérivés acides du fenpiclonil dans la gamme des valeurs de pH de l'apoplasme foliaire. / The purpose of our work is to develop a vectorization strategy to confer phloem mobility to agrochemicals by applying prodrug concept into agrochemical design. Fenpiclonil, a non-systemic fungicide from the phenylpyrrole family, was selected as a model parent compound and modified by associating it with an amino acid or a monosaccharide.The phloem mobility of L and D-glutamic acid and D-glucose fenpiclonil conjugates (D-GFC) was evaluated in Ricinus seedlings. The systemicity test showed that the L-amino acid promoiety was clearly more favorable to phloem mobility than D-amino acid or D-glucose. The results suggested that the transport of the L-amino acid conjugate is governed by a stereospecific amino acid carrier system energized by the proton motive force. Further investigation indicated that D-GFC was a potent and selective inhibitor of sucrose uptake by leaf tissues and sucrose phloem loading. Due to its specific inhibition of sucrose transporters (e.g. AtSUC2), D-GFC can be a candidate as a new tool in phloemology. Finally, we explored structural modifications of the spacer arm to optimize the prodrug strategy. Different structures of the spacer arm were introduced between fenpiclonil and the amino acid function. The conjugate which contains a triazole ring with the shortest amino acid chain showed the best phloem mobility and a better systemicity than fenpiclonil acidic derivatives within the pH range of the foliar apoplast.

The theme of the thesis are climbing legumes meadow vetchling (Lathyrus pratensis) and tufted vetch (Vicia cracca). The literature search defines watched kinds of legumes and their occurence in permanent grassland. There is summarized seed growing of legumes because of its problematic production. Legumes are valuable components of grassland especially thanks to fixation of nitrogen and high capacity of proteins. The practical part is focused on observation of floristic compilation of watched locations for three years. Particular locations were compared from the point of view of changes in land management and weather. Pods and seeds of observed kinds were collected and evaluated in single years. Experiments of seed's field germination were done after different period from picking and in case of various treatment.

The objective of this research was to evaluate three grazing systems with Coastcross-1 (CC) + 100 kg N/ha/year + common vetch; CC + 100 kg N/ha/year + arrowleaf clover; and CC + 200 kg N/ha/year. The experiment was carried out from May 2013 to April 2014. Lactating Holstein cows were used in the evaluation. The grazing method was the rotative stocking, with one day of occupation. Thirteen grazing cycles were performed during the experimental period (313 days). The forage mass, botanical composition, leaf/stem ratio; daily accumulation rate, production and forage intake; grazing efficiency and stocking rate were evaluated. Experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments (grazing systems), three replicates (paddocks) in completely split-plot time (seasons). The average of forage production and stocking rate were 20.8, 17.6 and 19.7 t/ha/year; 7.0, 6.8 e 6.8 animal units/ha/day, respectively. Better results were found on CC + 100 kg of N/ha + common vech and CC + 200 kg of N/ha pasture systems. The presence of the legumes did not affect the structural composition of Coastcross-1, but implies delay in the development of this grass. / Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar três sistemas forrageiros constituídos por: Coastcross-1(CC) + ervilhaca comum + 100 kg de N/ha/ano; CC + trevo vesiculoso + 100 kg de N/ha/ano e CC + 200 kg de N/ha/ano. O experimento foi conduzido entre maio de 2013 e abril de 2014. Para avaliação foram utilizadas vacas em lactação da raça Holandesa. O método de pastejo utilizado foi o de lotação rotacionada, com um dia de ocupação. Durante o período experimental (313 dias) foram realizados treze pastejos. Foram avaliados a massa de forragem, composição botânica, relação folha/colmo; taxa de acúmulo diário, produção e consumo de foragem; eficiência de pastejo e taxa de lotação. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos (sistemas forrageiros), três repetições (piquetes) e parcelas subdivididas no tempo (estações do ano). Os valores médios de produção de forragem e taxa de lotação foram de 20,8; 17,6 e 19,7 t/ha/ano; 7,0; 6,8 e 6,8 unidades animais/ha/dia, respectivamente. Melhores resultados foram encontrados nos sistemas forrageiros constituídos por CC + 100 kg de N/ha + ervilhaca comum e CC + 200 kg de N/ha. A presença das leguminosas não afetou a composição estrutural da Coastcross-1, mas implica em atraso no desenvolvimento dessa gramínea.

Knowledge of physiological and morfological mechanisms which are related to drought tolerance is essential in breeding high-yielding and tolerant plants, which would not suffer unfavourable environmental conditions. Drought stress can lead to oxidative damage which causes serious disorders in physiological and biochemical processes in plant cells. Antioxidants can reduce those negative effects. Morphological (dry mass of shoot and roots, height of shoot, number of leaves), physiological (photosynthetic efficiency, pigment content, relative water content-RWC) and antioxidative (catalase-CAT, ascorbate peroxidase-APX, proline) parameters were evaluated in this study using two genotypes of Vicia faba L. differing in drought susceptibility. Drought resistant (Merkur) and sensitive (Piešťanský) genotypes were exposed to 10 days of drought. Activity of CAT and APX of stressed plants rather decreased. Proline content oscillated and no evident trend or significant differences were observed in relation to drought stress. Decrease in RWC was expressed more at susceptible plants, electron-transport chain activity and pigment content were not affected much by drought. Drought susceptible genotype expressed more serious negative effects of drought in morphological parameters, however this genotype was a bit bigger than...

The boreal forest area around Flin Flon, MB, and Creighton, SK, has been the site of a metal mining and smelting complex since the 1930s. Smelter emissions, coupled with forest logging, forest fires, and subsequent soil erosion, have led to severe vegetation dieback and the development of soils containing a mixture of metals in varying concentrations. In affected areas, existing vegetation typically is stunted. Limestone applications to affected soils have served to increase pH and, in some instances, the vegetation has responded positively; however, in some areas limestone application has failed to restore vegetation, leading to an interest in examining the suitability of other soil amendments to affect revegetation in these areas. Typically revegetation programs focus on aboveground vegetation responses; however, healthy plant growth often is dependent on the presence of an equally healthy soil microbial community. Thus, this study attempted to link revegetation success with responses of the soil microbial community structure to various soil amendments. Two studies were conducted to determine the influence of soil amendments (biochar, municipal and manure compost, glauconite, and an arbuscular mycorrhizal/ectomycorrhizal inoculant) on plant growth and microbial community structure in two soils from the Flin Flon area, classified as containing high and low metal concentrations. The two studies evaluated the growth of boreal forest understory species American vetch (Vicia americana) and tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia caespitosa) and overstory species jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) after addition of soil amendments, and the subsequent effects on microbial community structure. Greenhouse experiments evaluated plant growth for a period of 8 weeks (understory species) or 19 weeks (overstory species), after which plants were analyzed for changes in biomass and metal accumulation in plant tissue. Soils were analyzed for available metal concentrations, as well as microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, and phospholipid fatty acid concentration, which is a measure of microbial community structure. Significant effects were seen on plant growth and microbial community structure due to the metal concentrations in the soil, but no one amendment consistently impacted plant growth or metal uptake, or any measured microbial parameter. The results of this study indicate the variability of plant growth and microbial functioning in soils from the study site, as well as the inherent challenges associated with revegetating heavy metal affected soils, and underline the need for further research on plant growth and microbial community structure at this site.

This diploma work was assessed effects of different seed treatment (untreated flour from whole seed, flour from the uterus after soaking seeds, flour from the seeds sprouted cotyledon) by three species of legumes (Pisum sativum conv. Sativum L., Vicia faba L., Lupinus angustifolius L.) yield and composition of protein isolate obtained by isoelectric precipitation. It was found that the seeds of change most affects yield precipitated N (mg) and 45%. When determining the value of the yield of protein was affected by significant interactions (treatment and the type of legume seeds). The largest share was, however, precipitate in untreated and germinated lupine seeds, in which values are around 57%. Furthermore, the thesis was to reverse the precipitation of proteins, using which we obtained protein concentrates from different species of legumes. The yields of protein concentrates reach values in the range of 60-80%. Spectra of soluble proteins is clearly visible high concentration of isolated proteins. Variation of sprouted seeds and soaked that occurred during treatment of seeds for the collapse of proteins with higher molecular weight. Furthermore, these grafts are transferred protein extraction at pH 9.0 in the later produced protein isolates. After acid precipitation is observed on a spectrum that is re-soluble protein isolates.

This work is about diploids and tetraploids of Vicia cracca species, the two commonly occurring cytotypes. The first part is devoted to the distribution of cytotypes of this species in the secondary range in North America. It was hypothesised that polyploid species become invasive more frequently than diploid species. Their greater success may be given by greater variability of genes obtained by polyploidisation and gene subfunkcionalizing. All invasive populations of Vicia cracca species involved in this study were tetraploid. Based on this we can say that only tetraploids are invasive in this secondary colonized area. Polyploid species can be better competitors thanks to their expected better growth characteristics and stress resistance. Therefore the second part of this work is testing the hypothesis that polyploids are more variable in size of different parts of the plant body and therefore more able to grow even in conditions that are not suitable for diploids. As predicted by the EICA hypothesis (evolution of increased competitive ability), secondary colonized area also provide more space for further evolution and we can expect that growth characteristics of plants from the invasive range will differ from plants of the same ploidy from the original distribution range. This part of the work...

Master thesis investigates reproductive barriers in diploid-polyploid complex of Vicia cracca. Complex with basic chromosome number x=7 consists of diploid (2x=14), tetraploid (4x=28) and rare triploid (3x=21) cytotype. I studied prereproducitve barriers between diploid and tetraploid cytotype: phenology of flowering, pollinators' behavior (preference of species of pollinators to cytotypes, sequence of visited cytotypes), variables, that could explain pollinators' behavior (amount of nectar as the main reward, size and amount of pollen grains as a potentional reward). To find out how strong the triploid block is I analyzed ploidy of seeds and seedlings from mixed-ploidy population. The habitat isolation showed up to be the strongest reproductive barrier. Pollinator's behavior meaningfully contributes to isolation, phenology of flowering contributes only minimally. Index expressing rate of prereproctive barriers is 0,956. Pollinator Bombus pascuorum visited on one locality preferably tetraploid plants and Andrena sp. preferred diploid plants. Even though tetraploid plants produce more nectar, no other analysis showed pollinators' preference to tetraploid plants. I prepared one squash of diploid V. cracca using method of in situ hybridization. This method needs to be optimilized for studied taxon.

Master thesis investigates reproductive barriers in diploid-polyploid complex of Vicia cracca. Complex with basic chromosome number x=7 consists of diploid (2x=14), tetraploid (4x=28) and rare triploid (3x=21) cytotype. I studied prezygotic barriers between diploid and tetraploid cytotype: phenology of flowering, pollinators' behavior (preference of spieces of pollinators to cytotypes, sequence of visited cytotypes), variables, that could explain pollinators' behavior (amount of nectar as the main reward, size and amount of pollen grains as a potentional reward). To find out how strong the triploid block is, I analyzed ploidy of seeds and seedlings from mixed-ploidy population. The habitat isolation showed up to be the strongest reproductive barrier. Pollinator's behavior meaningfully contributes to isolation, phenology of flowering contributes only minimally. Index expressing rate of prereproductive barriers is 0,990. Pollinator Bombus pascuorum visited on one locality preferably tetraploid plants and Andrena sp. preferred diploid plants. Even though tetraploid plants produce more nectar, no other analysis showed pollinators' preference to tetraploid plants.

The aim of the diploma thesis was to assess changes in pattern of legume storage proteins during germination. Four species of legumes were chosen for analyses ? Glycine max L., Lupinus angustifolius L., Pisum sativum L. and Vicia faba L. Seeds for analyses were sampled at the beginning, middle and end of germination. Proteins were extracted from lyophilised and homogenised material. These proteins were analysed by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The results proved that during seed germination the seed storage proteins cleave into smaller peptides, which forms new proteins. The intensity of protein bands in pea seeds was decreased in the area at around 48-45 kda and 40-36 kDa and the intensity of the proteins bands was increased at around the protein bands 25-23 kDa and 19-7 kDa. In lupine were not detected the protein bands over 39 kDa and during germination amount of protein bands in areas 15-7 kDa was increased