This project predominantly investigated the implications of spatial heterogeneity in the ecological processes of competition and infection. Empirical analysis of spatial heterogeneity was carried out using the lepidopteran species Plodia interpunctella. Using differently viscous food media, it was possible to alter the movement rate of larvae. Soft Foods allow the movement rate of larvae to be high, so that individuals can disperse through the environment and avoid physical encounters with conspecifics. Harder foods lower the movement rate of larvae, restricting the ability of individuals to disperse away from birth sites and avoid conspecifics encounters. Increasing food viscosity and lowering movement rate therefore has the effect of making uniform distributed larval populations more aggregated and patchy. Different spatial structures changed the nature of intraspecific competition, with patchy populations characterised by individuals experiencing lower growth rates and greater mortality because of the reduced food and space available within densely packed aggregations. At the population scale, the increased competition for food individuals experience in aggregations emerges as longer generational cycles and reduced population densities. Aggregating individuals also altered the outcome of interspecific competition between Plodia and Ephestia cautella. In food media that allowed high movement rates, Plodia had a greater survival rate than Ephestia because the larger movement rate of Plodia allowed it to more effectively avoid intraspecific competition. Also the faster growth rate, and so larger size, of Plodia allowed it to dominate interspecific encounters by either predating or interfering with the feeding of Ephestia. In food that restricts movement, the resulting aggregations cause Plodia to experience more intraspecific encounters relative to interspecific, reducing its competitive advantage and levelling the survival of the two species. Spatial structure also affected the dynamics of a Plodia-granulosis virus interaction and the evolution of virus infectivity. Larval aggregation forced transmission to become limited to within host patches, making the overall prevalence of the virus low. However potentially high rates of cannibalism and multiple infections within overcrowded host aggregations caused virus-induced mortality to be high, as indicated by the low host population density when virus is presented. Also aggregated host populations cause the evolution of lower virus infectivity, where less infective virus strains maintain more susceptible hosts within the aggregation and so possess a greater transmission rate. The pattern of variation in resistance of Plodia interpunctella towards its granulosis virus was found using two forms of graphical analysis. There was a bimodal pattern of variation, with most individuals exhibiting either low or high levels of resistance. This pattern was related to a resistance mechanism that is decreasingly costly to host fitness.

Les résistances génétiques permettent une lutte efficace contre les maladies des plantes cultivées mais sont limitées par les capacités d’évolution des bioagresseurs ciblés. Chez le piment, le fonds génétique peut améliorer la durabilité de la résistance au PVY conférée par le gène majeur pvr23. L’objectif de ma thèse était de caractériser les facteurs génétiques de l’hôte conditionnant la durabilité du gène majeur en répondant aux questions suivantes : (i) Quels sont leurs actions sur l’évolution des populations virales ? (ii) Correspondent-ils aux QTL (quantitative trait loci) de résistance partielle ? (iii) Sont-ils répandus au sein des ressources génétiques du piment ? Différentes expérimentations incluant des tests de résistances, d’évolution expérimentale et de compétition entre différents variants viraux, ont montré que les facteurs du fonds génétique augmentant la durabilité de pvr23 agissaient en : (i) diminuant la concentration virale dans la plante, (ii) en réduisant les probabilités de mutations du PVY vers le contournement du gène pvr23 et (iii) en ralentissant la sélection des variants viraux contournants. La détection de QTL et la cartographie des facteurs génétiques affectant la fréquence de contournement de pvr23 (QTL de durabilité) a mis en évidence quatre régions du génome du piment qui, par des effets additifs ou épistatiques, expliquent 70% de la variabilité phénotypique observée. La cartographie comparée montre que trois des quatre QTL de durabilité co-localisent avec des QTL affectant la résistance partielle, suggérant que les QTL de résistance partielle ont un effet pléiotropique sur la durabilité d’un gène majeur de résistance. L’étude d’une collection de 20 accessions de piment, porteuses de pvr23 ou pvr24(allèle très proche de pvr23) dans des fonds génétiques variés, a montré que les fonds génétiques favorables à la durabilité de ces allèles de résistance sont fréquents dans les ressources génétiques du piment. Ces résultats mettent en évidence que la durabilité d’un gène majeur de résistance peut-être fortement augmentée lorsqu’il est associé à des facteurs génétiques réduisant la multiplication du pathogène. De plus, la fréquence de contournement du gène majeur s’est révélée être un caractère très héritable (h²=0.87) et la détection de QTL affectant ce caractère est possible. La sélection directe pour de tels QTL est donc envisageable et ouvre de nouvelles perspectives pour préserver la durabilité des gènes majeurs de résistance utilisés en sélection variétale. / Genetic resistances provide an efficient control of crop diseases but are limited by pathogen adaptation.In pepper, the durability of the pvr23 allele, conferring resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), was demonstrated todepend on the plant genetic background. The aim of my PhD thesis was to characterize the host genetic factorsaffecting the durability of the major resistance gene pvr23 and to answer to the following question s: (i) What istheir action on the evolution of the viral population? (ii) Is there identity between the QTLs (quantitative traitloci) controlling the partial resistance and the QTLs affecting the durability of pvr23? (iii) Are these genetic factorswidespread among the genetic resources of pepper? Various experiments including resistance testing,experimental evolution and competition between various PVY variants, enabled to show that the genetic factorsaffecting the durability of pvr23 acted in: (i) decreasing the viral accumulation, (ii) decreasing the probability ofacquisition of resistance breaking (RB) mutations by PVY and (iii) slowing down the selection of RB variants. QTLdetection and mapping of genetic factors affecting the frequency of pvr23 RB showed that four loci actingadditively and in epistatic interactions explained together 70% of the variance of pvr23 breakdown frequency.Comparative mapping between these QTLs and QTLs affecting partial resistance showed that three of the fourQTLs controlling the frequency of pvr23 RB are also involved in quantitative resistance, suggesting that QTLs forquantitative resistance have a pleiotropic effect on the durability of the major resistance gene. Analysis of acollection of 20 pepper accessions, carrying pvr23 or pvr24 (allele closely related to pvr23) in various geneticbackgrounds, showed that genetic backgrounds favorable to the durability of the pvr2-mediated resistance arewidespread in the genetic resources of pepper. These results highlight that the durability of a major resistancegene can be strongly increased when associated with genetic factors decreasing the pathogen multiplication.Moreover, the frequency of a major gene RB is a highly heritable trait and QTLs detection for this trait isachievable. The direct selection for such QTLs opens new prospects to preserve the durability of major resistancegenes used by breeders.