Open land has historically been considered an expendable resource. This concept has abetted the sprawl which occurs in all urbanizing areas of our country. With the United States urbanizing at a rate of more than a million acres a year, this concept can no longer be tolerated. In the last fifteen years, urban development has consumed approximately two-thirds as much new land as it did in all the previous years in the history of our country. Virginia has not been an innocent bystander in this process. This thesis points up the necessity for immediate action to preserve open space in the State of Virginia. It examines the human as well as the economic values that can be derived from open space through an analysis of both the active and passive uses to which open space or low-density use lands can be put. This is accomplished through the establishment and critical analysis of the goals and objectives of an open space program for Virginia. The law on open space in Virginia is a mass of detail buried in traditional legal categories developed for other purposes. This thesis has examined the existing constitutional and statutory powers available to local governmental subdivisions for developing an open space program. In addition, it examines and appraises significant proposals for acquiring and controlling open space. From this analysis, alternative programs for open space acquisition and control are presented including the acquisition of development rights, the land bank, fresh concepts of zoning and subdivision regulations, and expanded concepts in the use of the taxing power. / Master of Science

Seasonal population fluctuations of the cottontail rabbit were measured by evening roadside counts and trapping. During the latter part of July, roadside counts showed a rather marked and drastic decline in the number of rabbits. This decline was forecast by the low number of rabbits seen in the field and the low number of rabbits the investigator was able to trap. Further confirmation of this decline came during the first week of the 1960-61 hunting season. A 42 per cent decrease in the number of rabbits killed occurred in spite of a 10 per cent increase in hunting pressure. By the end of the hunting season a 60 per cent decrease in the rabbit harvest was recorded. / Master of Science

Red imported fire ant specimens were first collected in Virginia in 1989 from colonies located in Hampton, Va. Now colonies are established throughout the Hampton Roads area of Virginia. Because the fire ant is a new pest information regarding the distribution, biology, and management of the ant in Virgnia are absent. Therefore studies were conducted to compare the efficacies of four broadcast fire ant control products and an individual mound treatment to control fire ants and to determine the impact of Advion and Top Choice on non-target ant species. Additionally, twenty-six fire ant colonies in Virginia were sampled to determine colony social form and to detect biological control organisms. Lastly, the CLIMEX model was used to predict the potential spread of the fire ant in Virginia. Field trials showed that combination applications of Advion and Top Choice provided the fastest and greatest reduction in foraging three days after treatment and the longest residual control of fire ant colonies for one year. Field tests documenting the impacts of Advion and Top Choice on non-target ants indicate treatments do supress ant foraging but ant populations will rebound 10-12 months after treatment. Laboratory PCR assays revealed that colonies in Virginia are primarily polygyne. Also, Kneallhazia solenopsae, Pseudaction spp. parasitoid decapitating phorid flies, and Solenopsis invicta virues (SINV) genetic materials were detected in fire ant samples. CLIMEX model results indicate that fire ants will be able to spread as far east as the Greater Richmond area and as far north as Alexandria in Virginia. / Master of Science in Life Sciences

There were two primary purposes of this study. The first purpose was to describe and compare the sex role identical and vocational interests of enrollees in traditional and nontraditional displaced homemaker proqrams. The second purpose was to deteraine if sex ro1e identity and vocational interests changed from the beginning to the end of the program cycle. The secondary purposes of this study included (a) a description of the sex role identity of instructors in displaced homemaker programs and a determination of change of sex role identity from the beginning to the end of the program cycle, as well as (b) the establishment of demographic profiles of enrollees and instructors. The sample consisted of 35 enrollees and 10 instructors in four displaced homemaker programs in Virginia. The instruments used in this study were the BEM Inventory and Self-Directed Search. Program information and demographic information on enrollees and instructors was also collected. Descriptive analysis was used for the study. It can be concluded that there was a significant difference in the sex role identity of enrollees in traditional and nontraditional displaced homemaker programs both before and after program activities. Therefore, sex role identity was a significant variable for these selected displaced homemaker programs enrollees. However, due to the small sample, generalizability to the population of displaced homemakers is only speculative. In addition, the data suggested that while most enrollees did not change in their sex role identity from the beginning to the end of the program cycle, those enrollees who did change were enrolled in nontraditional programs and tended to move toward more sex-type roles. As indicated in the literature, strongly sex-typed attitudes may impair the enrollees’ ability to perform in nontraditional occupational settings where flexibility is desirable if not necessary. No significant difference was found in the sex role identity of instructors in traditional and nontraditional programs at either the pre- or posttest stage. Therefore, sex role identity was not a variable determining instructor involvement with a traditional or nontraditional displaced homemaker program. Sex role identity of 40 percent of the instructors moved toward less sex-typed roles form the beginning to the end of the program cycle suggesting an increased flexibility in role. The androgynous role of these instructors could provide a role model which may encourage enrollees to consider a wider range of behavioral and career options. The data suggested that a significant difference in vocational interests existed only at the posttest stage. Thus, it may be concluded that program enrollment may not be contingent upon vocational interest but rather may be dependent upon program availability. In addition, the data suggested that while most enrollees did not change in their vocational interests from the beginning to the end of the program cycle, those enrollees who did change were in traditional displaced homemaker programs. Change in category of vocational interests remained within those occupational areas typically considered feminine. Data on all enrollees indicated a wider distribution of vocational interests at the posttest stage. The career exploration component included in all programs may have attributed to the increased range of vocational interests expressed by enrollees. / Ed. D.

This investigation was carried out primarily to study the semi-aquatic tardigrade fauna of Southwestern Virginia. Specimens were obtained from mosses and lichens and were mounted by use of a procedure employing a modification of Hoyer's medium. During the course of this study, 694 specimens were obtained and the following species were identified: Batillipes friaufi sp. n., Echiniscus (Hypechiniscus) gladiator, Echiniscus (Echiniscus) virginicus sp. n., Pseudechiniscus suillus, Macrobiotus macronyx, Macrobiotus intermedius,Macrobiotus richtersi, Macrobiotus harmsworthi, Macrobiotus hufelandi, Macrobiotus echinogenitus, Hypsibius (Isohypsibius) tuberculatus, Hypsibius (Isohypsibius) nodosus, Hypsibius (Isohypsibius) prosostomus, Hypsibius (Isohypsibius) tetradactyloides, Hypsibius (Isohypsibius) canadensis, Hypsibius (Hypsibius) convergens, Hypsibius (Hypsibius) conjungens, Hypsibius (hypsibius) oberhaeuseri, Diphascon bullatus, Diphascon angustatus, Diphascon sconticus, Diphascon belgicae, Diphascon ninguis, Diphascon nodulosus, Itaguascon bellinae and Milnesium tardigradum. Collection data, discussion of the taxonomic status and previous morphological observations were presented for each species. Recommendations were made concerning the discarding of egg morphology as a valid basis for species description and identification. The practice of using numbers for taxonomic entities in tardigrade systematics was observed to be deplorable and the abandonment of such usages was urged. Evidences for the consideration of the Tardigrada as a phylum were presented and a taxonomic hierarchy was erected for this disposition. To complete this taxonomic scheme, the Heterotardigrada and Eutardigrada were accorded class status, the Arthrotardigrada and Echiniscida (= Echiniscoidea) were raised to ordinal rank and a new order, Diplotardigrada, was included with the Eutardigrada. The following new family names, made mandatory by the rules of nomenclature, were presenteda Batillipidae (= Discopodidae), Tetrakentronidae (= Onychopodidae), Echiniscoididae (= Nudechiniscidae), Echiniscidae (= Scutechiniscidae) and Milnesiidae (= Arctiscidae). The previously suggested phylogenetic schemes for the tardigrades were reviewed and the evidences for affinities of the Tardigrada were presented. A bibliography of the recent literature on the tardigrades was compiled. / Doctor of Philosophy

Thirty-two roadside sites throughout seven counties in Southwestern Virginia were investigated with respect to life form, dispersal type and floristics. A floristic checklist of 247 species, 182 genera and 57 families was compiled. Dispersal mechanism and life form were determined for each species. A statistical analysis was performed (ANOVA and MANOVA) to determine the relationships among life form, dispersal type, and environmental factors (roadtype, elevation, exposure, slope and surrounding vegetation). Frequencies of life form and dispersal type were determined within and among sites. These frequencies were used to establish spectra and zonal distributions of life form and dispersal type. Natural histories, geographic spread and specific modes of dispersal are discussed in the floristic checklist. Family presence among roadtypes and species presence among sites is examined. Dispersal type variation was found for the environmental factors of roadtype, surrounding vegetation, and exposure. Roadtype was the most influential factor. The dispersal types most subject to variation were the wind (pogonchores and pterochores) and animal dispersed (sarcochore and desmochore) groups. Distribution of dispersal types within the site reveals: 1. Animal dispersal becomes more important when the distance from the road margin is increased; 2. Diaspores that spread by contamination are more frequent near the road margin; 3. Wind dispersed species are less frequent near the road margin. The life form spectrum of roadsides has a greater percentage of therophyte and lesser percentage of phanerophytes than present in the surrounding vegetation. The spectrum shows infrequent variation (statistically significant) due to the environmental factors considered. Life form frequencies within sites show annuals dominating near the road margin with phanerophytes and chamaephytes becoming more frequent and hemicryptophytes becoming dominant as distance from the road margin increases. / Ph. D.

The occurrences of species of Delotaxis and Icriodus and the Ozarkodina remscheidensis eosteinhornensis--Ozarkodina remscheidensis remscheidensis lineage indicate that (1) most of the Keyser Formation of western Virginia is assignable to the uppermost Silurian eosteinhornensis zone; (2) the top of the upper limestone member of the Keyser is assignable to the basal Devonian woschmidti zone; (3) the remainder of the Helderberg Group is no younger than the delta zone; and (4) the basal Needmore Shale at the Price's Bluff section is assignable to the serotinus, patulus, or costatus costatus zones, of uppermost lower Devonian and lowermost Middle Devonian age, leaving a gap of at least six conodont zones represented by the Ridgeley Sandstone and its bounding unconformities. Conodonts tend to avoid tidal flat and lagoonal environments. They are not uniformly distributed through the rest of the section, but the occurrence of all but two species is not related to water depth, energy, or substrate; Ozarkodina excavata and Pseudooneotodus beckmanni prefer moderate energy environments. Icriodus helderbergensis and most of the simple cone species are associated with each other. There were 13,360 specimens collected, divided among 10 biological species and 15 form species; of the biological species, 3 are new and 2 are newly reconstructed apparatuses. / Master of Science

This study was an attempt to determine the use of photography as an aid in teaching and public relations in vocational agriculture in southwest Virginia. The fifty-six vocational agriculture departments in the southwest Virginia supervisory area were included in the study. The questionnaire technique of research was used in the investigation. Questionnaires were formulated and sent to each of the head teachers in the fifty-six vocational agriculture departments in Southwest Virginia. The response to the questionnaires was exceptional, 93 per cent being returned. The most significant findings of the study are summarized as follows: l. Eighty-four and six-tenths per cent of the vocational agriculture teachers in the Southwest Virginia supervisory area are using photography in teaching, in public relations, or in both. 2. More teachers use photography for public relations purposes than for teaching. 3. Of the forty-four teachers who used photography for their professional work, nearly two-thirds used it for both teaching and public relations purposes, while one-third used it for only one of these two purposes. 4. Kodak and Argus cameras were used more than any other makes. 5. The film size most commonly used was 35 mm. 6. The average number of photographs made for teaching purposes by the teachers included in this study was 53.7. 7. More photographs were made and used for teaching the enterprises, F.F.A., Farm Shop, and Beef cattle, than for teaching any other enterprises. 8. The average number of photographs made for public relations purposes was 28.9. 9. The photographs most commonly made and used for public relations were those classified under the All-Day and veteran’s Training phases of the vocational agriculture program. 10. Distribution of photographs to the group and individual illustration were the most common methods of using photographs in teaching. The method rated highest by the teachers, however, was that of slide projection. 11. Weekly newspapers and bulletin boards were the most common methods by which the teachers used photographs for public relations purposes. Bulletin boards was the method by which the largest number of photographs were used. Weekly newspapers was the method by which the second largest number of photographs was used in public relations;. Conclusions l. Photography definitely has a place in vocational agriculture in Southwest Virginia. The majority of the vocational agriculture teachers included in the study use photography in teaching, in public relations, or both. 2. The number of photographs made and used by the instructors for teaching was very small in view of the many teaching areas under which they might be appropriately used~ 3. There seems to be little justification for largely limiting the use of photographs in teaching to the three enterprises, F.F.A., Farm Shop, and Beef cattle. 4. Apparently there is a need for a critical study of the photographs needed in teaching the various enterprises of local importance and systematic planning for securing these photographs. 5. The number of photographs made and used by the teachers for public relations purposes was relatively limited in terms of the various phases and activities of the vocational agriculture program for which they should be used. 6. The use of photography for public relations purposes was largely confined to the All-Day and veterans' Training phases of the program. There is no apparent reason for this unequitable practice. 7. Projection techniques have not been adequately employed as methods for using the photographs which the teachers have secured for teaching. 8. The most common methods by which the teachers used photographs for public relations purposes were weekly newspapers and bulletin boards. Whether these methods were the most convenient or the most effective was undetermined in this investigation. 9. The results of this study indicate a need for a further study to determine the most effective means of using photographs in teaching and public relations. / Master of Science

A short- and long-term model estimating consumption of Virginia's primary forest products was provided. Sawlog, veneer log, and pulpwood markets and their interrelationships were described using a system of 15 simultaneous equations and identities. The two stage least squares regression technique was used to determine structural coefficients of the demand, supply, and consumption equations associated with each market, and the resultant system was used to estimate equilibrium consumption of each product over the study period. / M.S.

Fear of crime is as much a reality as crime itself. Our reactions to the problem of crime may influence or interfere with our day-to-day activities. Yet not everyone is a victim of crime, nor does everyone perceive crime as being a serious problem. The author tests hypotheses about the relationships between the fear of crime and, (1) prior victimization, (2) perceived seriousness of crimes and (3) size of the community (population size); suggesting that all of these relationships will be positive--the higher the score for these three variables the higher the score for fear. Also, it was hypothesized that these relationships would be greater (a) for women than for men, and (b) for personal crimes than for property crimes.The survey was sent to a sample of registered motor vehicle owners in the state of Virginia; a sample of 952 was used in this study. All of the relationships were positive. Only two of the sub-hypotheses were supported: that the relationship between perceived seriousness and fear of crime was greater for women than for men, and that the relationship between population size and fear of crime was greater for women than for men. Implications of the results and the limitations of the study are discussed. Suggestions are made for future research. / M.S.