Statement of the problem. It is the purpose of this study (1) to examine the sources of the various moments of vision found in Virginia Woolf's novels; (2) to consider the characteristics of the personality type presented in her novels; (3) to show the relationship between these characters and moments of vision.

The American School Counselor Association (ASCA) recommends a shift from traditional to comprehensive, developmental counseling programs focusing on prevention programs to assist the "whole" child (e.g., meeting social, emotional, academic, and career needs). This shift has been slow and inconsistent, bringing great variability to the role of school counselor. This study investigates the current functions of school counselors in Northern Virginia. Five research questions are posed: (1) How do counselors spend their time? (2) In what way do counselors want to change their allocation of time to various counseling activities? (3) How do school counselors feel about their preparation to perform various counseling activities? (4) What factors (work setting, gender, level of education, teaching experience, counseling experience, student-to-counselor ratio, desire to change time allocation, and level of preparation) affect how counselors allocate their time? (5) Do differences exist between school counselors' allocation of time to various counseling activities and the mandate of the Virginia Department of Education? Seventy-three Northern Virginia school counselors (45% response rate) responded to a survey on activities in the four major categories recommended by ASCA (counseling, consulting, guidance, and coordination) and in administrative/support services. Participants also were asked to fill-out a one-day log describing their typical counseling functions on any chosen workday. Results indicated that, on an average, Northern Virginia school counselors feel well prepared to conduct counseling activities and allocate 46% of their time to counseling, 17% to consultation, 12% to guidance, 7% to coordination, and 18% to administrative/support services. Counselors desire to spend more time working with students individually and in small groups, and less time in test coordination and administrative tasks. Statistical analyses (p< .05) indicate that allocation of time was significantly affected by work setting, gender, desire to change present time allocation, and level of preparation. These results suggest that Northern Virginia school counselors in this study are performing the functions recommended by the American School Counselor Association and by the Virginia Department of Education. Implications for future research are explored. / Ph. D.

PROBLEM STATEMENT: An estimated 3.1 million adolescents in the United States experience depression episode each year. Adolescents experiencing depression are prone to poor academic performance, impaired social functioning, increased incidence of substance abuse, and increased risk for suicide. Primary care providers often do not conduct depression screenings during healthcare visits for various reasons. Southwest Virginia school system does not have a depression screening protocol making depression symptoms often unidentified. SUMMARY OF EVIDENCE: Depression screenings should be conducted during well child exams. Missed screenings place adolescents at risk for poor healthcare outcomes. DESCRIPTION OF PRACTICE OR PROTOCOL: The pediatric nurse practitioner health services coordinator for southwest Virginia schools conducts well-child exams for adolescents. Depression screening was an area for practice improvement. VALIDATION OF EVIDENCE: The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-2 was administered during the health service coordinators’ well child visit and aggregate data was collected on a handwritten form relaying the PHQ-2 score, PHQ 9 score, and referral to parent. RELEVANCE OF PMH NURSING: All students receiving a well child visit over 8 weeks were screened for depression (n=44). There were 16 (35.5%) of students who screened positive on the PHQ-2 and were administered the PHQ-9. There were 13 (81.3%) (n=16) students who were administered the PHQ-9 and scored greater than 4. The number of referrals to parents generated were 10 (76.9%) (n=13). FUTURE IMPLICATIONS: Southwest Virginia schools need a policy and procedure describing the administration of the PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 screening instrument.

Compounding evidence suggests a current or impending sixth mass extinction event and pollinator crisis. While several factors contribute to pollinator declines, the most notable driver is habitat loss and degradation. Agricultural grasslands provide crucial habitat for wild and domesticated fauna, regulate water and nutrient cycles, store carbon, and maintain soil stabilization. However, conventional tall fescue pastures, which dominate the southeastern United States, limit pollinator habitat, reduce ecosystem services, and diminish cattle productivity if infected with toxic endophytes. Establishing wildflowers (WFs) and native warm season grasses (NWSGs) into tall fescue pastures has the potential to boost both pollinator ecosystem services and cattle productivity. This study monitored the differences in honey bee colony health, productivity, and pollen foraging behavior between diversified and conventional grazing pastures in south west Virginia. Chapter 1 sought to evaluate the health and productivity of hives within NWSGW+ diversified and conventional grazing systems. Chapter 2 sought to 1) determine whether honey bees used sown wildflower species in diversified pastures as significant sources of pollen, 2) compare species composition and nutritive value of pollen collected from hives within diversified and conventional pasture systems, and 3) evaluate temporal trends in pollen collection. Floral surveys revealed diversified pastures had almost 4x greater mean bloom density than conventional pastures, with over half of all blooms recorded in diversified pastures belonging to unsown species. Results from this study suggest that colonies in diversified pasture systems may have a slight advantage in population resource acquisition, population growth, and winter survival following the first year of establishment, though further research is needed. Pollen DNA metabarcoding revealed that honey bees in both diversified and conventional pasture systems have similar diets, and that sown species were foraged upon primarily in the fall. Samples collected from diversified pasture systems yielded greater pollen weight, species richness, and protein content. In conjunction with previous research, these results indicate that diversified pastures could ultimately provide a more complex nutritional support system for pollinators in grazing agroecosystems. However, individual pasture renovation may not be large enough to yield statistically significant differences in honey bee colony success. / Master of Science / Many studies have suggested that we are currently experiencing or entering a sixth mass extinction event and pollinator crisis. While several factors contribute to pollinator declines, the most notable driver is habitat loss and degradation. Agricultural grasslands provide crucial habitat, regulate water and nutrient cycles, store carbon, and maintain soil stabilization. However, conventional tall fescue pastures, which dominate the southeastern United States, limit pollinator habitat, reduce ecosystem services, and can diminish cattle productivity. Establishing wildflowers (WFs) and native warm season grasses (NWSGs) into tall fescue pastures has the potential to boost both pollinator and cattle health and productivity. This study monitored the differences in honey bee colony health, productivity, and pollen foraging behavior between pastures diversified with WFs and NWSGs and conventional grazing pastures in south west Virginia. Chapter 1 evaluated the health and productivity of hives within diversified and conventional grazing systems. Chapter 2 sought to 1) determine whether honey bees used sown wildflower species in diversified pastures as significant sources of pollen, 2) compare species types and value of pollen collected from hives within diversified and conventional pasture systems, and 3) evaluate temporal trends in pollen collection. Floral surveys revealed diversified pastures had almost 4x greater mean bloom density than conventional pastures, with over half of all blooms recorded in diversified pastures belonging to species we didn't purposefully plant. Results from this study suggest that honey bee colonies in diversified pasture systems may have a slight advantage in resource acquisition, population growth, and winter survival following the first year of establishment, though further research is needed. A Pollen DNA analysis revealed that honey bees in both diversified and conventional pasture systems have similar diets, and that they collected pollen and nectar from the flowers we planted primarily in the fall. Honey bee colonies in diversified pastures collected more protein-rich pollen from a wider variety of flowers. These results indicate that diversified pastures could ultimately provide a more complex nutritional support system for pollinators in grazing agroecosystems. However, individual pasture renovation may not be large enough to yield large differences in honey bee colony success.

With serious skill shortages in the field of marketing expected during this time period, the increase in marketing opportunities will reinforce the importance of marketing education (U. S. Department of Labor, 1989). "Marketing education programs must be structured to match the diversity of marketing dealing with the principles, concepts, attitudes, and skills necessary to prepare students to work in retail, service, and other business environments." (National Marketing Education Curriculum Framework, 1987, p. 7). The attitudes counselors have toward marketing education can have a major impact on course enrollment and students' planning of schedules including a combination of both academic and vocational courses (Washburn & McEwen, 1989). To date no evidence was found in the literature that shows what high school counselors think about the overall marketing education program. The purpose of this study was to determine selected Virginia's secondary school counselors' perceptions towards Virginia's Marketing Education program. A mail survey was developed and distributed to 186 schools offering a Marketing Education program in Virginia. When completing Section 1 of the survey instrument, participants supplied information concerning selected demographic variables. Data obtained from Section 1 were used to determine if differences existed between these selected demographic variables and Virginia's secondary school counselors' attitudes toward Virginia's Marketing Education program. When completing Section 2, participants used a 5-item Likert-type scale to indicate their attitudes toward Virginia's Marketing Education program. When completing Section 3--Virginia's secondary school counselors' knowledge of Virginia's Marketing Education program--participants selected true, false, or don't know to indicate their knowledge of Virginia's Marketing Education program. Two hundred and eighty-five counselors in 62% of the schools offering a Marketing Education program in Virginia participated in the study. Research question 1 found that most of the counselors responding have a positive attitude toward Virginia's Marketing Education programs. Research question 2, seeking information on what secondary school counselors know about Marketing Education found that even though their attitudes may be positive, they are not knowledgeable about the Marketing Education program. Research question 3 concerning selected demographic variables in relation to counselors' attitudes toward and knowledge of Marketing Education found that very small differences exist between the selected demographic variables and Virginia's secondary school counselors' attitudes toward and knowledge of Virginia's Marketing Education program. Conclusions and discussion, considerations for the study, recommendations, and suggestions for future research were described. / Ed. D.

The purposes of this study were to (a) establish a profile of the current training practices of selected businesses and industries in Southwest Virginia; (b) identify the type of training methods these companies are choosing -- such as traditional classroom training or web-based training programs, and (c) identify how the training methods are selected. This profile established baseline data for current business and industry employee training programs. The population of this study included every business and industry that had participated in workforce development programs provided by community colleges located in the southwest region of Virginia in 2001 and 2002. The researcher developed an Internet-based survey instrument and solicited data from 205 organizations. Descriptive analyses were used to organize, summarize, and describe the data collected from all participants; specifically frequencies of responses to individual survey items were reported. Of the 205 organizations surveyed, 88 returned a questionnaire giving an overall response rate of 42.9%. The results showed that manufacturing was the most represented industry, most participants held a management position, and most worked in the human resources department. The majority of businesses expected some type of increase in their training programs within the next year. Nearly all indicated that they use classroom-based training programs, and a substantial number indicated using videotapes, self-study materials, computer software or CD-ROMS, and web-based training methods. Many of the participants said that they offer training for skill development in the areas of computer applications, technical skills and knowledge, communication skills, and safety procedures. Lastly, cost, flexibility, perceived value, and timeliness of the program were criteria rated as most influential in the decision to use a particular training method. / Ph. D.

Virginia's new stormwater regulations involve the use of the Runoff Reduction Method (RRM), which requires the product of the peak flow rate and runoff volume (Q*RV) from the one-year storm event in the post-development condition to be reduced to eighty percent of the pre-development Q*RV to protect against channel erosion. This study models different bioretention cell sizes in a developed watershed in Blacksburg, Virginia to determine the "performance" at both the sub-watershed and watershed levels. In addition, models of "optimal" bioretention cells sized to meet the RRM for each sub-watershed are evaluated. A direct relationship is determined between the size of the cell required to meet the RRM and the sub-watershed's Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) curve number. However, the required size for some of the cells is much larger than those typically seen. With the RRM applied for all of the sub-watersheds, the resulting hydrograph at the watershed outlet has a lower peak than the pre-development condition. / Master of Science

For many years, the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (VDGIF) has managed freshwater fisheries without fully understanding their stakeholders. To increase its knowledge and improve management, the VDGIF commissioned a market segmentation study to collect baseline information about its constituents and serve as a model for future studies. I developed a 16-page mail questionnaire that was sent to a stratified random sample of 5,378 Virginia resident freshwater fishing license holders. The questionnaire was use to collect information on characteristics, motivations, attitudes, and preferences of Virginia resident freshwater anglers. The response rate was 52%. I examined the descriptive characteristics of resident freshwater anglers and anglers who purchased different types of licenses and anglers from different management regions. Differences in fishing behaviors, motivations for fishing, attitudes, and preferences for management existed among anglers based on license type and regions. Although satisfaction with freshwater fishing was high, in most cases, many anglers believed that fishing quality had declined. By adopting a marketing approach and providing the desired experiences to each segment of anglers, the Fisheries Division may improve its relationship with anglers, as well as increase participation and satisfaction. I also segmented the Virginia anglers by species preference, specialization, and a multi-level approach that involved a combination of species preference and specialization. Anglers are not a homogenous group and they seek different experiences. Multi-level segmentation was the most useful method of segmentation because it identified within-species preference group differences. Within each species preference group I found several segments of anglers. Segments differed in their orientations (trophy or consumptive), preferred methods of fishing and information sources, and support for regulations. Specialist anglers from each species preference group were trophy oriented and some were consumptive oriented as well. Specialists also were the most supportive of restrictive regulations. Less specialized anglers in each species preference group generally were less trophy oriented, more consumptive, and less supportive of regulations than specialist anglers. My results provide better understanding of the different segments of anglers within each species preference group, which will allow managers to provide a more satisfying experience for their stakeholders. / Master of Science

Traditional viewshed analyses distinguish between those areas which can be seen from a given observation point and those which cannot be seen. Given a surface digital elevation model (DEM) and observer properties (location and height), the algorithm computes whether or not each target cell is within the observer's line-of-sight. Just as significant and robust (although yet not commercially available) would be a tool that could search local neighborhoods of the observer to determine if different tower placements could achieve significantly improved viewsheds. This thesis customizes the popular ArcGIS software to demonstrate the implementation of such a tool. The use of different sampling methods specifies locations to site observation points throughout the Virginia Tech central campus, characterized by having large open areas in an otherwise urban environment. Analysis of the viewsheds calculated both before and after applying the optimization tool determined the amount of coverage gained by moving the observer short distances across the ground. In large open areas (Drillfield, parking lots), optimization achieved minimal gain, however in areas near buildings, significant increases in visible area were possible by moving the observer to the top of a nearby building. This research rejects the common belief that the best location for an observer or transmitter in open areas is always at the highest elevation point. However, in settings with tremendous vertical differences over small horizontal distances (ground to roof), the belief is justified. / Master of Science

The passage of the 2002 Farm Bill and the removal of the peanut quota system revealed underlying fundamental problems in the Virginia peanut industry. Lower yields and high costs plague producers at the farm level, acreage levels continue to decline and it is doubtful that peanut production in Virginia will continue at levels seen in the past. The structured market due to the quota system has provided little incentive in the past for technological investment. Investment in technology such as high oleic peanuts and capturing value at the consumer level are seen as ways to improve the situation in Virginia. In particular increased coordination at all levels of the supply chain would be needed to ensure that the consumer is brought a product with characteristics they desire. The literature provides ample information regarding the formation of alliances and coordination in general. According to Cozzarin and Barry (1998), vertical integration, similar to vertical alliances are set up for the following reasons: mitigating transactions costs, taking advantage of output or input price differentials of a competitor, and reducing uncertainties in costs and/or prices. Cozzarin and Barry (1998) also note that there is an increasing move toward vertical coordination in many agriculture sectors, the reasons cited for the current trend include: a) the growing influence of consumers in controlling the agri-food agenda; b) the increasing marketing power of large food companies; and (c) technological changes that necessitate coordination. Of these three reasons, the peanut industry falls under the first two. Vertical coordination is seen to be a solution when two or more entities are able to accomplish more efficiently their objectives than they are able to on their own. For the peanut industry, the agency theory and in particular principal-agent theory is the most applicable to the peanut industry. A linear model is used to examine the effects of increased coordination along the supply chain. The linear model also provides a snapshot of how decisions made at the farm level reverberate through the entire supply chain. The linear model includes the comparison of increased profits due to premiums at the consumer level. Results of the linear model indicate that the Virginia peanut industry will have difficulty maintaining current production levels without investment in the sector, without changing the way the supply chain operates. Principal-agent theory and specifically the work done on contracts in the pork and poultry industries provide a framework within which the peanut industry could avoid asymmetric information and moral hazard. This study attempts to identify underlying problems along with possible solutions or the Virginia peanut industry. / Master of Science