Coal mining and timber are the two primary industries supporting the people of Southwest Virginia. Coal mining has occurred for more than 100 years, but production has dropped since reaching a peak in 1990. In order to properly plan with remaining coal production a study was conducted to characterize and estimate coal resources. Seam thickness was found to be the parameter which most influenced resource levels. An economic model was developed to determine which portion of the reserves could economically be extracted. It was found that 3.95 billion tons, or 14% of the remaining resource, is economic under current mining conditions. More than 60% of these reserves, however, are in deep seams which require shafts to be constructed prior to initiation of mining. / Ph. D.

Panhandling (also called begging and mendicancy) has been a problem for lawmakers. Although current crime control measures (based on the broken windows theory) have identified a perceived link between disorders (i.e., panhandling) and crime, previous attempts to ban panhandling were deemed unconstitutional. The purpose of this work was to investigate the impact of the latest attempt to curb panhandling in Hampton Roads, Virginia, known as the Public Education Campaign. This phenomenological inquiry examined the perceptions and work-related experiences of service delivery agents to explore the impact of the panhandling policy on panhandling and policy enforcement. Purposive sampling was used to recruit, interview, and record 7 service delivery agents (social workers and law enforcement officers). After the interviews were transcribed, member-checking and triangulation were used to contribute to the trustworthiness of this project. Results indicated ineffective communication and duplication of services were issues. Therefore, positive social change may result from an improved screening process for the Department of Social Services personnel. Furthermore, educating the public concerning the legality of panhandling may eliminate the duplication of services for the Housing Crisis Hotline personnel.

This treatise provides a record of the stratigraphy and structure in the southernmost extension of the Witwatersrand System and is based on the results obtained from bore-hole cores and from detailed mapping underground. Several disconformities encountered in these sediments are interpreted as marginal disconformities of a geosynclinal basin. It is contended that the bankets were formed in neritic and littoral environments closely associated with profiles of equilibrium., such as disconformities, where conditions favour the concentration of heavy minerals, including gold and uraninite. The composite radiometric log of the area south of the Sand river, drawn up by Dr. D.J. Simpson in 1951, is revised by including into it the portion of the log of bore-hole K.A.2 in which the Intermediate Reefs occur. Chloritoid is confined to the Lower Footwall beds, the Khaki Shale Marker and the Upper Shale Marker. The variation of the optical properties of chloritic minerals indicate that a wide range of these minerals exist in the sediments. Pyritic stringers appear to be natural concentrations of such heavy minerals as pyrite, ilmenite, chromite and zircon. Heavy mineral investigations, to be of correlative value, in the case of the Witwatersrand System would require considerable basic research. Intrusive rocks have been classified under the following types ranging from the youngest to the oldest:- dolerite, epidiorite, uralite diabase, pyroxene diabase, chlorite diabase and Ventersdorp diabase. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 1957. / Geology / unrestricted

M.S.

On November 7, 1928, Virginia Woolf wrote in her diary that her 1931 novel, The Waves, would be an "abstract mystical eyeless book" (Diaries 3; 203). In her personal writings, she also referred to the novel as "an endeavour at something mystic, spiritual; the thing that exists when we aren't there" (114). From the initial inspiration for the novel to her own notes, Woolf envisioned The Waves to be "spiritual" above all else. This project examines Woolf's engagement with spirituality throughout The Waves, particularly in the moments in the novel in which the queer characters--Rhoda and Neville--express sexual desire. In doing so, I suggest that Woolf engages in a queer spirituality--a spirituality that conveys both a queer sexual desire and identity. For Rhoda and Neville, and in some ways Woolf herself, that desire remains unachieved, suggesting that Woolf viewed spirituality as a means of expressing a queer identity that was oftentimes frustrated and unfulfilled. In that frustration, however, Woolf also appears hopeful for a future, a potentiality, in which queer individuals could express their queerness openly.

Scale 1 inch = 1.9 Statute Miles. Indicates churches, schoolhouses, mills, and homes. Includes an enlarged map of the town of Stuart. Drawn in 1976 for the Patrick County - Stuart Chamber of Commerce by Eugene M. Scheel of Waterford, Va. / https://dc.etsu.edu/rare-maps/1121/thumbnail.jpg

Includes county history and military history, along with two inset maps: one of the town of Salem as it existed in 1802 and one of Augusta County as it existed in 1738. Compiled from old maps, historical records, and traditions by J.R. Hildebrand. The Roanoke Historical Society, 1968. No scale provided. / https://dc.etsu.edu/rare-maps/1139/thumbnail.jpg

Indicates existing buildings, buildings no longer standing, cemeteries, roads, streams, county boundaries, and contour lines. Drawn by Larry Spangler, April 1984. No scale provided. / https://dc.etsu.edu/rare-maps/1140/thumbnail.jpg

Part of this research focused on the predecessors of the FFA by outlining the history and purposes of agricultural organizations formed since the late 1700s. The past two centuries of American agricultural history is rich with efforts to educate and improve agricultural practices through organized groups of farmers and other rural leaders. Early in the development of agricultural societies, experimentation and successful practices were shared with others in the local organization and works were often published in journals or newspapers for educational and informational purposes. Regular meetings and fellowship were also a major focus of the early groups. The national organizations that formed later such as the Grange, included the fraternal, social, and educational aspects while maintaining a focus on the economics of farming. The boys’ and girls’ club movement provided opportunities for youth to meet, learn, and participate in agricultural competitions. The center of activities for youth organizations quickly shifted from community groups to agricultural education programs in the public schools. Clubs that formed within agricultural education programs in Virginia soon united to create the Future Farmers of Virginia. The FFV and FFA that followed initiated the use of certain symbols, colors, and ritual ceremonies that can be traced directly to the agricultural societies. This research identified many agricultural societies and youth clubs that had a profound influence on the development of the National FFA Organization. The major purpose of this study was to describe the establishment of the Future Farmers of American and to document the accomplishments of Virginia FFA members at the state and national levels. The objectives of the study were: To describe the historical events and circumstances that led to the establishment of the Future Farmers of Virginia and the Future Farmers of America, To document Virginia FFA history by recording achievements of members and chapters at the state level, To document the achievements of Virginia FFA members and chapters at the national level, and To provide a history of the Virginia FFA Association from 1925 to the present. The Virginia FFA Association is rich with historical information that ranges from the formation of the Future Farmers of Virginia in 1925, the forming of a national organization in 1928, and 75 years of accomplishments by Virginia FFA members. / Ph. D.

In just five years West Virginia was rocked with two devastating disasters in the coal mining industry. Despite the disasters, West Virginians could not just walk away from the mines, as they depended on the coal industry for jobs and tax revenue. West Virginia had built a purpose-driven orientation towards the coal industry through a historical and current dependency on coal. However, the two disasters had a chance to alter that dominant orientation. In order to understand how or if the coal orientation was altered, by the disaster or the discourse that followed, a pentadic analysis was completed. The analysis revealed that the coal companies constantly battled a tension between the elements of agency and purpose, while trying to overcome a scene that made safety challenging. In the end, one mining company altered the purpose-driven orientation, as the other reinforced the orientation. As both of the situations offered different orientations towards coalmining, their orientations showed that coal companies can be purpose-driven providers but also a responsible provider, understanding not only that miners need a paycheck, but also safety. In the end, when companies use the purpose-driven orientation, created from the history, present, and future of the West Virginia coal industry, their orientation drives profits and reduces the importance of safety for the coal miners, making coal mining a risky business. However, after just one disaster, despite the mining company\'s orientation, the companies become providers to no one / Master of Arts