• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 39
  • 12
  • 5
  • 3
  • Tagged with
  • 70
  • 27
  • 27
  • 24
  • 16
  • 11
  • 10
  • 10
  • 9
  • 9
  • 9
  • 9
  • 9
  • 8
  • 8
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Effects of Manure Injection on Transport and Transformation of Nutrient and Antibiotics

Kulesza, Stephanie Brooke 13 October 2015 (has links)
Overapplication of manure in sensitive watersheds is an issue of increasing environmental concern due to increased nutrient loading and antibiotic release into aquatic environments. Manure is typically surface applied, leaving nutrients and antibiotics vulnerable to loss at the soil surface. Elevated nutrient and antibiotic loading into water bodies can increase the rate of eutrophication and occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes in areas of high animal agriculture production, such as the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Manure injection is a new technology that incorporates manure into the soil with minimal disturbance, and management strategies that reduce manure loss from agricultural fields could prevent the transport of nutrients and antibiotics to sensitive waterways. However, little is known about the efficacy of dry litter injection to decrease nitrogen (N) loss when compared to surface application. Also, there are no studies that determine the effects of injection on antibiotic transport and transformation after manure application. Therefore, this project focused on changes in N cycling, orchardgrass hay yield and quality, and transport and transformation of pirlimycin and cephapirin, two common antibiotics in dairy production, when manure is injected. Subsurface injection eliminated ammonia volatilization and N loss in runoff and increased soil inorganic N when compared to surface application after volatilization, incubation, and rainfall simulation studies. Although these benefits did not translate to higher yields in orchardgrass hay, protein increased when poultry litter was injected, indicating greater N uptake. Injection of dairy manure decreased losses of pirlimycin to levels of the control when compared to surface application. Although, pirlimycin had a slower degradation rate within the injection slit compared to surface application, potentially increasing the amount of time soil microbes are exposed to antibiotics. In an incubation study, pirlimycin concentrations decreased after 7 days, but concentrations increased sharply after 14 days. This indicates that conjugates formed in the liver or digestive tract of dairy cows may revert back to the parent compound after manure application. With increased retention of nutrients and antibiotics, injection could be a best management practice used to reduce the loss of these compounds to the environment while increasing the quality of crops produced. / Ph. D.
12

Mécanismes et cinétiques d'oxydation du SiC à hautes températures et faibles pressions d'oxygène : application au gainage des réacteurs rapides à gaz / High temperature mechanisms and kinetics of SiC oxydation under low partial pressures of oxygen : application to the fuel cladding of gas fast reactors

Hun, Nicolas 12 December 2011 (has links)
Les réacteurs rapides à gaz font partie des différents concepts étudiés pour la production d’énergie nucléaire. Les composites SiC/SiC sont des matériaux particulièrement intéressant pour le gainage du combustible, grâce entre autres à leur résistance à la corrosion à haute température.Les mécanismes et les cinétiques d’oxydation du carbure de silicium dans les conditions normales de fonctionnement doivent être identifiés et quantifiés, dans la mesure où la corrosion peut dégrader les propriétés mécaniques du composite. Un système expérimental a été développé pour étudier l’oxydation du SiC à hautes températures et faibles pressions partielles d’oxygène. Il apparaît que dans de telles conditions expérimentales, des mécanismes de réaction interfaciale et de volatilisation viennent s’ajouter à l’oxydation parabolique. Les cinétiques de chaque mécanisme sont déterminées en fonction de la température et de la pression partielle en O2, et sont ensuite utilisées dans un modèle numérique de l’oxydation des composites. Le modèle est utilisé pour prédire la durée de vie du composite dans les conditions normales de fonctionnement d’un réacteur. / Gas Fast Reactor (GFR) is one of the different Generation IV concepts under investigation for energy production. SiC/SiC composites are candidates of primary interest for a GFR fuel cladding use, thanks to good corrosion resistance among other properties. The mechanisms and kinetics of SiC oxidation under operating conditions have to be identified and quantified as the corrosion can decrease the mechanical properties of the composite. An experimental device has been developed to study the oxidation of silicon carbide under high temperature and low oxygen partial pressure. The results pointed out that not only parabolic oxidation, but also interfacial reactions and volatilization occur under such conditions. After determining the kinetics of each mechanism, as functions of oxygen partial pressure and temperature, the data are used for the modeling of the composites oxidation. The model will be used to predict the lifetime of the composite in operating conditions.
13

Eficiência agronômica de fontes nitrogenadas na cultura da cana-de-açúcar em sistema de colheita sem despalha a fogo. / Agronomic efficiency of nitrogen sources in sugarcane with green harvest system.

Costa, Mirian Cristina Gomes 25 January 2002 (has links)
O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido a partir de um experimento de campo, conduzido no período de setembro de 2000 a maio de 2001, na região canavieira de Piracicaba (SP), com a terceira soca da variedade SP 80-1842, cultivada em ARGISSOLO VERMELHO-AMARELO distrófico arenoso e colhida sem queima e mecanicamente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência agronômica de diferentes fontes nitrogenadas em sistema de colheita de cana crua por meio de: a) medidas das perdas de nitrogênio por volatilização da amônia; b) avaliação do estado nutricional das plantas; c) avaliação de atributos químicos do solo; d) avaliação da produção de colmos e de açúcar; e) ava liação de atributos tecnológicos do caldo. A dose de nitrogênio foi 100 kg ha -1 de N em todos tratamentos, que também receberam 150 kg ha -1 de K2O aplicados como KCl. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos completos casualizados, com sete níveis de fator em cinco repetições. Os fatores foram: T0 - testemunha, T1 - uréia, T2 - uran, T3- uréia + sulfato de amônio, T4 - Ajifer, T5 - uréia + gesso aplicados na superfície e T6 - Uréia incorporada. Perdas por volatilização de amônia foram avaliadas em T0, T1, T2, T3 e T4 por meio de coletores semi-aberto estáticos colocados em cada uma das parcelas em que estudou-se a volatilização. Foram colocadas seis bases distintas para cada coletor, onde aplicou-se as fontes nitrogenadas na dose de 100 kg ha -1 de N. O N-NH3 volatilizado foi retido em espumas embebidas em solução ácida e extraído com solução de KCl para posterior quantificação das perdas. Avaliações do estado nutricional das plantas, de atributos químicos do solo, de produtividade e qualidade foram efetuadas em todos tratamentos. A avaliação do estado nutricional foi feita pela análise química dos teores de nutrientes nas folhas que foram amostradas quatro meses após brotação das soqueiras. Atributos químicos do solo foram avaliados por meio de análises laboratoriais de amostras coletadas nas camadas de 0 a 5 e 5 a 10 cm de profundidade, aos três e cinco meses após aplicação dos tratamentos. A produção de colmos por hectare foi avaliada por ocasião da colheita, da mesma forma que atributos tecnológicos do caldo. Analisou-se teores de nutrientes na palha que foi amostrada aleatoriamente fora das parcelas em que aplicou-se a adubação nitrogenada. Os resultados mostraram que os tratamentos T1 e T3 apresentaram perdas por volatilização de aproximadamente 35% do N aplicado e que os tratamentos T2 e T4 apresentaram perdas de aproximadamente 15% e 9% do N aplicado, respectivamente. Teores foliares de N foram inversamente proporcionais às perdas por volatilização. A adubação nitrogenada e presença de palha aumentaram o teor de matéria orgânica nos 10 primeiros centímetros de solo. Sem a influência da adubação nitrogenada, ocorreu redução de 50% na massa seca da palhada. Não houve liberação de N e S mas a redução nas relações C/N e C/S indicou possibilidade de mineralização de nitrogênio e enxofre do resíduo vegetal. As soqueiras responderam em produtividade à adubação nitrogenada e às perdas ocorridas por volatilização de N-NH3. / The present work was advanced by a field experiment that was conducted from September 2000 to May 2001 in Piracicaba cane region with the variety SP 80-1842 in the third sugarcane cut, tilled in Arenic Kanhaplodults and with mechanical harvest without burning. The aim of this study was to evaluate the agronomic efficiency from nitrogen sources in sugarcane harvest system without burning. The efficiency was evaluated through: a) measure of N-NH3 losses, b) plant nutritional condition evaluations, c) soil chemical attribute evaluations, d) stem and sugar productions, e) sugarcane juice technological attribute evaluations. The nitrogen dose was standardized in 100 kg ha -1 in every treatment and in the same way to potassium fertilizer which dose was standardized in 150 kg ha -1 of K2O supplied by KCl. The experimental design was in complete randomized blocks with seven factor levels in five replications. The factors were: T0 - Control, T1 - Urea, T2 - Uan, T3 - Urea + ammonia sulfate, T4 - Ajifer, T5 - Urea + gypsum, T6 - Incorporated urea. Losses by ammonia volatilization were evaluated in the treatments T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 by static semi-open NH3 collectors that were set in each experimental plot where N-NH3 losses were measured. Six different bases were set to each collector, which were applied dose to fit 100 kg ha -1 of nitrogen by different sources. The N-NH3 was collected by foam absorbers soaked in acid solution after that was extracted by KCl solution to be quantified later. Plant nutritional conditions, soil chemical attributes, productivity and quality were evaluated in every treatment. The plant nutritional conditions were evaluated by leaf chemical analysis and the leaves were sampled four months after the sugarcane sprout. Soil chemical attributes were evaluated by samples laboratories analyses and the samples were collected in 0-5 and 5-10 cm of depth four and six months after treatments application. The stem and sugar productivity and juice technological attributes were measured after the harvest. The straw was randomized sampled outside experimental plots and its nutrients content was determinate. The results showed that N-NH3 losses were nearly 35% of the nitroge n applied to T1 and T3 and losses in T2 and T4 were low, nearly 15% and 9%. The leaf diagnosis showed that leaves nitrogen content in treatments with low nitrogen losses was bigger than treatments where nitrogen losses were high. Nitrogen sources applied over the straw resulted in organic matter increase at the soil surface. It didn't happen straw nitrogen and sulfur liberation but the decrease in C/N and C/S relation indicated the possibility to happen nitrogen and sulfur liberation from the vegetal residue. The stalks of sugarcane answered in productivity to nitrogen fertilizer and to nitrogen losses.
14

Destino do nitrogênio (15N) do fertilizante em uma cultura de café / The fate of fertilizer nitrogen (15N) in a coffee crop

Fenilli, Tatiele Anete Bergamo 20 June 2006 (has links)
A cultura do café é um dos mais importantes agronegócios do Brasil e, apesar de suas práticas de manejo já estarem bem definidas, muitos aspectos da cultura ainda carecem esclarecimentos, destacando-se entre eles a nutrição nitrogenada do cafeeiro. Para isso foram conduzidos vários experimentos na cultura do café com adubação nitrogenada para se determinar o balanço do N no sistema solo-café-atmosfera, e melhor compreender a dinâmica do N dentro da planta. Os tratamentos constituíram de 5 sub-parcelas (repetições) com 9 plantas, as três centrais recebendo 280 kg ha-1 de N no 1º ano de experimento e 350 kg ha-1 de N no 2º ano, na forma de sulfato de amônio enriquecido no 15N, com concentração isotópica igual a 2,072% de átomos de 15N. A massa de matéria seca da parte aérea foi determinada à cada 60 dias, sacrificando uma planta de cada parcela, fora das sub-parcelas de 9 plantas. Nas plantas marcadas isotopicamente amostrou-se, também à cada 60 dias, um ramo contendo todas as partes da planta e nestas foram determinadas as concentrações de 15N e N-total por espectrometria de massa. Raiz e solo também foram amostrados nas camadas 0-0,2, 0,2-0,4, 0,4-0,6, 0,6-0,8, 0,8-1,0 m apenas no final de cada um dos 2 anos estudados. Nestas amostras também foi determinada a abundância de 15N e N-total por espectrometria de massa. Para quantificar a volatilização de amônia do solo proveniente do fertilizante, foi utilizado o método do coletor de N-NH3 semi-aberto estático. Para estimar a lixiviação do N para fora do elemento de volume de solo considerado para o balanço de N (0 - 1,0 m) em períodos úmidos, foram instalados extratores de solução do solo à vácuo (três a 100 cm por parcela) para determinação da concentração de N e da abundância isotópica de 15N por espectrometria de massa. A planta chegou a absorver no primeiro ano de experimento até 71,3% do N do fertilizante, diminuindo seu conteúdo antes da colheita para 42,9% devido à translocação de N para raízes, queda de folhas e frutos, e perdas de N pela parte aérea, mostrando a alta eficiência do sulfato de amônio. No final dos 2 anos estudados, a recuperação do N do sulfato de amônio pela parte aérea das plantas foi de 19,1%. A raiz acumulou 9,4%. No solo o N remanescente foi de 12,6%.A serrapilheira acumulou 11,2% do N aplicado, e portanto, servirá como fonte orgânica de N. A exportação pelos grãos foi relativamente pequena, 26,3%, devido ao cafezal ainda estar em formação. As perdas por lixiviação e volatilização foram pequenas, em torno de 2,3 e 1,6%, respectivamente, sendo que a reabsorção foliar da amônia volatilizada foi de 43,3%. Apenas 18,2% do N aplicado não foram recuperados, tendo sido considerado como N não estimado (perda de N pela parte aérea, raízes abaixo de 1,0 m, erros de amostragem, etc.) / The coffee is one of the most important agribusiness products of Brazil and, although its management practices are already well defined, several cropping aspects still need a deeper understanding. Among these the nutrition of the coffee plant in respect to nitrogen is one of the main subjects needing more clarification. To contribute to this aspect, several experiments were carried out involving fertilizer application to a coffee crop, aiming for the establishment of a N balance in the soil-coffee-atmosphere system and better understand the N dynamics within the plant. Treatments consisted of 5 sub-plots (replicates) of 9 plants, the central three receiving 280 kg ha-1 N during the 1st year and 350 kg ha-1 N in the second. The fertilizer was 15N enriched ammonium sulphate, at a concentration of 2.072% 15N atom excess. Shoot dry matter was monitored every 60 days scarifying one whole plant of each treatment, collected outside the isotopic sub-plots of 9 plants. Isotopically labeled plants were sampled cutting one branch containing all desired plant parts, in roler to measure 15N enrichment and total N concentration. Root and soil were sampled only at the end of each year, in the 0-0.2, 0.2-0.4, 0.4-0.6, 0.6-0.8, 0.8-1.0 m layers. To quantify soil volatilization from fertilizer N a semi-open N-NH3 static collector was used. To estimate N leaching below the root zone, considering the 0-1.0 m soil layer, soil solution N concentration and 15N enrichment were obtained from soil solution extractors data. Shoot fertilizer N absorbtion reached 71.3% during the first year, with a reduction to 42.9% just before harvest, due to N translocation to roots, leaf and fruit drop, and N losses to the atmosphere, indicating the high efficiency of the application of the ammonium sulphate. At the end of both yearly experimental periods, the recovery of the fertilizer N by the shoot was 19.1%. Roots accumulated 9.4% and in the soil 12.6% of the fertilizer N were still present. Litter accumulated 11.2% and continues to be an important N source. Bean export was relatively low, well explained for a coffee crop under formation. Leaching and volatilization losses were of the order of 2.3 and 1.6%, respectively, however, reabsorption of volatilized ammonia reached 43.3% of the applied amount. To close the balance after two years, 18.2% of the fertilizer N were not recovered, considered to consist of non evaluated forms of N (shoot losses of NH3, roots below 1 m, sampling errors, etc.)
15

Eficiência de fontes de nitrogênio e enxofre na composição químico-bromatológica e algumas características agronômicas da cultura de milho (Zea mays L.) em sistema de plantio direto / Efficiency of sources nitrogen and sulfur in chemical-bromatologic composition and some characteristics of de corn (Zea mays L.) culture in no-tillage system

Francisco, Agostinho Domingos Miguel 24 September 2008 (has links)
O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido no Departamento de Zootecnia da Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos da Universidade de São Paulo FZEA/USP localizada em Pirassununga-SP no período de 16/12/2006 a 10/05/2007 em condições de campo com o cultivo do híbrido do milho super precoce GNZ-2005 em Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico férrico. O experimento teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de fertilizante nitrogenado FASN (Fusion Amonium Sulfate Nitrate) comparado na composição químico-bromatológica e algumas características agronomicas da cultura de milho (Zea mays L.) à fontes tradicionais de nitrogênio como nitrato de amônio, uréia e sulfato de amônio, implantado no sistema plantio direto. Foram avaliadas as perdas de nitrogênio por volatilização da amônia, os atributos químicos e físicos do solo, rendimento de grãos (kg ha-1), matéria seca total (%) e análise bromatológica e foliar. A dose de nitrogênio foi 100 kg ha-1 de N em todos os tratamentos, exceto nas testemunhas (T1 e T2), que também receberam 450 kg ha-1 de 8:28:16 + 0,5% de Zn. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos casualizados, com dez tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: T1: Testemunha +Gesso (-N+S), T2: Testemunha absoluta (-N-S), T3: Uréia - 45% N, T4: Uréia + Gesso 14%S, T5: Uréia + sulfato de amônio - 21%N /24%S-(33:00:00+12%S), T6: Nitrato de amônio - 30%N, T7: Nitrato de amônio - 30%N + gesso, T8: Nitrato de amônio + Sulfato de Amônio - 21% N/ 24%S - (27,8:00:00+6%S), T9: Sulfato de amônio, T10: FASN 26%N/14%S. Perdas por volatilização de amônia foram avaliadas em todos os tratamentos de T1 a T10 por meio de coletores semi-abertos estáticos colocados em cada parcela em que se estudou a volatilização. Foram colocadas cinco bases para cada coletor, onde se aplicou as fontes nitrogenadas na dose de 100 kg ha-1 de N. O N-NH3 volatilizado foi retido em espumas embebidas em solução ácida e extraída com solução ácido clorídrico para posterior quantificação das perdas. A avaliação do estado nutricional das plantas, de atributos químicos e físicos do solo, volatilização de amônia, características bromatológicas e a produtividade foram efetuadas em todos os tratamentos. A avaliação do estado nutricional foi feita pela análise química dos teores de nutrientes nas folhas coletadas no florescimento. Atributos químicos do solo foram avaliados por meio de análises laboratoriais de amostras coletadas nas camadas de 0 a 20 e de 20 a 40 cm de profundidade, após a colheita do milho. Dentre das fontes nitrogenadas avaliadas, a uréia implicou em maiores perdas de nitrogênio N-NH3 aos seis dias após aplicação. Com relação ao desempenho geral das fontes de nitrogênio, pode-se constatar que o FASN teve comportamento similar ao do sulfato de amônio e do nitrato de amônio. / O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido no Departamento de Zootecnia da Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos da Universidade de São Paulo FZEA/USP localizada em Pirassununga-SP no período de 16/12/2006 a 10/05/2007 em condições de campo com o cultivo do híbrido do milho super precoce GNZ-2005 em Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico férrico. O experimento teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de fertilizante nitrogenado FASN (Fusion Amonium Sulfate Nitrate) comparado na composição químico-bromatológica e algumas características agronomicas da cultura de milho (Zea mays L.) à fontes tradicionais de nitrogênio como nitrato de amônio, uréia e sulfato de amônio, implantado no sistema plantio direto. Foram avaliadas as perdas de nitrogênio por volatilização da amônia, os atributos químicos e físicos do solo, rendimento de grãos (kg ha-1), matéria seca total (%) e análise bromatológica e foliar. A dose de nitrogênio foi 100 kg ha-1 de N em todos os tratamentos, exceto nas testemunhas (T1 e T2), que também receberam 450 kg ha-1 de 8:28:16 + 0,5% de Zn. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos casualizados, com dez tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: T1: Testemunha +Gesso (-N+S), T2: Testemunha absoluta (-N-S), T3: Uréia - 45% N, T4: Uréia + Gesso 14%S, T5: Uréia + sulfato de amônio - 21%N /24%S-(33:00:00+12%S), T6: Nitrato de amônio - 30%N, T7: Nitrato de amônio - 30%N + gesso, T8: Nitrato de amônio + Sulfato de Amônio - 21% N/ 24%S - (27,8:00:00+6%S), T9: Sulfato de amônio, T10: FASN 26%N/14%S. Perdas por volatilização de amônia foram avaliadas em todos os tratamentos de T1 a T10 por meio de coletores semi-abertos estáticos colocados em cada parcela em que se estudou a volatilização. Foram colocadas cinco bases para cada coletor, onde se aplicou as fontes nitrogenadas na dose de 100 kg ha-1 de N. O N-NH3 volatilizado foi retido em espumas embebidas em solução ácida e extraída com solução ácido clorídrico para posterior quantificação das perdas. A avaliação do estado nutricional das plantas, de atributos químicos e físicos do solo, volatilização de amônia, características bromatológicas e a produtividade foram efetuadas em todos os tratamentos. A avaliação do estado nutricional foi feita pela análise química dos teores de nutrientes nas folhas coletadas no florescimento. Atributos químicos do solo foram avaliados por meio de análises laboratoriais de amostras coletadas nas camadas de 0 a 20 e de 20 a 40 cm de profundidade, após a colheita do milho. Dentre das fontes nitrogenadas avaliadas, a uréia implicou em maiores perdas de nitrogênio N-NH3 aos seis dias após aplicação. Com relação ao desempenho geral das fontes de nitrogênio, pode-se constatar que o FASN teve comportamento similar ao do sulfato de amônio e do nitrato de amônio.
16

A Geochemical Analysis of Fulgurites: from the inner glass to the outer crust

Joseph, Michael L 01 January 2012 (has links)
Cloud-to-ground lightning strikes produce natural glasses on the surface of the Earth, called fulgurites. These natural glasses are tubular in shape with a central void surrounded by an inner glass, and the inner glass is surrounded by an outer crust or toasted region. Previous studies report different kinds of melts existing in several different types of fulgurites; however, little to no chemical data has been collected that tracks chemical variations from the inner glass to the outer crust of a fulgurite. This study uses microprobe and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer analytical techniques to collect transects of chemical composition from the inner glass to the outer crust of eleven fulgurites. Five of the eleven fulgurite samples show a well-mixed, volatile-depleted inner glass, enclosed in a poorly mixed volatile enriched outer melt, suggesting that these fulgurites formed from the vaporization and condensation of materials on the inner fulgurite wall. The remaining six fulgurites show poorly mixed melts in both the inner glass and outer crust regions, and most likely originated as lightning-produced melting phenomena. These data suggest that certain enigmatic natural glasses, such as Edeowie, Dakhleh and other unknown desert glasses, may be lightning-produced, in contrast to the meteorite burst or impact related origins that have commonly been propounded.
17

IMPACT OF VARIABLE RATE SPLIT FERTILIZATION ON CROP PRODUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION IN WILD BLUEBERRY

ABBAS, ASIF 27 March 2014 (has links)
The heavy rainfall, gentle to severe topography with high proportion of bare spots, and weed patches emphasize the need of variable rate split (VRS) fertilization in wild blueberry. Two commercial fields were selected in central Nova Scotia to evaluate the impact of VRS fertilization on ammonia volatilization, subsurface water quality, and crop productivity. Management zones were delineated based on slope variability, and different fertilizer rates were applied using global positioning system (GPS) guided prescription map. Ammonia huts were used to quantify the ammonia volatilization losses, while the lysimeters were installed in the fields to evaluate the impact of different fertilizer treatments on subsurface water quality. The VRS treatment significantly decreased the ammonia volatilization losses and nutrients leaching losses as compared to uniform treatment. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that VRS fertilization in wild blueberry fields could reduce environmental contamination and improve crop productivity.
18

Novel technique for analysing volatile compounds in indoor dust : application of gas chromatography - UV spectrometry to the study of building-related illness /

Nilsson, Anders, January 2004 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2004. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.
19

Tratamento de efluentes gredaos pela lavagem de aeronaves agrícolas e pelo descarte das aplicações aéreas de agrotóxicos / Treatment system of wastewater generated by washing and disposal of aerial applications of pesticides

Furtado, Ricardo Dourado January 2012 (has links)
Esta tese tem como objetivo analisar a eficiência de um sistema de tratamento de efluentes gerados na lavagem de aeronaves agrícolas e pelo descarte dos agrotóxicos não utilizados na aplicação aérea. O sistema é composto por piso de lavagem impermeabilizado, tanque de decantação, sistema de oxidação por ozônio e leito de volatilização. Esta pesquisa foi dividida em duas fases. Na Fase 1, acompanhou-se as campanhas de aplicações aéreas, coletando-se dados como: quantidade de efluente gerado, de água consumida e os agrotóxicos utilizados a fim de gerar informações para o experimento proposto e conhecer o impacto ambiental da aplicação aérea de agrotóxicos. O consumo médio de água foi de 112,8L e a produção de efluente foi de 132,8L, por lavagem. Na Fase 2, realizaram-se análises físicas e químicas, da concentração e da carga dos princípios-ativos dos agrotóxicos do efluente, nas etapas do sistema de tratamento. O efluente foi submetido a duas taxas distintas de ozônio, 1,0 e 2,0 g de O3/hora, para avaliar o grau de degradação pela diferença de concentração.O sistema reduziu as concentrações de Piraclostrobina do efluente em 97%, Epoconazole 98,1%, Imazetapir 92,4%, Imazapic 91,8% e Flufenoxuron 82,8%, para taxa de 1,0 g de O3/hora; e para 2,0 g reduziu a concentração de Piraclostrobina em 85,1%, de Epoconazole 97,1%, Imazetapir 97,1%, Imazapic 94,7% e Flufenoxuron 86,0 %. Com a redução da carga a partir da Amostra 1 (sem o efeito do C.O.), constatou-se redução de Piraclostrobina em 90,8%, de Epoconazole 73,0%, Imazetapir 69,1%, Imazapic 71,5% e Flufenoxuron 44,8%, para taxa de 1,0 g de O3/hora ; e para 2,0 g houve redução de Piraclostrobina em 50,3%, de Epoconazole 59,3%, Imazetapir 80,7%, Imazapic 82,4% e Flufenoxuron 63,2. A Demanda Química de Oxigênio do efluente dos agrotóxicos após completar o tratamento apresentou valores acima do permitido para lançamento no meio ambiente, pela legislação ambiental, principalmente a Resolução CONSEMA 128/2006 que limita em 400 mg de O2/L para vazões inferiores a 20 m3/dia. O Cascade com DQO igual a 2.165,00 mg de O2/L, o Opera 4.191 mg de O2/L, e o Only com 668,50 mg de O2/L. O sistema de tratamento funcionou diminuindo a concentração e a carga dos agrotóxicos e reteve o produto final do tratamento, atendendo as legislações agrícolas e ambientais, e as características econômicas e técnicas das empresas de aviação agrícola. / This thesis aims to analyze the efficiency of a system for treating wastewater generated by the washing of agricultural aircraft and the disposal of unused pesticides in aerial application. The system consists of waterproof floor washing, settling pit tank, oxidation system using ozone and volatilization bed. This study was divided into two phases. In Phase 1, followed up campaigns of aerial applications, collecting data such as: amount of effluent generated, water consumed and the pesticides used to generate informations for the proposed study and know the environmental impact of aerial application of pesticides.The average water consumption was 112.8 L and the production of effluent was 132.8 L by washing.In Phase 2, were done physical and chemical analysis, concentration and charge of the active principles of pesticides in the effluent, in the steps of treatment system.The effluent was subjected to two distinct rates of ozone, 1.0 and 2.0 g O3/hour to assess the degree of degradation by the difference of concentration.The system reduced concentrations of Pyraclostrobin of the effluent in 97%, Epoconazole 98.1%, Imazethapyr 92.4%, Imazapic 91,8% and Flufenoxuron 82.8% for the rate of 1.0 g O3/hour, and to 2.0 g reduced Pyraclostrobin concentration in 85.1% , Epoconazole 97.1%, Imazethapyr 97.1%, Imazapic 94.7% and Flufenoxuron 86.0%.With the reduction of the load from the Sample 1 (without the effect of Sample C.O.), it was found that there was a reduction of Pyraclostrobin in 90.8%, Epoconazole 73.0%, Imazethapyr 69.1%, Imazapic 71,8% and Flufenoxuron 44.8% to rate O3/ hour 1.0 g, and for 2.0 g Pyraclostrobin decreased 50.3%, Epoconazole 59.3%, Imazethapyr 80.7%, Imazapic 82.4% and Flufenoxuron 63.2%. The Chemical Oxygen Demand of effluent pesticides after completing treatment showed values above allowed to release into the environment legislation, especially CONSEMA Resolution 128/2006 limiting at 400 mg O2/L for flows less than 20 m3/day. Cascade equals 2165.00 with COD mg O2/L, Opera 4191 mg O2/L, and Only with 668.50 mg O2/L. The treatment system worked decreasing the concentration and the load of pesticides and retained the final product of the treatment, given the agricultural and environmental legislation, and the economic and technical characteristics of agricultural aviation companies.
20

LATE APPLICATION NITROGEN ON CORN IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS AND SOIL PROPERTIES AFFECTING AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION FROM UREA FERTILIZER

Sunderlage, Brent 01 May 2017 (has links)
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF BRENT C. SUNDERLAGE, for the Master of Science degree in Plant, Soil, and Agricultural Systems, presented on March 8, 2017, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: LATE APPLICATION NITROGEN ON CORN IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS AND SOIL PROPERTIES AFFECTING AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION FROM UREA FERTILIZER MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Rachel L. Cook In corn (Zea mays L.) production systems, typical nitrogen fertilization occurs either before planting or after crop emergence, as late as the V6 stage. Since the majority of nitrogen uptake does not occur until V10 through R1, delaying nitrogen fertilization until V10 may reduce potential for early season soil N transformations and losses, while sustaining crop yields. A two-year study, conducted across three southern Illinois locations, evaluated the effects of various late sidedress nitrogen applications and enhanced efficiency fertilizers on corn yield and residual mineral soil N. The various nitrogen treatments compared: rates from 0-224 kg N ha-1; sources of urea and 32% UAN, with and without urease inhibitors 0.09% N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) as Agrotain® Ultra (AT) and 0.06% NBPT + 0.02% N-(n-propyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NPPT) as Limus® (L), and polymer-coated urea (ESN®); application timings at planting, V6, V10, and VT; placement either dribble applied, broadcasted, or injected. Across sites and years, late (V10) nitrogen split applications generally resulted in corn yields greater than or equal to the same total nitrogen rate applied at planting. Most late N treatment differences varied between sites and years, but 56 kg N ha-1 as broadcasted UAN at planting with 112 kg N ha-1 as broadcasted urea, either with or without AT or L at V10 were on average highest yielding treatments among sites in both years, with 16% greater yield than 168 kg N ha-1 as broadcasted UAN at planting. Urease inhibitors did not enhance yield in most instances, likely due to sufficient incorporating rainfall shortly after application. The effects of urease inhibitors used with late-application nitrogen on corn yield and actual ammonia volatilization remained ambiguous. Residual soil mineral nitrogen concentrations between 0-30 cm after harvest in the late nitrogen treatments did not elicit water quality concerns. Furthermore, ammonia volatilization from surface applied urea is controlled by many interrelated soil properties as well as environmental conditions. However, conclusions about the influence of soil properties on ammonia volatilization differ according to geographies and are not well established across a wide range of soil types. A laboratory soil incubation experiment measured the effects of soil properties on ammonia volatilization over 7 days from surface-applied urea and the efficacy of three urease inhibitors: Agrotain® Ultra (AT) as 0.09% NBPT, Limus® (L) as 0.06% NBPT + 0.02% NPPT, and NutriSphere-N® (NS) 30% calcium salt of maleic-itaconic copolymer among 83 soil surface samples from across the United States with a wide range of soil properties. The soil properties evaluated were: total exchange capacity, 1:1 CaCl2 pH, organic matter, buffering capacity, clay content, and urease activity. In Urea (R2 = 0.69) and Urea + NS (R2 = 0.62) models, total exchange capacity, clay, and buffering capacity significantly reduced ammonia volatilization, and organic matter significantly increased ammonia volatilization, while 1:1 CaCl2 pH and urease activity were non-significant. Clay, organic matter, and buffering capacity were correlated to total exchange capacity. Total exchange capacity was the strongest predictor and best consolidated variable to predict N loss of urea. In Urea + AT (R2 = 0.54) and Urea + L (R2 = 0.67) models, ammonia volatilization was significantly reduced at lower 1:1 CaCl2 pH and total exchange capacity, and all other soil properties were non-significant. The NBPT in Urea + AT and Urea + L likely decayed more rapidly under acidic soil conditions, resulting reduced NBPT efficacy and greater N loss at lower pH. Urea + AT and Urea + L reduced volatilization significantly by 18.2 percentage points compared to Urea or Urea + NS, and there were no significant differences between Urea + AT and Urea + L (α = 0.05). On average, NutriSphere-N® did not reduce volatilization.

Page generated in 0.088 seconds