The sialyltransferase family is a group of enzymes that transfer sialic acid from donor CMP-Neu5Ac onto suitable carbohydrate chains of glycoproteins and glycolipids. In vertebrates, sialylation is implicated in many physiological and pathobiological processes, including nervous and immune system development and functioning, pathogen-host interaction, cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis. However, the complexity of the sialylation pathway and limitation of genetic and in vivo approaches interferes with functional analyses in mammalian organisms. We use Drosophila because of its simplified physiology and reduced genetic redundancy to characterize the evolutionarily conserved function of sialylation and to reveal its relationship to the role of sialic acids in humans. This dissertation focuses primarily on Drosophila sialyltransferase, DSIAT, so far the only sialyltransferase described in protostomes. Gene targeting of the DSIAT endogenous locus with a DSIAT-HA tagged version uncovered its remarkably dynamic stage- and cell-specific expression. I found that the expression of DSIAT is developmentally regulated and is restricted to motor neurons and cholinergic interneurons within the central nervous system of Drosophila. To reveal the role of DSIAT in development and functioning of fly nervous system I performed characterization of neurological phenotypes of DSIAT knockout flies, also generated by gene targeting approach. I observed that DSIAT mutant larvae are sluggish and have abnormal neuromuscular junction (NMJ) morphology. Electrophysiological analysis of mutant larval NMJ showed altered evoked NMJ activity. It was also observed that DSIAT knockout adult flies are paralyzed when are exposed to higher temperatures. Longevity assays showed that DSIAT adult mutants have significantly reduced life span. I used genetic interaction analysis to identify possible sialylated targets in Drosophila and found that ?-subunit of voltage gated sodium channel is a potential sialylated protein in the fly nervous system. All these data strongly supports the hypothesis that DSIAT plays an important role for neural transmission and development in Drosophila. This research work establishes Drosophila as a useful model system to study sialylation which may shed light on related biological functions in higher organisms including humans.

No description available.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / While most cases of epilepsy respond well to common antiepileptic drugs, many genetically-driven epilepsies are refractory to conventional antiepileptic drugs. Over 250 mutations in the Nav1.2 gene (SCN2A) have been implicated in otherwise idiopathic cases of epilepsy, many of which are refractory to traditional antiepileptic drugs. Few of these mutations have been studied in vitro to determine their biophysical effects on the channels, which could reveal why the effects of some are refractory to traditional antiepileptic drugs. The goal of this dissertation was to characterize multiple epilepsy mutations in the SCN2A gene, which I hypothesized would have distinct biophysical effects on the channel’s function. I used patch-clamp electrophysiology to determine the biophysical effects of three SCN2A epilepsy mutations (R1882Q, R853Q, and L835F). Wild-type (WT) or mutant human SCN2A cDNAs were expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells and subjected to a panel of electrophysiological assays. I predicted that the net effect of each of these mutations was enhancement of channel function; my results regarding the L835F and R1882Q mutations supported this hypothesis. Both mutations enhance persistent current, and R1882Q also impairs fast inactivation. However, examination of the same parameters for the R853Q mutation suggested a decrease of channel function. I hypothesized that the R853Q mutation creates a gating pore in the channel structure through which sodium leaks into the cell when the channel is in its resting conformation. This hypothesis was supported by electrophysiological data from Xenopus oocytes, which showed a significant voltage-dependent leak current at negative potentials when they expressed the R853Q mutant channels. This was absent in oocytes expressing WT channels. Overall, these results suggest that individual mutations in the SCN2A gene generate epilepsy via distinct biophysical effects that may require novel and/or tailored pharmacotherapies for effective management.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, 2010. / Title from screen (viewed on April 1, 2010). Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): Theodore R. Cummins, Grant D. Nicol, Gerry S. Oxford, Andy Hudmon, John H. Schild. Includes vitae. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 232-266).

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are transmembrane proteins responsible for the initiation of action potentials in excitable tissues by selectively allowing Na+ to flow through the cell membrane. VGSC subtype Nav1.7 is highly expressed in nociceptive (pain-sensing) neurons. It has recently been shown that individuals lacking the Nav1.7 subtype do not experience pain but otherwise function normally. In addition, dysfunction of Nav1.7 caused by point mutations in the channel is involved in two inherited pain disorders, primary erythromelalgia (PE) and paroxysmal extreme pain disorder (PEPD). This indicates Nav1.7 is a very important component in nociception. The aims of this dissertation were to 1) investigate if the antipsychotic drug, trifluoperazine (TFP), could modulate Nav1.7 current; 2) examine changes in Nav1.7 properties produced by the PE mutation N395K including sensitivity to the local anesthetic (LA), lidocaine; and 3) determine how different inactivated conformations of Nav1.7 affect lidocaine inhibition on the channel using PEPD mutations (I1461T and T1464I) that alter transitions between the different inactivated configurations of Nav1.7. Standard whole-cell electrophysiology was used to determine electrophysiological and pharmacological changes in WT and mutant sodium currents. Results from this dissertation demonstrate 1) TFP inhibits Nav1.7 channels through the LA interaction site; 2) the N395K mutation alters electrophysiological properties of Nav1.7 and decreases channel sensitivity to the local anesthetic lidocaine; and 3) lidocaine stabilizes Nav1.7 in a configuration that decreases transition to the slow inactivated state of the channel. Overall, this dissertation answers important questions regarding the pharmacology of Nav1.7 and provides insight into the changes in Nav1.7 channel properties caused by point mutations that may contribute to abnormal pain sensations. The results of this dissertation on the function and pharmacology of the Nav1.7 channel are crucial to the understanding of pain pathophysiology and will provide insight for the advancement of pain management therapies.

No description available.

Voltage-gated sodium channels are composed of pore-forming α-subunits, and modulatory and multifunctional associated β subunits. While much of the field of cardiac electrophysiology and pathology has focused on treating and preventing cardiac arrhythmias by targeting the α subunit, there is also evidence that targeting the β subunits, particularly SCN1B, the gene that encodes β1 and an alternatively spliced variant β1B, has therapeutic potential. The first attempt at targeting the β1 subunit was with the generation of and treatment with an SCN1B Ig domain mimetic peptide βadp1. Here we describe further investigation into the function and mode-of-action of both βadp1 and novel peptides derived from the original βadp1 sequence. We find that in a heterologous expression system βadp1 initially disrupts β1-mediated trans-homophilic adhesion, but after approximately 30 hours eventually increases adhesion. Novel mimetic dimers increase β1 adhesion up to 48 hours post-treatment. Furthermore, it appears that βadp1 may increase β1 adhesion by upregulating the intramembrane proteolysis of β1, a process which has important downstream implications and effects on translation. Despite these exciting findings, we were unable to translate them into a primary culture of cardiac cells with endogenous expression of β1 because we found that both neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and isolated adult mouse cardiomyocytes do not express β1 at detectable levels, whereas they do appear to express β1B. In summary, we show exciting findings on the function and mode-of-action of SCN1B mimetic peptides and their therapeutic potential in targeting the β1 subunit, but further work is needed to determine the translatability of our findings to in vivo models and eventually to humans. / Doctor of Philosophy / Voltage-gated sodium channels have two main parts: the pore-forming α-subunits and the modulatory β subunits. Most research in heart function and issues has focused on fixing problems with the α subunit. However, there's evidence that working on the β subunits, specifically the SCN1B gene that makes β1 and another version called β1B, could be helpful. Previously, researchers used a peptide that is designed exactly like a part of β1, called βadp1, to target the β1 subunit. In our study, we explore more about how βadp1 works and test new peptides based on βadp1. We found that βadp1 initially disrupts trans-homophilic adhesion, where 2 β1 subunits interact with each other across the space between 2 cells, but after about 30 hours, it actually increases adhesion. New mimetic dimers also boost adhesion up to 48 hours later. It seems like βadp1 might enhance adhesion by triggering a process called intramembrane proteolysis of β1, which has important effects on translation. Despite these exciting findings, we couldn't confirm the presence of this protein in heart cells because we discovered that certain heart cells don't have enough β1, although they do have β1B. In conclusion, our study shows promising results about how SCN1B mimetic peptides work and their potential for treating arrhythmia. However, more research is needed to see if these findings apply to real-life situations and eventually to help people with cardiac conduction abnormalities.

Sulfatide is a galactolipid and a major lipid component of the myelin sheath. Its production is catalyzed by the enzyme cerebroside sulfotransferase (CST). To determine the functions of sulfatide, the gene encoding CST was genetically disrupted resulting in mice incapable of sulfatide synthesis. Using these mice, it has been shown in the central nervous system (CNS) that sulfatide is essential for normal myelin synthesis and stability even though the onset of myelination is not impaired. Additionally, proper initial clustering of paranodal proteins and cluster maintenance of nodal proteins is impaired suggesting that paranodal domains are important for long-term node stability. In contrast to the CNS, a requirement for sulfatide in the initiation of myelination, and in initiation of paranodal and nodal clustering or in the long-term maintenance of these clusters in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has not been analyzed. Therefore, we have employed a combination of electron microscopic, immunocytochemical, and confocal microscopic analyses of the CST KO mice to determine the role of sulfatide in PNS myelination and onset of protein domain formation and maintenance. For these studies we have quantified myelin thickness, paranodal structural integrity, and the number of paranodal and nodal protein clusters in the CST KO and wild type mice at 4 days, 7 days, and 10 months of age. Our findings indicate that myelination onset is not delayed in the absence of sulfatide and that both the node and paranode are grossly normal; however, closer analysis reveals that paranodal junctions are compromised, Schwann cell microvilli are disoriented and the myelin-axon interface along the internodal region is transiently disrupted. In addition, we report that the paranodal myelin protein neurofascin 155 (Nfasc155) shows a transient decrease in initial clustering in the CST null mice at 4 days of age that is restored to WT levels by 7 days of age that is also maintained in the adult mice. Whereas nodal clustering of neuronal voltage-gated sodium channels is initially normal, cluster number is significantly but also transiently reduced by 7 days of age. By 10 months of age, the number of sodium channel clusters is restored to normal levels. In contrast, clustering of neither the paranodal neuronal protein contactin nor the myelin nodal protein gliomedin is altered at any of the ages studied. Together our findings suggest that sulfatide is not essential for PNS myelination or for protein domain formation in contrast to its more vital role in the development and maintenance of the CNS.

<p>Fibroblast growth factor homologous factors (FHFs) are noncanonical members of the fibroblast growth factor family (FGFs, FGF11-FGF14) that bind directly to voltage gated sodium channels (VGSCs), thereby regulating channel activity and consequently neuronal excitability. Mutations in FGF14 cause spinocerebellar ataxia while FGF13 is a candidate for X-linked mental retardation. Since FGF13 and FGF14 are nearly identical within their respective VGSC-interacting domains, those distinct pathological consequences have generally been attributed to regional differences in expression. I have shown that FGF13 and FGF14 have non-overlapping subcellular distributions and biological roles even in hippocampal neurons where both are prominent. While both FHFs are abundant in the axon initial segment (AIS), only FGF13 is observed within the soma and dendrites. shRNA knockdown and rescue strategies showed that FGF14 regulates axonal VGSCs, while FGF13 only affects VGSCs in the somatodendritic compartment. Thus, FGF13 and FGF14 have nonredundant roles in hippocampal neurons, with FGF14 acting as an AIS-dominant positive regulator and FGF13 serving as a somatodendritic negative regulator. Both of these FHFs also perform important non-VGSC regulatory roles. FGF14 is a novel potassium channel regulator, which binds to KCNQ2 and regulates both localization and function. FGF14 is also capable of serving as a “bridge” between VGSCs and KCNQ2 thus implicating it as a broad organizer of the AIS. FGF13, on the other hand is involved in a new form of neuronal plasticity called axon initial segment structural plasticity. Knockdown of FGF13 impairs AIS structural plasticity and reduces L-type CaV current through channels known to be important to this new form of plasticity. Both of these novel non-VGSC roles are specific to the FHF in question because FGF13 does not regulate KCNQ2 whereas FGF14 knockdown does not affect AIS position. These data imply wider roles for FHFs in neuronal regulation that may contribute to differing roles in neural disease.</p> / Dissertation

Submitted by Ana Damasceno (ana.damasceno@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-09-13T20:01:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Investigação bioquímica e eletrofisiológica da atividade neurotóxica da urease de Canavalia Ensiformis sobre o sistema nervoso de mamíferos.pdf: 4036702 bytes, checksum: 7c0fc1ca67b3af15c724790f838de2ed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-13T20:01:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Investigação bioquímica e eletrofisiológica da atividade neurotóxica da urease de Canavalia Ensiformis sobre o sistema nervoso de mamíferos.pdf: 4036702 bytes, checksum: 7c0fc1ca67b3af15c724790f838de2ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / A urease de Canavalia ensiformis (Jack Bean Urease, JBU) possui uma cadeia polipeptídica de 90.770 kDa, com 840 resíduos de aminoácidos. Do ponto de vista biotecnológico, já foram caracterizadas suas ações fungicida e inseticida. Quando administrada na corrente sanguínea de mamíferos, esta, induz convulsões que culminam em morte dos animais, um efeito cujo mecanismo de ação ainda carece de investigação. O objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar os padrões eletrofisiológicos da JBU no sistema nervoso central e periférico de roedores in vivo e in vitro, e as correlações bioquímicas em termos de viabilidade celular e exocitose do L-glutamato. Nos ensaios bioquímicos, verificou-se aumento na liberação de L-glutamato em sinaptossomas corticais de ratos na concentração de 100 nM. Os ensaios de viabilidade celular por MTT em fatias de hipocampo de camundongos não demonstraram alterações. Nos ensaios eletrofisiológicos, verificou-se redução significativa na amplitude do potencial de ação composto (CAP) de nervo ciático de camundongo, nas doses de 1 e 10 nM. Nos ensaios eletroencefalográficos em ratos a injeção da urease (10nM) no hipocampo induziu um traçado de espícula-onda. A redução na amplitude do CAP provavelmente está relacionada a uma inibição dos canais de sódio voltagem-dependentes, já que a administração posterior de tetrodotoxina, não aumentou o nível de bloqueio da condução. Nossos resultados demonstram um efeito excitatório da JBU do tipo crise de ausência sobre o sistema nervoso central de mamíferos. Este resultado sugere o envolvimento dos canais de Ca2+ do tipo T nos efeitos excitatórios da JBU. O bloqueio da condução do nervo ciático de camundongos sugere o envolvimento de canais de Na+ voltagem dependentes, o qual corroboraria a atividade excitatória da urease sobre o sistema nervoso central de mamíferos. / The Canavalia ensiformis urease (Jack Bean Urease) has a 90,770 kDa, polypeptide containing 840 aminoacid residues. JBU is known to exhibit insecticidal and fungicidal activities. When administered endovenously in mammalians, it induces tonic clonic convulsions culminating in the death of the animals. This mechanisms involved in the excitatory activity of JBU has not been elucidated so far. In this work, we sought to investigate the central and peripheral electrophysiological patterns of Jack Bean Urease in rodents, in vivo and in vitro, as well as the biochemical correlation of cell viability and glutamate release. In the biochemical assays, JBU induced increase in L-Glutamate release in rat cortical sinaptossomes, with no alteration of mice hippocampal cell viability. The electrophysiological assays, showed that JBU induce a significant decrease on mice sciatic nerve compound action potentials (CAP), and spike-wave discharges (SWD) similar to “petit mal” seizures when injected directly in the hippocampus (10 nM). The decrease in CAP amplitude is related to a blockage of voltage-gated sodium channels, since it was not affected by the concomitant application of tetrodotoxin. Our results show that JBU exerts an effect of spike wave discharges-like activity over the mammalian central nervous system. This later result suggests an involvement of T-type voltage gated calcium channels in the excitatory activity of JBU. The blockade of mouse sciatic nerve compound action potential conduction corroborates the excitatory activity of the urease upon the mammalian central nervous system.