Makala haya yanaangazia uhakiki wa usimulizi, mazingira, onomastiki ya wahusika na maudhui katika riwaya ya Paradiso (2005) ya John Habwe kwa kuzingatia madhumuni na kanuni za nadharia ya uhalisia wa kifasihi. Yanaonesha jinsi nadharia ya uhalisia ama uhalisiamamboleo wa kifasihi inavyoafikiana na dhamira ya riwaya ya kukosoa maovu yanayotendeka katika asasi za kidini za Kikristo katika jamii ya leo. Uhakiki huu unadhihirisha yafuatayo: usimulizi wa nafsi ya tatu; upana wa maudhui ya kukosoa matatizo ya kijamii mbali na maudhui makuu ya kukosoa unafiki wa viongozi na waumini wa kanisa; mazingira yenye majina halisi; na uteuzi wa majina ya wahusika kwa kuzingatia vipengele anuwai vya onomastiki. Yote haya yanachangia kuiainisha Paradiso kama riwaya changamano ya uhalisia wa kifasihi. / This article analyses narration, setting, onomastics of characters and themes in the novel Paradiso (2005) by John Habwe by considering the objectives and tenets of the theory of literary realism. It shows how the style of literary realism or neo-realism concurs with the overarching theme and concern of the novel of criticizing misdeeds in religious institutions of the Christian faith in contemporary society. This nterpretation sheds light on the following aspects: third person point of view; a wide thematic array of social critique apart from the main theme of criticising the hypocrisy of leaders and followers of the church; a setting consisting of real-life names; and a diverse choice of characters’ names according to different aspects of onomastics. All these aspects contribute to the classification of Paradiso as a sophisticated novel of literary realism.

Makala hii inachambua sitiari katika Kichomi, diwani ya kwanza ya marehemu Euphrase Kezilahabi. Mashairi yaliyochunguzwa yanahusika na dhamira tatu za kijumla: maana ya maisha, udhalimu wa kikoloni, na hali ya sasa ya Afrika. Mashairi yanayochambuliwa ni: “Nimechoka”, “Mwamba Ziwani”, “Fungueni Mlango”, na “Kisu Mkononi” (dhamira ya “maana ya maisha”); “Hadithi ya Mzee” (dhamira ya “udhalimu wa kikoloni”); “Afrika na Watu Wake”, “Kumbe”, na “Namagondo” (hali ya sasa ya Afrika). Mashairi haya yako kwenye muundo usiofuata urari wa vina na mizani. Lengo la makala hii si kufanya uchambuzi wa kina bali ni kuonyesha kuwa sitiari ni mbinu ya msingi ya mshairi katika kuwasilisha maana na mtazamo wake katika dhamira kadhaa. Nimeteua mashairi hayo tu ili kudhihirisha mbinu ya kisitiari katika dhamira zilizotajwa. Uchambuzi wa sitiari umezingatia mkabala wa kisemantiki unaotambua vipengele vitatu katika muundo wa sitiari: kifananishi, kitajwa na kiungo (taz. Richards 1936; Leech 1969). Hitimisho muhimu ni kwamba sitiari ni mbinu inayoyawezesha mashairi hayo kuchanuza mawazo na hisia kwa uwazi na athari nzito. / This article analyses metaphors in Kichomi, the first collection of poems by the late Euphrase Kezilahabi. The poems analysed deal with the following main themes: the meaning of life, colonial oppression, and the current state of Africa. The poems under discussion are: “Nimechoka” (I Am Tired), “Mwamba Ziwani” (Rock in Lake), “Fungueni Mlango” (Open the Door), na “Kisu Mkononi” (Knife in Hand; theme: meaning of life); “Hadithi ya Mzee” (An Old Man’s Tale) (theme: colonial oppression); “Afrika na Watu Wake” (Africa and Its People), “Kumbe” (That’s Why ), and “Namagondo” (Namagondo; theme: current state of Africa). The structure of these poems does not follow the conventional rules of metre and rhyme. The aim of this article is not a thorough analysis, but to show that metaphor is a fundamental device for the poet to present meaning and his view concerning a variety of themes. I have selected these poems only in order to make the device of metaphor clear concerning the mentioned themes. The analysis proceeds on a semantic approach which recognizes three aspects of metaphor: vehicle, tenor and ground (cf. Richards (1936); Leech (1969:153-56)). An important conclusion is that metaphor is a device which enables the poems to evoke thoughts and feelings in a candid manner and with a deep impact.

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In Arabic inna wa-aḫawātu-hā ‘inna and its related sisters’ are traditionally considered as verb-like particles. They are specified as introducing equational sentences and change their constituents’ case to a different pattern from what verbs do. Therefore, they are called nawāsiḫ in Arabic, or words that cause a shift to the accusative case (Ryding 2005). The medieval grammarians’ treatment of inna and its sisters as verb-like particles and of the equational sentence in general is based on the theory of ‘amal, ‘government’ which Sībawayhi has described it in his book Al-kitab. The theory presumes a grammatical operation (‘amal) in which an operator (‘āmil) assigns to a unique operand (ma’mūl) a grammatical function (Carter, 1973, 151). However, in modern linguistics, government is realized as a syntactic relation that imposes case agreement between the syntactic elements in the sentential structure. And this structure has a deep representation and surface representation. The Medieval treatment for the equational sentence introduced by inna is problematic, because it attributes to inna a verbal power to resolve the issue of the case assignment to the equational sentence which lacks an overt syntactic operator. Modern approaches to equational sentence differ totally from the traditional account. Some modern approaches propose a copula for the equational sentence; this copula is either covert or deleted. Other modern approaches propose a tense projection in deep structure that determines an equational sentence’s surface form. Neither sort of approach gives a reasonable explanation for the case assignment pattern, for the general properties of equational sentences, or for the status of inna. In this study, I propose a new approach focusing on the role of semantics in the assignment of case in equational sentences in Arabic. My hypothesis is based on a new interpretation to Sībawayhi’s description of the ‘ibtida’ sentence; according to this new interpretation ibtida’ is not a syntactic operator but rather a semantic one. I also propose that a sentence’s syntactic properties are sensitive to its semantic MODE, a specification of whether it expresses a topic-based proposition; or an event-based proposition. My new hypothesis is intended to apply to all varieties of Arabic including Classical Arabic, and Modern Standard Arabic, as well as the regional dialects of Arabic.

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The Va nationality, despite its small population compared to other nationalities in China, has preserved most of its traditions largely due to limits placed by historical circumstances and geographical isolation. To non-Chinese anthropologists, the Va people still remain unknown, as there is little or no information about them in English or other Western languages. One of the purposes of this study is to narrow this gap by presenting an ethnographic description of the Va, giving them a place in the world anthropological studies. Since the Va have retained their own cultural characteristics, their societal development has been rather slow. Part of the reason for this slow development is inherent in the basic nature of Va culture, and part of it lies in misguided administrative policies and programs. This study proposes ways to help the Va make progress toward development without destroying their culture and examines several possible ways of modifying or revamping government policy and programs directed toward the Va people. / Graduation date: 1992

En este trabajo se estudian los parámetros de obtención de tableros sin aporte de adhesivos, a partir de materiales lignocelulósicoscomo son la caña común (Arundodonax L.) y el bagazo de SaccharumofficinarumL. Los tableros propuestos aportan como ventaja el estar libres de emisiones de formaldehído y el no consumir recursos fósiles. Ambas propiedades son importantes en un mercado cada vez más exigente en aspectos medioambientales. En el caso del “ArundodonaxL” se ha partido de cañas silvestres de Tarragona. El bagazo de Saccharumofficinarum utilizado es el subproducto industrial de una destilería de la Isla de la Palma (Canarias). El material crudo ha sido pretratado realizando una “explosión de vapor” en un reactor “batch” a distintas condiciones de severidad. Este material explosionado se ha triturado y prensado en frío de dos formas (en seco y en húmedo). Posteriormente, los tableros prensados en frío y acondicionados a temperatura y HR constantes se han prensado en caliente a diferentes niveles de presión, temperatura y tiempo de prensado. En el proceso de producción a escala de laboratorio de los tableros, se han mejorado algunas de las fases seguidas como el prensado, introduciendo mallas de evacuación de vapor; y se han innovado otros, como la incorporación del prensado en frío y el tratamiento térmico final después de la conformación en caliente. Todo ello para mejorar la homogeneidad y obtener tableros de altas prestaciones mecánicas con estosmateriales. Se ha podido estudiar el efecto de los distintos factores que intervienen en la producción de tableros (Severidad del pretratamiento, temperatura de prensado, presión de prensado y tiempo de prensado), sobre las características físicas y mecánicas de estos tableros(Densidad, MOE, MOR, IB, TS y WA). Con ello se han obtenido las relaciones matemáticas que vinculan a estos factores de producción con las características físicas y mecánicas de los tableros. Puede ser muy importante para la industria el hecho de que los modelos ajustados definidos nos pueden permitir obtener tableros con características prefijadas. También se ha valorado la utilización de material integro explosionado y no lavado y, por tanto, sin ningún lixiviado ni residuo. Los tableros cumplen sobradamente los requerimientos de las norma EN para uso estructural, en todas las características físico-mecánicas estudiadas. Abreviaturas: HR Humedad relativa MOE Módulo de elasticidad en flexión o Módulo de Young MOR Módulo de rotura o Resistencia a la flexión IB Resistencia a la tracción perpendicular a las caras (Internal Bond) TS Hinchamiento WA Absorción de agua / This work studies the parameters for obtaining binderless fiberboards from lignocelullosic materials such as giant reed (Arundodonax L.) and sugar cane bagasse (Saccharumofficinarum L.) The suggested boards havethe advantage of being free from formaldehyde emissions and of not consuming fossil resources. Both properties are important in a market that is increasingly sensitivetowards environmental issues. Wild reeds from Tarragona were used as the base material to make Arundodonax Lfiberboards. The Saccharumoffinarumsugar cane bagasse was anindustrial byproduct obtained from a plantation on the island ofLa Palma in the Canary Islands (DestileríasAldea SL). The raw material was pre-treated by performing a “steam explosion” in a “batch” reactor. The exploded material was ground and cold-pressed in two ways (wet and dry). Subsequently, the cold-pressed boards, which had beenconditioned at a constant temperature and RH, were hot-pressed at different levels of pressure, temperature and press time. Some of the processes for producing boards on a laboratory-scale,such as pressing withsteam evacuation meshes, have been improved. Others processes were specifically developed in the laboratory, including the incorporation of cold-pressing and the final heat treatment after hot-forming. The aim of all this was to achieve high mechanical performance in boards made from these materials. Different factors involved in the production of the boards were studied (severity of pretreatment, pressing temperature, pressing pressure and pressing time) to determine how they affectthe physical and mechanical properties of these boards (density, MOE, MOR, IB, TS and WA). As a result, the mathematical relationships that link these production factors to the physical and mechanical properties of the boards were obtained. It is very significant for the industry that these adjusted models can produce boards with preset characteristics. The use of material that wascompletely exploded and unwashed and, therefore, without residue has also been studied. In terms of all the physical-mechanical characteristics studied,the boards fully comply with the requirements of the EN standards for structural use. Abbreviations RHRelativehumidity MOE Modulus of elasticity MOR Modulus of rupture IB Internal bond TS Thicknessswelling WA Water absorption

Thesis (M.S.W.)--University of Hong Kong, 1980.

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