Background: Many HIV/AIDS patients experience pain. This is often associated with advanced HIV/AIDS infection and side effects of treatment. In sub-Saharan Africa, pain management for people with HIV/AIDS is suboptimal. With survival extended as a direct consequence of improved access to antiretroviral therapy, the prevalence of HIV/AIDS related pain is increasing. As most care is provided at home, the management of pain requires patient and family involvement. Pain education is an important aspect in the management of pain in HIV/AIDS patients. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a pain educational intervention on pain severity and pain related outcomes among patients with HIV/AIDS and their family carers. Methods: Two systematic reviews were conducted: (1) to examine the evidence base of the effectiveness of educational interventions delivered to people living with HIV/AIDS on pain severity, pain interference, quality of life, knowledge of pain management, and (2) To examine the evidence base of the effectiveness of educational interventions delivered to their family carers on knowledge of pain management, quality of life and carer motivation. A randomised controlled trial was conducted at the HIV and palliative care clinics of two public hospitals in Malawi. To be eligible, patient participants had a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS (stage III or IV). Carer participants were individuals most involved in the patient’s unpaid care. Eligible participants were randomised to either: (1) a 30-minute face–to-face educational intervention covering pain assessment and management, augmented by a leaflet and follow-up telephone call at two weeks; or (2) usual care. Those allocated to the usual care group receive the educational intervention after follow-up assessments had been conducted (wait-list control group). The primary outcome was average pain severity measured by the Brief Pain Inventory. Secondary outcomes were pain interference, patient knowledge of pain management, patient quality of life. Carer outcomes were; carer knowledge of pain management, caregiver motivation and carer quality of life. Follow-up assessments were conducted eight weeks after randomisation by nurses’ blind to allocation. Results: Systematic review Eight published randomised controlled trials of educational interventions among patients with HIV/AIDS were identified. Only one study examined the effect on pain severity but the results were not statistically significant. Three studies reported positive effects in improving severity and frequency of symptoms, three reported improvement in quality of life and two studies found improvement in knowledge. Seven published studies of family carers of HIV/AIDS patients were identified. Only three of which were randomised controlled trials. Five of these reported that educational interventions were effective in reducing psychosocial outcomes. Two studies reported that the interventions improved knowledge outcomes among family carers of HIV/AIDS patients. Trial Of the 182 patients/carers dyads randomised; 167 patients and 157 carers completed the trial. At follow-up, patients in the intervention group experienced a greater decrease in average pain severity score 21.25 (mean difference 21.25, 95% confidence interval 16.7 to 25.8; P <0.001). Patients in the intervention group reported, less pain interference (mean difference 24.5, 95% confidence interval 19.61 to 29.38; P<0.001), had improved knowledge of pain management (mean difference 20.39, 95% confidence interval 17.51 to 23.27; P<0.001), and a better quality of life (mean difference 28.76, 95% confidence interval 24.62 to 32.91; P<0.001). At follow-up carers in the intervention group had improved knowledge (mean difference 20.32, 95% confidence interval 17.37 to 23.28; P<0.001), greater motivation (mean difference 7.64, 95% confidence interval 5.15 to 10.13; P<0.001) and better quality of life (mean difference 34.16, 95% confidence interval 30.15 to 38.17; P<0.001). Conclusion: Current evidence of educational interventions among HIV/AIDS and family carers on pain severity is inconclusive and based on a relatively small number of studies, many of which have methodological problems. A relatively simple form of pain education is effective in reducing pain and improving outcomes for patients with HIV/AIDS and their carers. Greater attention needs to be given to incorporating this into the routine care of people with HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN72861423.

This study examines Mologadi Ngwana’ Magolego Sepedi tale Mo_emane wa moimana as an example of fantasy. Fantasy as a genre creates a headache for theorists, because they struggle to distinguish this genre from other types of narratives. One theorist, Rottensteiner (1978:8), sees all narratives as fantasies. He admits that this creates a problem, since not all narratives are fiction. This problem is exacerbated by the fact that narratives broadly represent the thoughts of an author. If the definition of fantasy is too broad, everything that comes from the mind of an author can be seen as an imaginary text, in other words, a fantasy. Butler’s (2006) description of fantasy is narrower, explaining that the concept of fantasy is broader than other tales. This is because it is influenced by traditional fairy tales and by modern scientific fiction (Butler 2006:75). By contrast, Day (1984:277) suggests that in many cases, fantasy can be related to myth. This highlights how broad descriptions of the genre can be, and may lead to some confusion if fantasy is confused with other types of narratives which contain elements of myth. Furthermore, he sees the genre as important because it pushes the boundaries of the human imagination. According to Luckens (1995:27), fantasy often relies on magic and miracles. This argument is also problematic, considering that many fairy tales also contain magic and miracles. Sutherland (1991:247) makes the dubious claim that the actions of a fantasy can never be repeated and supports this claim with the argument that the actions may be truthful as they have a sequence. The argument of the theorists above indicates that they do not distinguish clearly between fantasy and other genres of narratives. This is the problem to be resolved in this study. This study directly investigated the plot of a fantasy, Mo_emane wa moimana, because it is important to demonstrate that the plot of a fantasy has specific elements (parts). These elements must be classified according to their importance. The elements found in the plot of a fantasy are the ones that justify the classification of this genre as this type of literature. To reach this justification, the study focused on three objectives. The first was to explain the plot of a fantasy, taking into consideration the content, the plot and the style. The second was to distinguish fantasy from other forms of folklore. The third was to call for the preservation of this kind of literature because there are so few in Sepedi. There was a need to conduct this investigation with an in-depth focus on a Sepedi tale to develop Sepedi folklore. Aside from the problem of the different views of literary theorists, another reason to conduct research on this topic is that thus far, investigations into such tales have failed to perform critical analysis. The research was therefore conducted by critically analysing one Sepedi fantasy (because of the magnitude of the investigation), while focusing on important distinctive features of the plot of that fantasy, Mo_emane wa moimana to demonstrate the power of miracles (and magic) in the plot and style of this tale. To resolve this problem of whether this story is a fantasy or a fairy tale, this study followed the following research methods: define, interpret and compare. The study also adopted narratology theory. This theory is directly linked to the plot of the text, and does not focus on the author. It is also important in helping to explain the distinction between these two types of narratives, because various types of narratives (including essays or short stories of various kinds) may wrongly be seen as fairy tales. The contents of a short story may show events that have never happened in reality, but are in a world of possibilities of such actions. Even though a fairy tale does not narrate the literal truth, it is literature, because this genre has all the characteristics of literature, namely content, a plot and style, as well as characters, a reader/listener and an author/narrator. The function of the reader/listener of a fairy tale is not to identify ‘mistakes’, but to enjoy the narration, and to realise the depth that the author/narrator has to create the tale. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / African Languages / PhD / Unrestricted

Analysen visar hur tre olika filmer representerar staden Tokyos stadsliv. Hur deras representation skiljer sig från varandra, och hur de är lika varandra. Två scener har valts ut från varje film. Fokus är att se vilken roll stadslivet spelar i filmerna men också för att analysera stadslivet. Bakgrundskaraktärerna har en central roll, hur de agerar och vilken mening de har i skildringen. Resultatet visar att bakgrundskaraktärerna är en väsentlig del av stadsbildningen, vilket i sin tur används som en spegling av huvudkaraktärernas känslor och mentala tillstånd.

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This thesis involves a theoretical study of the dynamics of cultural interaction as represented in Ngugi wa Thiong'o's A Grain of Wheat, Zora Neale Hurston's Jonah's Gourd Vine and Their Eyes Were Watching God, and Ema Brodber's Myal. Specifically, it considers the role that a dialogue between critical theory (post-colonial and feminist) and literary practice can play in the evaluation of two distinct conceptions of cultural difference: identity politics, understood as positing an essential binaristic difference between an ethnic or gendered Self and Other, and hybridity theory, which conceives of Self and Other as mutually constitutive and inescapably interconnected. While this thesis demonstrates some of the ways in which hybridity theory can revise and expand contemporary critical readings of the novels under study, it also demonstrates how literature can problematize the universalizing claims of both hybridity theory and identity politics, thus stressing the importance of sociohistorical and literary/narrative contexts to the evaluation of strategies of resistance to colonial and/or patriarchal regimes. After an introductory chapter dealing with questions of theory, three subsequent chapters discuss themes of hybridity and cultural separatism in the novels by Ngugi, Hurston, and Brodber, respectively. Each of these latter chapters involves a detailed analysis of the colonial and/or patriarchal discourses represented in the particular novel or novels under study. These analyses include discussions of some of the ways in which dominant discourses attempt to co-opt cultural difference and impede equitable intercultural hybridizing exchange by polarizing Self and Other in a binaristic economy. Each chapter also considers the presence of internal contradictions in dominant discourses and the implications of such contradictions for a revolutionary politics. On the basis of these discussions, this thesis considers the relative efficacy of hybridity and identity politics as strategies of resistance, demonstrating that different contexts call for different approaches to revolutionary theory and practice. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

This article discuss the uses and teaching of the Swahili language in Egypt. Today, the North African country considers Swahili language to be one of the most important languages in Africa; which is used as a lingua franca even by fellow Nile River countries. There is a relatively long history of Swahili language teaching; beginning in 1967 with the establishment of the Department of African Languages, within the Faculty of Languages and Translation at the Al-Azhar University. Since then, many students have learned Swahili and become either Swahili teachers; editors in Egyptian Radio for East African countries; or Swahili language translators at Al-Azhar centres. The establishment of other departments at three other universities - namely, Ain Shams University, Cairo University, and most recently Aswan University - has helped to grow and develop Swahili language teaching. Egypt continues to take steps to advance the teaching and use of Swahili language with the aim of strengthening relations between it and several East and Central African countries, where it remains the main language of communication.

Abstract in English, Tsonga and Zulu / Mitlumbo ya mifambafambo ya le magondzweni i xin’wana xa miringeto (risks) yo biha ku tlula hinkwayo ya swifambo swa le gondzweni emisaveni hinkwayo, leswi yimelaka xiphiqo lexikulu xa swohanyaswin’we-ikhonomi ngopfu-ngopfu eka matiko lama ya ha hluvukaka tanihi Afrika-Dzonga. Ku va ku nyikiwa masungulo yo tiya ya xiikhonomi eka swiboho swa mbekiso ku tirhana na ntlhontlho lowu, i swa nkoka swinene ku hlela ndhurho wa mitlumbo leyi. Mipimanyeto leyi yi tirha tanihi nxopaxopo wa swinghenisiwa swa mbuyelo wa ndhurheriwo ku endlela ku kuma mphakelo wa switirhisiwa wo tirha kahle eka ku nghenelela eka ku tirhana na mitlhontlho leyi vangiwaka hi mitlumbano ya le magondzweni. Tiko ra Afrika-Dzonga a ri nga ri ku pfuxeteni ka mahungu ya mipimanyeto ya midurho ya mitlumbano ya le magondzweni nkarhi na nkarhi, naswona leyi a yi endliwa a yi tirhisa maendlelo lamo soriwa ngopfu yo languta nkoka wa vanhu (human capital). Hikwalaho, mipimanyeto leyi nga kona a yi nga ta va leyi tshembekaka eka ku kunguhata na ku pimaniseka na mipimanyeto ya matiko man’wana. Hi le ka ku landzelela vundzhaku lebyi laha dyondzo leyi yi nga tumbuluka na ku kombisa matirhiselo ya rimba ra ntirho wo katsa (hybrid) ku kambela ndhurho wa mitlumbo ya swifambo swa le magondzweni eAfrika-Dzonga. Rimba leri ri tirhisa endlelo ro kongomisa eka nkoka wa vanhu na ku pfumela ku hakela (willingness-to-pay), eka dyondzo yi ri yin’we. Mipimanyeto ya midurho ya nkoka wa vanhu ya laveka ku va yi pfuna eka ku kunguhata leswaku yi tlakusa swinenenene swihumesiwa swa rixaka, loko hala tlhelo mipimanyeto yo pfumela ku hakela yona yi ri yona yi fanelaka swinene eka ku pfuneta minghenelelo yo tlakusa nhlayiseko wa vanhu hi ku hunguta ku vaviseka na ku fa. Endlelo ro pfumela ku hakela ri tirhisa maendlelo ya swo ka swi nga ri swa makete (contingent valuation) na ya maendlelo yo langa (preference). Khwexinere yo valanga leyi a yi ri na maendlelo yo ka ya nga ri ya swa makete na swilangiwa leswi a swi boxiwile, yi tirhisiwile hi magoza mambirhi ku sampula vaanguri va 273 eka ntirho wa swo tleketla. Eka mhaka ya endlelo ro kongomisa eka nkoka wa vanhu, mipimanyeto ya ndhurho eka xiviko xa 2016 xa Cost of Crashes in South Africa yi hundzuluxiwile hi ku katsa inifulexini, ku tirhisiwa mpimo wa 2017 wa 5.3% ku kuma mipimanyeto ya ndhurho ya 2017. Dyondzo leyi yi paluxile leswaku endlelo ro kongomisa eka nkoka wa vanhu ri kayiveta ku vona ndhurho wa mitlumbo ya le magondzweni. Dyondzo leyi yi hoxa xandla eka ntsengo wa vutivi hi ku tirhisa endlelo ro languta nkoka wa vanhu na endlelo ro pfumela ku hakela eka dyondzo yi ri yin’we ku kombisa ntirhiseko wa endlelo leri ra nkatso (hybrid)/nhlanganiso eka xiyimo xa Afrika-Dzonga. Ndzavisiso wa nkarhi lowu taka wu fanele ku engeta dyondzo leyi hi sampulu leyi humaka eka swifundzakulu hinkwaswo swa nkaye swa Afrika-Dzonga, leswaku mipimanyeto ya ndhurho yi yimela vanhu va tiko hinkwaro. / Road traffic crashes are one of the worst risks of road mobility worldwide, representing a huge socio-economic problem particularly in developing countries such as South Africa. In order to provide a sound economic basis for investment decisions to address this challenge, it is critical to assess the cost of these crashes. These estimates serve cost-benefit analysis inputs to facilitate a more efficient resources allocation for interventions to address the challenge posed by road crashes. South Africa has not been updating crash cost estimates on a regular basis, and those that were conducted used the much criticised human capital approach. Therefore, the available estimates could not be relied upon for planning purposes and comparison with the estimates of other countries. It is against this background that this study developed and illustrated the application of a hybrid framework for assessing the cost of road traffic crashes in South Africa. The framework uses the human capital approach and the willingness-to-pay approach in one study. Human capital approach cost estimates are needed to inform planning to maximize the national output, while the willingness-to-pay estimates are more suitable when the main concern is to inform interventions to increase social welfare by reducing injuries and fatalities. The willingness-to-pay approach uses the contingent valuation and the stated preference methods. A survey questionnaire with contingent valuation and stated preference questions was administered in two phases to a sample of 273 respondents within the transport industry. For the human capital approach, the cost estimates in the 2016 Cost of Crashes in South Africa report were adjusted for inflation using the 2017 rate of 5.3% to obtain 2017 cost estimates. This study revealed that the human capital approach underestimates the cost of road crashes. The study contributes to the body of knowledge by using the human capital approach and the willingness-to-pay approach in one study to illustrate the applicability of this hybrid/ combination within the South African context. Future research needs to replicate this study on a sample drawn from all nine provinces of South Africa, so that the cost estimates are representative of the country’s population. / Ukuphazamiseka komgwaqo kungenye yezingozi ezimbi kakhulu zokuhamba komgwaqo emhlabeni jikelele, ezimele inkinga enkulu yenhlalo nezomnotho ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka njengeNingizimu Afrika. Ukuze unikeze isisekelo sezomnotho esizwakalayo ezinqumeni zokutshala izimali ukubhekana nale nselele, kubalulekile ukuhlola izindleko zalezi zingozi. Lezi zilinganiso zisebenza njengeziphakamiso zokuhlaziywa kwezindleko zokuhlomula ukuze kube lula ukunikezwa kwezinsiza ezenzelwe ukuxazulula inselele ebangelwa ukuphazamiseka komgwaqo. INingizimu Afrika ayizange ibuyekeze ukulinganisa izindleko zezingozi njalo, futhi lezo ezenziwa zisebenzise indlela enkulu yokugxeka ukusebenzisa abantu. Ngakho-ke, izilinganiso ezitholakalayo azikwazanga ukuthenjelwa kuzona ngezinjongo zokuhlela nokuqhathaniswa nezilinganiso zamanye amazwe. Lokhu kuphikisana nalesi sigaba ukuthi lolu cwaningo lusungulwe futhi luboniswe ukusetshenziswa kohlaka oluxubile lokuhlola izindleko zokuphazamiseka komgwaqo eNingizimu Afrika. Uhlaka lusebenzisa indlela yokusebenzisa abantu kanye nendlela yokuzimisela-ukukhokha ocwaningweni olulodwa. Ukulinganiselwa kwezindleko zokusebenzisa abantu kuyadingeka ukuze kwaziswe ukuhlela ukwandisa umkhiqizo kazwelonke, kanti ukulinganiselwa kokuzimisela-ukukhokhela kukulungele kakhulu ukwazisa ukungenelela ukwandisa inhlalakahle yomphakathi ngokunciphisa ukulimala nokubulawa kwabantu. Indlela yokuzimisela-ukukhokha isebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwesilinganiso kanye nezindlela okukhethwa ngazo. Imibuzo yokuhlola ngokuhlaziywa kwesilinganiso kanye nemibuzo ekhethwe ngayo yenziwa ngezigaba ezimbili embonakalisweni yabaphendulile abangama-273 embonini yezokuthutha. Ngokwendlela yokusebenzisa abantu, izindleko ezilinganiselwa ku-2016 Izindleko Zokushayisana eNingizimu Afrika kubikwa ukuthi zalungiselwa ukwenyuka kwamandla emali, kusetshenziswa isilinganiso sango-2017 esingu-5.3% ukuthola izindleko zango-2017. Lolu cwaningo luveze ukuthi indlela yokusebenzisa abantu ithatha kancane izindleko zokuphazamiseka komgwaqo. Ucwaningo lunomthelela emzimbeni wolwazi ngokusebenzisa indlela yokusebenzisa abantu kanye nendlela yokuzimisela-ukukhokha ocwaningweni olulodwa ukukhombisa ukufaneleka kwalesi sivumelwano / inhlanganisela ngaphakathi komongo waseNingizimu Afrika. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo ludinga ukuphindaphinda lolu cwaningo embonakalisweni othathwe kuzo zonke izifundazwe eziyisishiyagalolunye zaseNingizimu Afrika, ukuze ukulinganiswa kwezindleko kummele abantu bezwe / Business Management / D. Phil. (Management Studies)

Wataalamu mbalimbali wamefafanua dhana ya hadithi fupikwa namna mbalimbali. Kipera hiki cha fasihi andishi ni zao la athari za kimagharibi. Hadithi za fasihi simulizi zimerutubisha hadithi fupi zinazoendeleza majukumu ya tangu jadi ya kuelimisha, kuongoza, kuonya na kuburudisha. Hadithi fupi ya kisasa ina sifa za matumizi ya lugha ya nathari, masimulizi mafupi aghalabu ya tukio moja, mhusika mkuu mmoja au wahusika wachache, msuko sahili na hatimaye mshikamano na umoja wa mawazo na mtindo. Katika makala haya, tunachambua hadithi teule za Kiswahili kuhusu nafasi na ujitambuzi wa wanawake. Kachukua Hatua Nyingine ya Kyallo Wadi Wamitila inajadili hatua ambazo mwanamke anafaa azichukue ili ajikwamue na utumwa wa ndoa zinazompa mwanamume uwezo wote. Nayo Ngome ya Nafsi ya Clara Momanyi inaonyesha hatua anazochukua mtoto msichana kujikomboa dhidi ya mila na desturi zinazomnyima utambulisho wa kibinafsi na kijinsia. Wasia wa Baba ya Ahmad Kipacha inaonyesha jinsi utamaduni na mafundisho chanya ya dini kuwa njia mwafaka za kujengea utambulisho wa mwanamke. Hatimaye Usia wa Mama ya Fatima Salamah inaonyesha mtoto msichana akijihami kupitia utamaduni na mafundisho chanya ya dini dhidi ya ushawishi hasi wa mamake.

Chachage Seithy L. Chachage aliyezaliwa mwaka 1955 wilayani Njombe ni mmojawapo wa waandishi wakongwe wa riwaya ya Kiswahili. Hadi hii leo amechapisha riwaya nne. Katika mahojiano haya yaliyofanyika tarehe 30 Machi, mwaka 2004, huko Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam tulitia mkazo zaidi kwenye riwaya yake mpya Makuadi wa Soko Huria (2002). Hivi sasa mwandishi ni Profesa na Mkuu wa Idara ya Sosholojia ya Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam.