京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(工学) / 乙第13015号 / 論工博第4140号 / 新制||工||1650(附属図書館) / 32943 / (主査)教授 斧 髙一, 教授 木村 健二, 教授 立花 明知 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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In this work, waveguides with simultaneous negative dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability, otherwise known as left-handed waveguides, are investigated. An approach of formulating and solving an eigenvalue problem with finite element method resulting in the dispersion relation of the waveguides is adopted in the analysis. Detailed methodology of one-dimensional scalar and two-dimensional vector finite element formulation for the analysis of grounded slab and arbitrary shaped waveguides is presented. Based on the analysis, for waveguides with conventional media, excellent agreement of results is observed between the finite element approach and the traditional approach. The method is then applied to analyze left-handed waveguides and anomalous dispersion of modes is found. The discontinuity structure of a left-handed waveguide sandwiched between two conventional dielectric slab waveguides is analyzed using mode matching technique and the results are discussed based on the inherent nature of the materials. The scattering characteristics of a parallel plate waveguide partially filled with left-handed and conventional media are also analyzed using finite element method with eigenfunction expansion technique.

Silicon photonics has been a rapidly growing subfield of integrated optics and optoelectronic in the last decade and is currently considered a mature technology. The main thrust behind the growth is its compatibility with the mature and low-cost microelectronic integrated circuits fabrication process. In recent years, several active and passive photonic devices and circuits have been demonstrated on silicon. Optical delay lines are among important silicon photonic devices, which are essential for a variety of photonic system applications including optical beam-forming for controlling phased-array antennas, optical communication and networking systems and optical coherence tomography. In this thesis, several types of delay lines based on apodized grating waveguides are proposed and demonstrated. Simulation and experimental results suggest that these novel devices can provide high optical delay and tunability at very high bit rate. While most of silicon photonics research has focused in the near-infrared wavelengths, extending the operating wavelength range of the technology into in the 3–5 µm, or the mid-wave infrared regime, is a more recent field of research. A key challenge has been that the standard silicon-on-insulator waveguides are not suitable for the midinfrared, since the material loss of the buried oxide layer becomes substantially high. Here, the silicon-on-sapphire waveguide technology, which can extend silicon’s operating wavelength range up to 4.4 µm, is investigated. Furthermore, silicon-on-nitride waveguides, boasting a wide transparent range of 1.2–6.7 μm, are demonstrated and iv characterized for the first time at both mid-infrared (3.39 μm) and near-infrared (1.55 μm) wavelengths.

[pt] Guias de onda são amplamente utilizados na engenharia de telecomunicações para a transmissão de sinais e construção de filtros e outros dispositivos de micro-ondas. Neste trabalho, apresentamos uma formulação baseada na técnica de casamento de modos (MMT) para a análise de descontinuidades em guias de ondas cilíndricos causadas por curvaturas no eixo longitudinal da linha de transmissão. Apresentamos e validamos uma técnica para análise modal de guias de ondas curvos através da aproximação da curvatura por uma sucessão de superfícies oblíquas por meio de suas matrizes de espalhamento generalizadas (GSMs) extraídas do MMT. A presente abordagem é uma alternativa computacionalmente eficiente para modelar curvaturas em guias de ondas cilíndricos quando comparada às técnicas usuais de força bruta numérica (tais como soluções baseadas em elementos, volumes, ou diferenças finitas). Um algoritmo é apresentado para calcular os elementos da matriz GSM para diferentes configurações de junções de guias de onda. A novidade do presente método consiste em considerar a projeção dos campos eletromagnéticos em superfícies oblíquas para a aplicação do MMT. Apresentamos uma série de resultados numéricos que mostram que a técnica apresentada neste estudo pode garantir resultados com boa acurácia e precisão ao realizar a análise do comportamento modal dos campos eletromagnéticos em descontinuidades provocados por curvaturas. / [en] Waveguides are widely used in telecommunications engineering for transmitting signals and manufacturing filters and other devices in the microwave applications. In this work, we present a formulation based on the mode-matching technique (MMT) for the analysis of discontinuities in cylindrical waveguides caused by curvatures in the longitudinal axis of the transmission line. We present and validate a technique for modal analysis of curved waveguides by approximating the curvature in a succession of oblique surfaces by means of their generalized scattering matrices (GSMs) extracted from the MMT. The present approach is a computationally efficient alternative for modeling curvature in cylindrical waveguides when compared to usual numerical brute force techniques (such as element-based, volumebased, or finite difference solutions). An algorithm is presented to compute the GSM matrix elements for different configurations of waveguide junctions. The novelty of the present method consists in considering the projection of electromagnetic fields onto oblique surfaces for the application of MMT. We present a series of numerical results that show that the technique presented in this study can guarantee results with good accuracy and precision when performing the analysis of the modal behavior of electromagnetic fields at discontinuities caused by curvatures.

No / A numerical method for sound propagation of higher-order cross-sectional modes in a duct of arbitrary cross-section and boundary conditions with nonzero, complex acoustic admittance has been considered. This method assumes that the cross-section of the duct is uniform and that the duct is of a considerable length so that the longitudinal modes can be neglected. The problem is reduced to a two-dimensional (2D) finite element (FE) solution, from which a set of cross-sectional eigen-values and eigen-functions are determined. This result is used to obtain the modal frequencies, velocities and the attenuation coefficients. The 2D FE solution is then extended to three-dimensional via the normal mode decomposition technique. The numerical solution is validated against experimental data for sound propagation in a pipe with inner walls partially covered by coarse sand or granulated rubber. The values of the eigen-frequencies calculated from the proposed numerical model are validated against those predicted by the standard analytical solution for both a circular and rectangular pipe with rigid walls. It is shown that the considered numerical method is useful for predicting the sound pressure distribution, attenuation, and eigen-frequencies in a duct with acoustically nonrigid boundary conditions. The purpose of this work is to pave the way for the development of an efficient inverse problem solution for the remote characterization of the acoustic boundary conditions in natural and artificial waveguides.

The field of nanophotonics is a major research topic, as it offers potential solutions to important challenges, such as the creation of low power, high bandwidth interconnects or optical sensors. Within this field, resonant structures and slow light waveguides are used to improve device performance further. Photonic crystals are of particular interest, as they allow the fabrication of a wide variety of structures, including high Q-factor cavities and slow light waveguides. The high scattering loss of photonic crystal waveguides, caused by fabrication disorder, however, has so far proven to be the limiting factor for device applications. In this thesis, I present a detailed study of propagation loss in slow light photonic crystal waveguides. I examine the dependence of propagation loss on the group index, and on disorder, in more depth than previous work by other authors. I present a detailed study of the relative importance of different components of the propagation loss, as well as a calculation method for the average device properties. A new calculation method is introduced to study different device designs and to show that photonic crystal waveguide propagation loss can be reduced by device design alone. These “loss engineered” waveguides have been used to demonstrate the lowest loss photonic crystal based delay line (35 dB/ns) with further improvements being predicted (< 20 dB/ns). Novel fabrication techniques were investigated, with the aim of reducing fabrication disorder. Initial results showed the feasibility of a silicon anneal in a nitrogen atmosphere, however poor process control led to repeatability issues. The use of a slow-fast-slow light interface allowed for the fabrication of waveguides spanning multiple writefields of the electron-beam lithography tool, overcoming the problem of stitching errors. The slow-fast-slow light interfaces were combined with loss engineering waveguide designs, to achieve an order of magnitude reduction in the propagation loss compared to a W1 waveguide, with values as low as 130 dB/cm being achieved for a group index around 60.

This thesis describes the use of counterpropagating pulse trains to quasi-phase-match high-harmonic generation (HHG). Two novel techniques for generating trains of ultrafast pulses are described and demonstrated. The first method makes use of a birefringent crystal array to split a single pulse into a sequence of pulses. The second method makes use of the time-varying polarisation of a chirped pulse passed through a multiple-order wave plate to generate a train of pulses by the addition of a polariser. It is demonstrated that this second technique can be used to make pulse trains with non-uniform pulse separation by using an acousto-optic programmable dispersive filter to manipulate the higher-order dispersion encountered by the chirped pulse. The crystal array method is used to demonstrate quasi-phase-matching of HHG in a gas-filled capillary, using one and two counterpropagating pulses. Enhancements of up to 60% of the intensity of the 27th harmonic of the 800,nm driving laser light are observed. Information on the spatial and dynamic properties of the HHG process is obtained from measurements of the coherence length in the capillary. Simulations of HHG in a capillary waveguide have been performed. These agree well with the results of the quasi-phase-matching experiments. The effect of mode-beating on the generation process in a capillary and its use as a quasi-phase-matching mechanism are investigated.

L'inscription laser directe est un domaine de recherche en croissance depuis ces deux dernières décennies, fournissant un moyen efficace et robuste pour inscrire directement des structures en trois dimensions (3D) dans des matériaux transparents tels que des verres en utilisant des impulsions laser femtosecondes. Cette technique présente de nombreux avantages par rapport à la technique de lithographie, qui se limite à la structuration en deux dimensions (2D) et implique de nombreuses étapes de fabrication. Cela rend la technique d’inscription laser direct bien adaptée aux nouveaux procédés de fabrication. Généralement, l’inscription laser dans les verres induit des changements physiques tels qu'un changement permanent de l'indice de réfraction localisé. Ces modifications ont été classés en trois types distincts : (Type I, Type II et Type III). Dans ce travail, nous présentons un nouveau type de changement d'indice de réfraction, appelé type A qui est basé sur la création d’agrégats d'argent photo-induit. En effet, dans des verres dans lesquels sont incorporés des ions argent Ag+, lors de leurs synthèses, l’inscription laser directe induit la création d’agrégats d’argent fluorescents Agmx+ au voisinage du voxel d’interaction. Ces agrégats modifient localement les propriétés optiques comme : la fluorescence, la non-linéarité et la réponse plasmonique du verre. Ainsi, différents guides d'ondes, un séparateur de faisceau 50-50, ainsi que des coupleurs optiques ont été inscrits en se basant sur ce nouveau Type A et complétement caractérisés. D'autre part, une étude comparative entre les deux types de guides d'ondes (type A et type I) est présentée, tout en montrant qu’en ajustant les paramètres laser, il est possible de déclencher soit le Type I soit le Type A. Enfin, en se basant sur des guides d’ondes de type A inscrits proche de la surface du verre, un capteur d'indice de réfraction hautement sensible a été inscrit dans une lame de verre de 1 cm de long. Ce capteur miniaturisé peut présenter deux fenêtres de détection d’indice, ce qui constitue une première mondiale. Les propriétés des guides d'ondes inscrits dans ces verres massifs ont été transposées à des fibres en forme de ruban, du même matériau contenant de l'argent. Les résultats obtenus dans ce travail de thèse ouvrent la voie à la fabrication de circuits intégrés en 3D et de capteurs à fibre basés sur des propriétés optiques originales inaccessibles avec des guides d’onde de Type I standard. / Direct Laser Writing (DLW) has been an exponentially growing research field during the last two decades, by providing an efficient and robust way to directly address three dimensional (3D) structures in transparent materials such as glasses using femtosecond laser pulses. It exhibits many advantages over lithography technique which is mostly limited to two dimensional (2D) structuring and involves many fabrication steps. This competitive aspect makes the DLW technique suitable for future technological transfer to advanced industrial manufacturing. Generally, DLW in glasses induces physical changes such as permanent local refractive index modifications that have been classified under three distinct types: (Type I, Type II & Type III). In silver containing glasses with embedded silver ions Ag+, DLW induces the creation of fluorescent silver clusters Agmx+ at the vicinity of the interaction voxel. In this work, we present a new type of refractive index change, called type A that is based on the creation of the photo-induced silver clusters allowing the creation of new linear and nonlinear optical waveguides in silver containing glasses. Various waveguides, a 50-50 Y beam splitter, as well as optical couplers, were written based on type A modification inside bulk glasses and further characterized. On the other hand, a comparison study between type A and type I waveguides is presented, showing that finely tuning the laser parameters allows the creation of either type A or type I modification inside silver containing glasses. Finally, based on type A near-surface waveguides, a highly sensitive refractive index sensor is created in a 1 cm glass chip, which could exhibit a pioneer demonstration of double sensing refractive ranges. The waveguiding properties observed and reported in the bulk of such silver containing glasses were transposed to ribbon shaped fibers of the same material. Those results pave the way towards the fabrication of 3D integrated circuits and fiber sensors with original fluorescent, nonlinear and plasmonic properties that are not accessible using the standard type I modification

Les guides à cristaux photoniques sont des guides optiques structurés à des échelles inférieures à la longueur d’onde. La vitesse de groupe de l’onde guidée y est ralentie. L’intensité du champ électromagnétique est ainsi exaltée et permet d’envisager de nombreuses applications pour le traitement optique de l'information. Cependant cette exaltation rend aussi les guides particulièrement sensibles aux imperfections de fabrication. Nous réalisons ici une étude théorique, numérique et expérimentale du transport de la lumière lente dans ces guides en présence de désordre. Le travail théorique propose une extension des méthodes perturbatives (de type Born) au cas des modes de Bloch électromagnétiques et un outil numérique original pour prendre en compte la diffusion multiple, qui devient déterminante lorsque la vitesse diminue. Les prédictions de ces deux types d'analyse ont été confrontées à des résultats expérimentaux. Pour la première fois dans les guides à cristaux photoniques, nous avons mesuré les statistiques d'ensemble du transport, en recoupant des mesures réalisées sur 18 échantillons identiques au désordre de fabrication près. Nous mettons en évidence les véritables limites de fonctionnement de ces guides. Ils ne sont limités ni par la dispersion, ni par leur atténuation moyenne. Les phénomènes de diffusion multiple modifient par contre considérablement la loi de probabilité de transmission. Pour pouvoir utiliser les guides à cristaux photoniques, il faut donc rester dans des régimes de fonctionnement où la diffusion multiple est négligeable, c’est-à-dire soit pour des vitesses de groupe relativement grandes (vg > c/20), soit pour des longueurs de guide faibles. / Photonic crystals are optical materials in which patterning of dielectric materials on a sub-wavelength scale creates unusual optical properties such as propagation speeds that are much slower than the speed of light. Electromagnetic fields are locally enhanced and light-matter interactions are thereby increased. However, because of this enhancement, the waveguides are much more sensitive to fabrication disorder. In this manuscript, we develop a theoretical, numerical and experimental analysis of the light transport in disordered waveguides. The theoretical work proposes an extension of the Born approximation to the case of electromagnetic Bloch modes and a new numerical tool which considers the multiple-scattering that becomes dominant when the group velocity decreases. Predictions of both models have been compared to experimental results. For the first time in photonic crystal waveguides, we measured ensemble-averaged quantities of photonic transport, collected on a series of 18 waveguides that are nominally identical and that only differ by statistical structural imperfections. We deduced the actual working limitations of these guides: they are limited neither by their GVD nor by their averaged losses. However multiple-scattering processes change the transmission probability density function dramatically. In order to use photonic crystal waveguides, it is therefore necessary to keep within regimes, where multiple scattering can be neglected, i.e. for relatively high group velocities (vg > c/20), or for short waveguide lengths.