No description available.

No description available.

Much has been said about the dysfunctional aspects of ghetto life for society generally, that processes which promote increasing social integration in society are much more functional than ghettoisation. This research set out to examine whether in fact the ghetto does perform a function for people in society. It also set out to examine the dynamics of ghetto life, specifically in relation to the nationalist West Belfast ghetto, how relationships and bonds form within the ghetto and between the ghetto and external society and how these bonds and relationships alter with time and event. These themes were examined primarily through a general study of the West Belfast area accompanied by in-depth studies of two different communities within West Belfast and a comparative in-depth study of a non ghetto community in Antrim New Town. The findings have relevance for research into community life, community conflict and ghettoisation. The main research instruments were semi-structured interviews with residents, community leaders and statutory workers in the areas concerned. These were backed up by a detailed examination of recorded documentation and an element of non-participant observation. The thesis has been divided into five main sections. The Background section sets the scene for the investigation and contains chapters examining existing literature on community life, conflict and ghettoisation, outlining the aims and methodology employed and the historical background to the geographical areas concerned. The Section on Social Organisation contains chapters examining aspects of community life in all the areas concerned and how these were reflected in community group activity. The third Section deals with Internal Dynamics and concentrates on Chapters examining Religion, Politics and Law and Order within the ghetto and comparing these to the situation in the non-ghetto community. A fourth section deals with the relationships between the ghetto and the State and its institutions and includes a Chapter on the State and the security forces. The main conclusions contained in the final chapter in the fifth and final section, are that far from being dysfunctional the ghetto has a function both in terms of the people living there and in terms of society itself; that far from being one monolithic entity the ghetto is characterised by the existence of a variety of different spectra of opinions and activities which are dynamic and alter with time and event and that relationships within the ghetto are influenced by, and they, themselves in turn influence, external factors.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Thesis (PhD (Rural Development Planning))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

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The general aim of the dissertation is to contribute to an understanding of Islamic reform in West Africa. To this end fieldwork was conducted among the Songhay of eastern Mali, a people who experienced a sudden rise in the popularity of Islamic reform in the early 1970's which divided many communities along religious lines. The term 'Wahhabiyya', often used to describe a trend in religious reform in West Africa which is inspired largely by the Saudi Arabian model of puritan Islam, is accepted by most members of this Songhay movement. In the region of Gao, in which this locally-based Wahhabi movement emerged, the situation is one in which Islamic reform among the village population is more 'radical' and uncompromising than among town dwellers. The central concerns of the dissertation are to compare the social backgrounds and religious orientations of 'moderates' and 'radicals' and, in particular, to account for the strong appeal of Islamic reform among the villagers. In order to assess the impact of religious reform attention is paid throughout the dissertation to the social and religious life of the non-reformist population. In tracing the background of the topic it was necessary to explore the history of the Songhay with specific reference to the introduction of Islam and its place in the 'traditional' religious complex as well as changes in the family, the economy and the politicaltostructure which have occurred since the advent of French colonization. These issues are set within a general comparison of the reformist and traditionalist communities which includes consideration of the way Islam is observed, the place of leadership and organization, and the way Islamic education is implemented.

The federation of the British West Indian colonies, which was long considered desirable by colonial officials for reasons of economical and efficient administration, was accomplished by an agreement reached on February 23, 1956. The West Indies Federation thus established, consisted of the islands of Antigua, Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Kitts (Christopher)-Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and Trinidad and Tobago, and had a total area of eight thousand square miles scattered in a wide expanse of ocean. In this federation, Trinidad and Tobago by virtue of its economic development was expected to play an important part. The purpose of this study is to examine the attitude of Trinidad and Tobago to the idea of federation, and its relationship to the federation itself. In the course of preparation for this study, the writer spent three months in Trinidad collecting information at the Library of the Legislative Council, a library operated primarily for the benefit of legislators; the West Indies Reference Library, operated by the Information Service of the federal government; The West Indies Regional Library, a branch of the Trinidad Public Library; and the offices of the Trinidad Guardian. Valuable information was also acquired from the Office of the Premier and from the Trinidad Chamber of Commerce. The writer's visit to Trinidad coincided with a period of intense activity among members of the federal and Trinidad governments as a result of the collapse of the federation. This situation rendered it extremely difficult to secure interviews from persons serving in either of these governments. However, Mr. Albert Gomes, a member of the federal parliament, who while serving as a Trinidad legislator had played an important part in the establishment of the federation, provided the writer with very valuable information in the course of two interviews he very kindly gave. [ ... ] / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

This project records a special "recreational survey", undertaken in the Municipality of West Vancouver, as a study in community organization. The survey helped the community to determine its recreational needs. It established a "schedule of priorities" which should enable the community to decide on immediate, as well as long-range plans, to set up a programme for leisure-time interests and needs. The survey was an influence in strengthening the intergroup relationships, and may be an aid to future community action. It also helped define that recreation is more than physical activities. The research method consisted of questionnaires, interview material utilized, writer's own process records, and an analysis of the efforts of one local association, over a period of three years, to practice "community organization". Clarence King in 1941 remarked "that as yet there has been too little scientific inquiry into the nature and characteristic of the community organization process". An attempt is made to show that the process is an important part of community organization, and that it is affected by individual, group, and community issues. Some of the findings of Dr. E.C. Lindeman and Professor Jesse P. Steiner seem to repeat themselves here. The implications of the survey to the community are described. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

The storm runoff of small springs and seeps in the West Kootenays was subjected to hydrograph separation using oxygen-18 and conductance methodologies. The results showed that the vast majority of storm discharge was groundwater. Under peak flow conditions, the ratio of prestorm water to storm water was 0.93 for Morley Spring, 0.88 for Anderson Creek, 0.87 for Elliott Creek, 0.84 for Chou Creek and 0.85 for Tank Creek. Further comparison between prestorm discharge and storm water indicated that the groundwater probably originated as spring snow melt. These implications are discussed with regard to the various logging development plans currently being proposed for the study sites. / Science, Faculty of / Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for / Graduate

In its initial research project description, the Centre for Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences (CASHSS) took a position on the longstanding academic and public debates on secularism, secularisation, and secularity. In doing so, it referred to the concept of Multiple Secularities, which had been developed in a previous research project,1 and which Kleine had applied to pre-modern Japan.2 Against this backdrop, an idea arose for a multidisciplinary project combining sociology, history of religion and study of religions. ‘Secularity’ is an analytical concept, which seeks to avoid the ideological connotations of the term secularism. The term, which is conceived as an ideal-type, describes how conceptual distinctions and institutional differentiations are made between religious and non-religious spheres and practices. In this context, ‘differentiation’ is not a complete separation, but entails some form of relation between two conceptually distinguished spheres.:1 Introduction and Background ................................................................................. 3 1.1 History of the Research Project.......................................................................... 3 1.2 The Academic Debate.......................................................................................... 5 1.3 Current State of Research in Selected Research Areas..................................10 2 Research Findings from the First Funding Period (2016-2020)........................13 2.1 Further Developing and Refining the Concept..............................................13 2.2 Assumptions and Hypotheses..........................................................................15 2.2.1 Internal Social Differentiation − Social Structures.....................................15 2.2.2 Taxonomies, Classifications, Knowledge Systems: Epistemic Structures.. 18 2.2.3 Differentiation of Spheres of Activity.........................................................24 2.2.4 Reference Problems and Guiding Ideas.......................................................26 2.2.5 Cultural Interaction and Acquisition, Transfer, and Integration Processes...........................................................................................................29 3 The Centre for Advanced Studies’ Aims in the Second Funding Period (2020−2024)..............................................................................................................30 3.1 Regional Expansion and Intercultural Encounter.........................................30 3.2 Systematic Perspectives.....................................................................................37 3.2.1 Critical Junctures and Path Probabilities.....................................................37 3.2.2 Culturalisation of Religion, Materiality of the Secular...............................38 3.2.3 Art, Culture, and Architecture as Spheres of Activity................................42 4 Bibliography..............................................................................................................45