This thesis is concerned the technology with technologies of transfer through wireless devices. It is about possibilities of optimization of transfer in wireless net, especially of the reduction of interference influence. The first part is about theory and the standards development of wireless technology. There are methods and principles used in wireless technologies. The second part is a practical measuring and testing of an internal wireless net, with the emphasis being on the source of interference influence. Measuring was focused on interference between access points and was not about meteorological influence. It continues with theory and testing of interference of the microwave oven in our wireless net. Then, it is a practical demonstration of interference in an external environment. There are practical examples of interference between different providers’ nets on the same area and solutions to prevent or to cancel this interference. In next part of work the wireless net is parsed and described in a given territory. Here is described the way how to precede the reciprocal interference and eventually how this mutual disturbance suppress. Consequently, our net is optimized for customer growth and for today’s options of newer and more powerful components for wireless transfer. Finally there are two laboratory tasks. The first one is about practical measuring and testing of wireless net’s parameters and the second one is about simulation of wireless networks in the Opnet program.

The thesis described the proposal for a wireless network problems. There are recorded and compared the characteristics of different wireless technologies. The possibility of voice communication securing is outlined and solutions implemented in the form of ZRTP protocol. The requirements for quality of service are discussed and the solutions to this issue are proposed. Other chapters are devoted to the actual design of specific equipment, including antennas and advance resource. The whole network is practically implemented in the mountainous countryside of eastern Wallachia. In conclusion, this work is network mate in terms of QoS (quality of service) and tested in terms of prioritization of voice communication.

The thesis is specialized on a possibility of measuring qualities and availability of a cellular radio system and also on evaluation qualities, fruitfulness interface, permeability etc. It includes short description of a basic mobile technology. Further analysis of the possibility of measuring the mobile network and how implement the measure. It also includes a draft program for measuring and evaluation of the GSM network with help several tests by a mobile phone connected through the Bluetooth.

Heterogeneous wireless networking technologies such as satellite, UMTS, WiMax and WLAN are being used to provide network access for both voice and data services. In big cities, the densely populated areas like town centres, shopping centres and train stations may have coverage of multiple wireless networks. Traditional Radio Access Technology (RAT) selection algorithms are mainly based on the ¿Always Best Connected¿ paradigm whereby the mobile nodes are always directed towards the available network which has the strongest and fastest link. Hence a large number of mobile users may be connected to the more common UMTS while the other networks like WiMax and WLAN would be underutilised, thereby creating an unbalanced load across these different wireless networks. This high variation among the load across different co-located networks may cause congestion on overloaded network leading to high call blocking and call dropping probabilities. This can be alleviated by moving mobile users from heavily loaded networks to least loaded networks. This thesis presents a novel framework for load balancing in heterogeneous wireless networks incorporating the IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH). The framework comprises of novel load-aware RAT selection techniques and novel network load balancing mechanism. Three new different load balancing algorithms i.e. baseline, fuzzy and neural-fuzzy algorithms have also been presented in this thesis that are used by the framework for efficient load balancing across the different co-located wireless networks. A simulation model developed in NS2 validates the performance of the proposed load balancing framework. Different attributes like load distribution in all wireless networks, handover latencies, packet drops, throughput at mobile nodes and network utilization have been observed to evaluate the effects of load balancing using different scenarios. The simulation results indicate that with load balancing the performance efficiency improves as the overloaded situation is avoided by load balancing.

This work concentrates on the application of diversity techniques and space time block coding for future mobile wireless communications. The initial system analysis employs a space-time coded OFDM transmitter over a multipath Rayleigh channel, and a receiver which uses a selection combining diversity technique. The performance of this combined scenario is characterised in terms of the bit error rate and throughput. A novel four element QOSTBC scheme is introduced, it is created by reforming the detection matrix of the original QOSTBC scheme, for which an orthogonal channel matrix is derived. This results in a computationally less complex linear decoding scheme as compared with the original QOSTBC. Space time coding schemes for three, four and eight transmitters were also derived using a Hadamard matrix. The practical optimization of multi-antenna networks is studied for realistic indoor and mixed propagation scenarios. The starting point is a detailed analysis of the throughput and field strength distributions for a commercial dual band 802.11n MIMO radio operating indoors in a variety of line of sight and non-line of sight scenarios. The physical model of the space is based on architectural schematics, and realistic propagation data for the construction materials. The modelling is then extended and generalized to a multi-storey indoor environment, and a large mixed site for indoor and outdoor channels based on the Bradford University campus. The implications for the physical layer are also explored through the specification of antenna envelope correlation coefficients. Initially this is for an antenna module configuration with two independent antennas in close proximity. An operational method is proposed using the scattering parameters of the system and which incorporates the intrinsic power losses of the radiating elements. The method is extended to estimate the envelope correlation coefficient for any two elements in a general (N,N) MIMO antenna array. Three examples are presented to validate this technique, and very close agreement is shown to exist between this method and the full electromagnetic analysis using the far field antenna radiation patterns.

Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna technology refers to an antenna with multiple radiators at both transmitter and receiver ends. It is designed to increase the data rate in wireless communication systems by achieving multiple channels occupying the same bandwidth in a multipath environment. The main drawback associated with this technology is the coupling between the radiating elements. A MIMO antenna system merely acts as an antenna array if the coupling between the radiating elements is high. For this reason, strong decoupling between the radiating elements should be achieved, in order to utilize the benefits of MIMO technology. The main objectives of this thesis are to investigate and implement several printed MIMO antenna geometries with integrated decoupling approaches for WLAN, WiMAX, and 5G applications. The characteristics of MIMO antenna performance have been reported in terms of scattering parameters, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), channel capacity loss (CCL), diversity gain (DG), antenna efficiency, antenna peak gain and antenna radiation patterns. Three new 2×2 MIMO array antennas are proposed, covering dual and multiple spectrum bandwidths for WLAN (2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz) and WiMAX (3.5 GHz) applications. These designs employ a combination of DGS and neutralization line methods to reduce the coupling caused by the surface current in the ground plane and between the radiating antenna elements. The minimum achieved isolation between the MIMO antennas is found to be better than 15 dB and in some bands exceeds 30 dB. The matching impedance is improved and the correlation coefficient values achieved for all three antennas are very low. In addition, the diversity gains over all spectrum bands are very close to the ideal value (DG = 10 dB). The forth proposed MIMO antenna is a compact dual-band MIMO antenna operating at WLAN bands (2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz). The antenna structure consists of two concentric double square rings radiating elements printed symmetrically. A new method is applied which combines the defected ground structure (DGS) decoupling method with five parasitic elements to reduce the coupling between the radiating antennas in the two required bands. A metamaterial-based isolation enhancement structure is investigated in the fifth proposed MIMO antenna design. This MIMO antenna consists of two dual-band arc-shaped radiating elements working in WLAN and Sub-6 GHz 5th generation (5G) bands. The antenna placement and orientation decoupling method is applied to improve the isolation in the second band while four split-ring resonators (SRRs) are added between the radiating elements to enhance the isolation in the first band. All the designs presented in this thesis have been fabricated and measured, with the simulated and measured results agreeing well in most cases. / Higher Committee for Education Development in Iraq (HCED)

Las redes y sistemas de telecomunicación actuales se enfrentan a la necesidad de proporcionar regímenes binarios en la red de acceso cada vez más elevados a un mayor número de usuarios. El principal objetivo de esta Tesis Doctoral es proporcionar y evaluar nuevas técnicas que permitan la distribución eficiente de señales de radiofrecuencia con elevado régimen binario, como las tecnologías inalámbricas UWB y WiMAX, en redes de acceso integradas basadas en sistemas radio-sobre-fibra. Por ello se ha contemplado el estudio de la coexistencia y distribución de comunicaciones UWB y WiMAX tanto en el acceso vía radio, como en la transmisión óptica. Sin olvidar el estudio de la linealización del modulador electro-óptico Mach-Zehnder como dispositivo clave en las redes de acceso integradas. En primer lugar, esta Tesis Doctoral estudia los requisitos para la convergencia inalámbrica de servicios basados en MB-OFDM UWB y WiMAX 802.16e en entornos de redes inalámbricas personales, proporcionando márgenes de seguridad para asegurar la interoperabilidad entre ambas. Estos márgenes pueden aplicarse en el futuro desarrollo de tecnologías avanzadas de mitigación de la interferencia como detección y exclusión en cognitive radio. La coexistencia de MB-OFDM UWB y WiMAX en redes ópticas de acceso utilizando RoF. Los resultados obtenidos, tanto para sistemas RoF sobre fibra multimodo como monomodo, permiten delimitar el alcance en cada tipo de medio óptico para el despliegue de sistemas RoF sobre FTTH. A su vez, se propone y demuestra experimentalmente una nueva técnica de multiplexación por división de polarización en la transmisión óptica que facilita la coexistencia en RoF. Finalmente, se propone y demuestra experimentalmente una técnica de linealización óptica dual paralelo para moduladores Mach-Zehnder que permite aumentar el margen dinámico de este modulador y mejorar las prestaciones de los sistemas RoF con señales de banda ancha. / Pérez Soler, J. (2009). Coexistencia e integración de comunicaciones inalámbricas en sistemas de transmisión ópticos [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/6476

[EN] The insatiable demand for bandwidth of communication on the part of end-users, linked to the lowering the price of the terminals and in telecommunication services have led to a spectacular growth of the wireless communications market in recent years. Those entities that are responsible, at the international level, of the technological standardization have known to guide this growth writing standards as LTE (Long Term Evolution), IEEE 802.11 (WiFi) and IEEE 802.16 (WiMax) or 3G networks or 4GPP. They all share a common denominator, for the improvement of the spectral efficiency, the use of MIMO technologies, which uses multiple antennas on transmitter and receiver, and the use of high modulation schemes as 256QAM, introduced in revision 12 of the standard 3GPP-LTE. Under this perspective of great gains in the spectral efficiency, it is not surprising that MIMO technology has been incorporated into the standards mentioned above. However, achieving these gains is not trivial, to the extent that the VLSI implementation of this technology has become a challenge. In this thesis has undertaken a comprehensive study of different MIMO detectors, studying those belonging to the two families that show best features for being implemented in VLSI technology: successive interference cancellation (VBLAST detector) and based on a search in tree (KBest detector). Although initially the benefits achieved by the seconds (KBest) are far superior to those of the first (VBLAST), the recent appearance in the specialized literature of the Successive Projections Algorithm (SPA) opens the door to the development of a new detector, belonging to the family of the detectors of Successive Interference Cancellations (SIC), which will be able to compete in performance with the KBest detectors. This work provides the necessary algorithmic keys that make viable and competitive the hardware implementation of the SPA algorithm. In particular, two mechanisms of control of repetitions have been developed: Simplified-ESPA (SESPA) and Table-ESPA (TESPA), and the mechanisms for obtaining hard and soft output, existing in the literature, have been adapted to this algorithm. It has designed the first VLSI architecture for the SPA algorithm, being highly flexible, in the sense that adapts to different conditions of transmission and complies with the latest published specifications in the WiMAX and LTE standards. The flexibility of the architecture allows you to select different configurations of antennas in transmission and reception, from 2x2 to 4x4, different modulation schemes from QPSK until 256QAM, controls the balance between transmission rate and the benefits BER/FER and offers the soft output and hard output decisions. Finally, with this architecture has been implemented the SESPA and TESPA detectors, with soft output and hard output, in FPGA and ASIC technology. These detectors have been evaluated and compared to the best published in the specialized literature, achieving a peak rate of 465 Mbps for the detector SESPA 4x4 256QAM, with an area of 3.83 mm2 with a 90 nm technology. The detectors implemented offer as added value, in addition to the high configurability, the ability to decode 256-QAM without increasing the area. This feature is highly competitive with the non-linear detectors based on KBest, which are very sensitive, in regard to decoding rate and area, with the selected modulation scheme. In addition, the detectors based on ESPA reach a FER performance (soft output) clearly competitive with KBest detectors, due to a higher quality of the LLR generated by the ESPA. The comparison with other flexible architectures selected shows that the SESPA and TESPA detectors offer the greater configurability of transmission parameters and the best balance between area, BER performance and detection rate. / [ES] La insaciable demanda de ancho de banda de comunicación por parte de los usuarios finales, unido al abaratamiento de los terminales y de los servicios de telecomunicación han provocado un crecimiento espectacular del mercado de las comunicaciones inalámbricas en estos últimos años. Las entidades responsables, a nivel internacional, de la estandarización tecnológica han sabido acompañar y guiar este crecimiento redactando normas como LTE (Long Term Evolution), IEEE 802.11 (WiFi) e IEEE 802.16 (WiMax) o las redes 3G o 4GPP. Todas ellas comparten como denominador común, para la mejora de la eficiencia espectral, el uso de las tecnologías MIMO, que utiliza múltiples antenas en emisor y receptor, y el uso de esquemas de modulación elevados como 256QAM, introducido en la revisión 12 del estándar 3GPP-LTE. Bajo esta perspectiva de grandes ganancias en la eficiencia espectral, no es de extrañar que la tecnología MIMO haya sido incorporada en los estándares mencionados anteriormente. No obstante, conseguir estas ganancias no es trivial, hasta el punto de que la implementación VLSI de esta tecnología se ha convertido en un reto. En esta tesis se ha realizado un estudio exhaustivo de diferentes detectores MIMO, fijando el punto de mira en aquellos pertenecientes a las dos familias que muestran mejores características para su implementación VLSI: cancelación sucesiva de interferencias (detector VBLAST) y basados en búsqueda en árbol (detector KBest). Aunque inicialmente las prestaciones alcanzadas por los segundos (KBest) son muy superiores a las de los primeros (VBLAST), la reciente aparición en la literatura especializada del algoritmo de proyecciones sucesivas (SPA) abre la puerta al desarrollo de un nuevo detector, que pueda competir en prestaciones con los detectores KBest. La tesis aporta las claves algorítmicas necesarias que hacen viable y competitiva la implementación hardware del algoritmo SPA. En particular, se han desarrollado dos mecanismos de control de repeticiones: Simplified-ESPA (SESPA) y Table-ESPA (TESPA), y se han adaptado los mecanismos de obtención de salidas hard output y soft output, existentes en la literatura, a este algoritmo. Se ha diseñado la primera arquitectura VLSI para el algoritmo SPA, siendo ésta altamente flexible, en el sentido de que se adapta a diferentes condiciones de transmisión y cumple con las últimas especificaciones publicadas en los estándares WiMAX y LTE. La flexibilidad de la arquitectura permite seleccionar diferentes configuraciones de antenas en transmisión y recepción, desde 2x2 hasta 4x4, diferentes esquemas de modulación desde QPSK hasta 256QAM, controla el balance entre tasa de transmisión y las prestaciones BER/FER y ofrece las decisiones soft output y hard output. Finalmente, con esta arquitectura se ha realizado la implementación de los detectores SESPA y TESPA, con salidas soft output y hard output, en los dispositivos FPGA y ASIC. Estos detectores han sido evaluados y comparados con los mejores publicados en la literatura especializada, consiguiendo la tasa de pico máxima de 465 Mbps para el detector SESPA 4x4 256QAM, en un área de 3.83 mm2 con una tecnología de 90 nm. Los detectores implementados ofrecen como valor añadido, además de la alta configurabilidad, la posibilidad de decodificar 256QAM sin incrementar el área. Esta característica es altamente competitiva con los detectores no lineales basados en KBest, que son muy sensibles, en cuanto a tasa de decodificación y área se refiere, con el esquema de modulación seleccionado. Además, los detectores basados en ESPA alcanzan unas prestaciones FER (soft output) claramente competitivas con los detectores KBest, debido a la mayor calidad del LLR generado por el ESPA. La comparación con otras arquitecturas flexibles seleccionadas demuestra que los detectores SESPA y TESPA ofrecen la mayor configurabilidad de parámetros de transmisión y el mejor equilibrio entre área, pr / [CA] La insaciable demanda d'ample de banda de comunicació per part dels usuaris finals, unit a l'abaratiment dels terminals i dels servicis de telecomunicació han provocat un creixement espectacular del mercat de les comunicacions sense fils en aquests últims anys. Les entitats responsables, a nivell internacional, de l'estandardització tecnològica han sabut acompanyar i guiar aquest creixement redactant normes com LTE (Long Term Evolution), IEEE 802.11 (WiFi) i IEEE 802.16 (WiMax) o les xarxes 3G o 4GPP. Totes elles comparteixen com denominador comú, per a la millora de l'eficiència espectral, l'ús de les tecnologies MIMO, que utilitza múltiples antenes en emissor i receptor, i l'ús d'esquemes de modulació elevats com 256QAM, introduït en la revisió 12 de l'estàndard 3GPP-LTE. Baix esta perspectiva de grans guanys en l'eficiència espectral, no és d'estranyar que la tecnologia MIMO hi haja estat incorporada en els normatives mencionats anteriorment. No obstant això, aconseguir aquests guanys no és trivial, fins l'extrem que la implementació VLSI d'aquesta tecnologia s'ha convertit en un repte. En aquesta tesi s'ha realitzat un estudi exhaustiu de diferents detectors MIMO, fixant el punt de mira en aquells que pertanyen a les dos famílies que mostren millors característiques per a la seua implementació VLSI: cancel-lació successiva d'interferències (detector VBLAST) i els basats en recerca en arbre (detector KBest). Encara que inicialment les prestacions aconseguides pels segons (KBest) són molt superiors a les dels primers (VBLAST), la recent aparició en la literatura especialitzada de l'algoritme de projeccions successives (SPA) permet el desenvolupament d'un nou detector, que puga competir en prestacions amb els detectors KBest. Este treball aporta les claus algorítmiques necessàries que fan viable i competitiva la implementació hardware de l'algoritme SPA. En particular, s'han desenvolupat dos mecanismes de control de repeticions: Simplified-ESPA (SESPA) i Table-ESPA (TESPA), i s'han adaptat els mecanismes d'obtenció d'eixides hard-output i soft-output, existents en la literatura, a aquest algoritme. S'ha dissenyat la primera arquitectura VLSI per a l'algoritme SPA, sent aquesta altament flexible, en el sentit de que s'adapta a diferents condicions de transmissió i acompleix les últimes especificacions publicades en els estàndards WiMax i LTE. La flexibilitat de l'arquitectura permet seleccionar diferents configuracions d'antenes en transmissió i recepció, des de 2x2 fins 4x4, diferents esquemes de modulació des de QPSK fins 256QAM, controla el balanç entre taxa de transmissió i les prestacions BER/FER i ofereix les decisions hard output i soft output. Finalment, amb l'arquitectura proposta s'ha realitzat la implementació dels detectors SESPA i TESPA, amb eixides hard output i soft output, en els dispositius FPGA i en ASIC. Aquests detectors han segut valorats i comparats amb els millors publicats en la literatura especialitzada, i s'ha aconseguint la taxa de pic màxim de 465 Mbps per al detector SESPA 4x4 256QAM, dins una àrea de 3.83 mm2 en una tecnologia de 90 nm. Els detectors implementats ofereixen com a valor afegit, a més de l'alta configurabilitat, la possibilitat de decodificar 256QAM sense incrementar l'àrea. Esta característica és altament competitiva en els detectors no lineals basats en KBest, que són molt sensibles, en relació a taxa de decodificació i a l'àrea del circuit, a l'esquema de modulació seleccionada. A més a més, els detectors basats en ESPA aconsegueixen unes prestacions FER (soft output) clarament competitives amb els detectors KBEST, degut a la major qualitat del LLR generat per l'ESPA. La comparació amb altres arquitectures flexibles seleccionades demostra que els detectors SESPA i TESPA ofereixen una major configurabilitat de paràmetres de transmissió i un millor equilibri entre l'àrea del circuit, les prestacions BER i la taxa de dete / Marín-Roig Ramón, J. (2016). Implementación VLSI del algoritmo de proyecciones sucesivas para detección de sistemas MIMO [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62164

Submitted by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2013-01-23T13:08:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_SwImaxSimuladorRealidade.pdf: 3330765 bytes, checksum: 7c92ceee8132c39701de5e5926670e7f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva(arosa@ufpa.br) on 2013-01-25T13:15:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_SwImaxSimuladorRealidade.pdf: 3330765 bytes, checksum: 7c92ceee8132c39701de5e5926670e7f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-25T13:15:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_SwImaxSimuladorRealidade.pdf: 3330765 bytes, checksum: 7c92ceee8132c39701de5e5926670e7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / O padrão IEEE 802.16, também chamado de WiMAX, é uma tecnologia da rede banda larga sem fio para áreas metropolitanas, utilizado como alternativa para transmissão de sinal de Internet a regiões que não possuem infraestrutura de rede cabeada. Atualmente, o ensino desta tecnologia em sala de aula é meramente teórico, o que dificulta a compreensão dos alunos com relação a determinadas funcionalidades do WiMAX. Nesse sentido, a presente dissertação aborda o projeto de desenvolvimento de um simulador em Realidade Virtual, chamado SwImax, voltado para auxílio do ensino do padrão IEEE 802.16. Assim, o SwImax simula algumas características do funcionamento deste padrão, quais sejam: faixas de frequência de operação, área de cobertura, procedimento de handover, transmissão sem linha de visada, entre outros. A dissertação apresenta os trabalhos correlatos que influenciaram o desenvolvimento do projeto, além de um resumo acerca do padrão IEEE 802.16. O texto apresenta também as ferramentas utilizadas no desenvolvimento do SwImax e a implementação do simulador. Ao final do desenvolvimento, o software foi submetido a uma avaliação dos usuários, de modo que os resultados também são abordados nesta dissertação. / The IEEE 802.16 standard, also known as WiMAX, is a network technology for broadband wireless metropolitan areas, used as an alternative for streaming Internet signal to regions that do not have wired network infrastructure. Currently, the teaching of technology in the classroom is only theoretical, which hinders students understanding to certain features of WiMAX. Accordingly, this work discusses the design development of a virtual reality simulator, called SwImax, facing the aid teaching of IEEE 802.16. Thus, SwImax simulates some features of the functioning of this pattern, which are: operating frequency bands, coverage area, handover procedure, non-line of sight transmission, among others. The dissertation presents the related work that influenced the development of the project as well as a summary on the IEEE 802.16 standard. The text also presents the tools used in the development and implementation of SwImax simulator. At the end of development, the software was subject to an assessment of the users, so that the results are also discussed in this dissertation.

Today there are a big need for a system that delivers overview of all available units for different municipalities and shipping- and security companies due to the increasing requirements for efficiency. The purpose with this graduation thesis is to find out which systems that is suitable to use while developing cost-effective software for positioning and to produce a prototype for such solution. This assignment has been done at the request of PocketMobile Communications AB. PocketMobile is a company that are specialized on delivering modern mobile software solutions and systems to companies with their own vehicle fleet or mobile workers. This master thesis can be split into two separate parts, the theoretic- and the practical part. The theoretic part includes producing a number of functional requirements in cooperation with PocketMobile and comparing the available systems against the function requirements. The practical part deal with the development of a prototype that demonstrates the software recommended. The development tools that best matched the functionality requirements when the selection was made in May 2007 were Map24 and OpenLayers. The system that was selected to use while developing the prototype was Map24, because this product matches all of the requirements and it is also suited for professional usage regarding support, scalability and reliability. Map24 also have some advanced functions like ability to route plan for example. The prototype that has been developed is web based and the graphic design is similar to Google Maps.