Magister Legum - LLM / The World Trade Organisation (WTO) deals with regulation of trade in goods, services and intellectual property between participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements.1 Furthermore, it has implemented a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO agreements. Ideally, all WTO member states have ‘a level playing field’ in terms of access and equal rights under the dispute settlement mechanism. Disputes should be resolved in a fair and impartial manner. However, the WTO’s DSS has been criticised for being undemocratic, non-transparent and accountable to none. 2

Univ., Diss.--Wien, 2006. / Literaturverz. S. 187 - 197.

Univ., Diss.--Tübingen, 2004. / Literaturverz. S. [348] - 368.

Univ., Habil.-Schr.--Bern, 2002. / Literaturverz. S. XIII - XXXI.

關於WTO協定間條文與條文間之適用關係，依據小組所建立的原則，即基於WTO協定係屬一體承諾之性質，WTO協定下之義務應屬累積的義務，會員在任何時點均應遵守所有的義務，除非有形式上的衝突存在。然而，整個WTO協定包括了馬爾喀什建立WTO協定、商品貿易多邊協定、服務貿易總協定、智財權等不同部門的協定，到決議文、瞭解書等，有多達六十多種不同的法律文件。這些法律文件是在不同時期及不同背景下，經由不同的談判者所協商而成，而談判者在談判當時，對於各項法律文件間之關係未必有所認知並進一步地為適當的安排，因此未預見的重複、漏洞或衝突，即有可能產生。對於WTO協定條文間錯綜複雜的關係，WTO實務在若干案件中雖有所著墨，但對於何時應屬累積適用及何時構成法律衝突而具有排除適用之效果，並無一致性的判斷標準存在，因此本文即希望透過將WTO協定間法律適用關係之類型化，進而歸納出應屬累積適用關係及排除適用關係的條文，並尋求體系化及一致性的的判斷標準。 / Because of the Uruguay Round negotiations brought about a 'single WTO package' at a very late stage of the negotiations, the WTO system itself has not clearly regulated the issue of the possible relationships between provisions in GATT 1994 and other Annex 1A Agreements or provisions in different Agreements. The only linkages set out in WTO law are one general rule of prevalence, in case of conflict (the General Interpretative Note to Annex 1A) and several cross-references in individual Agreements. The authors submit that panels and the Appellate Body have so far identified four relationships between provisions of the WTO Agreements, which can be characterized as conflict, express derogation, confirming, and complementarity. These relationships have different legal effects on the application of the provisions concerned. Although it is not excluded that over time more types of relationships will be identified and developed, it is useful to take stock of the case law setting out the possible linkages. While not purporting to be exhaustive, the present work is an attempt to analyze the cases that appear to be the most significant for clarifying the different relationships.

隨著時代的發展，電子產品已成為人類生活不可或缺的科技產物，而技術不斷更新的結果導致電子產品的汰舊換新速度加快，產生大量的電子廢棄物（E-waste）。而因為電子廢棄物仍具有高經濟利益，國際間之貿易行為增加，又，因電子廢棄物之再利用、回收及拆解等過程均會對環境造成很大的危害，其高汙染性也引起國際重視。 因電子廢棄物貿易之高經濟性及高汙染性，應適用國際法規以完整規範，目前國際間管制電子廢棄物之法規有二：一為針對環境層面之巴塞爾公約（Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal），另一為針對貿易自由化之WTO（World Trade Organization）貨品貿易原則。 研究探討後發現，兩國際公約仍然有其無法完整規範之處，而最主要的原因即為電子廢棄物於國際間無統一的分類及定義，分類不明的結果導致法規無法完整適用，電子廢棄物貿易行為無法受到管制。 因此，本論文最後將就電子廢棄物給予分類建議，並且探討若電子廢棄物有適當且明確之分類後，法規之適用性大大提升，始可解決環境面與經濟面的難解問題。 / In recent years, electronic products have become more important and indispensable in the human life. With the development of technology, old and used electronic products fall into disuse, so lots of Electronic-Waste (e-waste) has been generated. Because of great economic benefits, the international e-waste trade has turned into a significant issue. In addition, the procedure of re-using, recycling and dismantling e-waste may cause serious damages to the environment. Therefore, the high pollution resulted by E-waste has caught the attention around the world. Due to the enormous benefits and pollution of e-waste trade, the international law should be applied to stipulate the trade behavior. Currently, there are two international laws controlling e-waste: one is the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and Their Disposal that with regard to environment aspect and another is the World Trade Organization (WTO) goods rules which concerning the trade liberalization. In this research, we find that there are still some shortages about these two laws that lead to the insufficiency of the scope of the laws and difficulty of stipulating the e-waste trade. The main reason is that there is no unified and specific classification and definition of the e-waste. The e-waste will be defined and categorized in this research paper, and then the applicability of the two laws will be significantly improved in order to solve the economic and environmental issues. Therefore, according to the laws of several countries, we further give a suggestion about the classification and definition of e-waste. After we have the specific classification of e-waste, the applicable laws become useful and accurate so that we can solve the existing problem between environment and economics.

國際經濟的發展已從傳統的撤除邊界措施演變至以國際競爭為重心的市場開放。「市場可競爭性」的政策理論顯出貿易政策與競爭政策之衝突，為後鳥拉圭回合時期全球市場亟須面對的重要議題，尤以反傾銷法為然。 本論文旨在以競爭法之角度，探討反傾銷法與競爭法之互動關係與其調和之道。首先，反傾銷法的正當性基礎將自經濟學、法律學及政策面的層次予以檢視。其次，反傾銷措施的反競爭效果及其與反托拉斯法的緊張關係為論述重點。再者，反傾銷程序對競爭因素之考量、區域性貿易協定以競爭法取代反傾銷法之實證及多邊貿易體系下的整合方案，皆將依序加以分析與評估。末則就我國反傾銷法與公平交易法之調和及反傾銷政策之定位提出個人建議。

Univ., Diss.--Passau, 2007. / Literaturverz. S. 295 - 319.

Univ., Diss.--Berlin, 2004. / Literaturverz. S. 379 - 391.

Univ., Diss.--Mainz, 2000. / Literaturverz. S. 9 - 22.