Research this probe into Greenpeace actives in entering China change to launch activities with case study. In every activity of Greenpeace, especially observe the development patterns in China of the Greenpeace organization with the contamination accident of the electronics waste. Each aspects involved can be found out how the international NGO uses one's own influence to influence the decision on the environmental protection topic of Chinese Government in the incident. Understanding it influences making propping up Corporatism how the international NGO comes from it. The thesis carries on the discussion on the development of the NGOs in China. Probe into Chinese society and the transitions of the state-society relationship with the evolution of the NGOs of China themselves, and then introduce China¡¦s NGOs versus one's own NGOs with the norm on the system legally separately. It also helps to understand and make the Corporatism controlling the state-society relationship of China. And then we come to regard globalization of the environmental protection topic as the theme, and explain the influence that the environmental protection topic is globalization. Globalization has condensed panhuman the environmental consciousness of civil society. It is through the envirmental international NGOs to practice the goals to protect our envirnment. The environmental problem of China is paid attention to gradually this wave of globalization at the same time. It also lets the international NGOs realize that launch the necessity of the activities in China, too. On the other hand, it introduces development and operations of the Greenpeace by the discussion of this component; it will offer us an intacter understanding. It is the focal point of this thesis that Greenpeace and government, enterprise, media, international organization, etc. Regarding contaminatal accident of the electronics waste is as individual case finally. In this dissertaton, I also discuss with more specific introduction about how the Greenpeace uses its own resource to enforce every activies, build and constructe the advocacy networks of proposing, make the best of the relation with each side to give play to the influence of international NGOs. From the electronics waste contamination accident, it shows that the Greenpeace is engaged in. We can find out how the international NGOs use huge resource to develop in China. Under making up doctrine influence, it reflects one's own value to prove that China still needs international NGOs to help to Chinese problems under the same topic. It shows the important role of the international NGOs in the world.

巴塞爾公約是關於有害廢棄物管理最重要的國際公約，公約中規範了任何有害廢棄物的越境運送都必須提供保證、保險或其他財務擔保，以用於賠償運送途中發生意外污染造成的損害。 本文針對巴塞爾公約所提及之保險加以研究，並分析我國規劃能夠銜接巴塞爾公約架構且能在國內運作的保險機制時，在法規需求方面以及實際運作方面的各項要件，並試擬我國開辦強制有害廢棄物運送保險所需之相關法規以及保單條款。 / Basel Convention is the most important International Convention about the management of hazardous wastes, the Basel Convention acquire that any transboundary movement of hazardous wastes must provides bond, insurance or other financial guarantee, as to compensate the damages caused by the accidental pollution during the transportation. This thesis tried to study what the insurance mentioned in the Basel Convention is, and to analyze every elements of legislative requirements and operational requirements when Taiwan is drawing up the internal insurance structure to connect with the Basel Convention, and tried to draft the related regulations and the terms and conditions of the insurance policy.

隨著時代的發展，電子產品已成為人類生活不可或缺的科技產物，而技術不斷更新的結果導致電子產品的汰舊換新速度加快，產生大量的電子廢棄物（E-waste）。而因為電子廢棄物仍具有高經濟利益，國際間之貿易行為增加，又，因電子廢棄物之再利用、回收及拆解等過程均會對環境造成很大的危害，其高汙染性也引起國際重視。 因電子廢棄物貿易之高經濟性及高汙染性，應適用國際法規以完整規範，目前國際間管制電子廢棄物之法規有二：一為針對環境層面之巴塞爾公約（Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal），另一為針對貿易自由化之WTO（World Trade Organization）貨品貿易原則。 研究探討後發現，兩國際公約仍然有其無法完整規範之處，而最主要的原因即為電子廢棄物於國際間無統一的分類及定義，分類不明的結果導致法規無法完整適用，電子廢棄物貿易行為無法受到管制。 因此，本論文最後將就電子廢棄物給予分類建議，並且探討若電子廢棄物有適當且明確之分類後，法規之適用性大大提升，始可解決環境面與經濟面的難解問題。 / In recent years, electronic products have become more important and indispensable in the human life. With the development of technology, old and used electronic products fall into disuse, so lots of Electronic-Waste (e-waste) has been generated. Because of great economic benefits, the international e-waste trade has turned into a significant issue. In addition, the procedure of re-using, recycling and dismantling e-waste may cause serious damages to the environment. Therefore, the high pollution resulted by E-waste has caught the attention around the world. Due to the enormous benefits and pollution of e-waste trade, the international law should be applied to stipulate the trade behavior. Currently, there are two international laws controlling e-waste: one is the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and Their Disposal that with regard to environment aspect and another is the World Trade Organization (WTO) goods rules which concerning the trade liberalization. In this research, we find that there are still some shortages about these two laws that lead to the insufficiency of the scope of the laws and difficulty of stipulating the e-waste trade. The main reason is that there is no unified and specific classification and definition of the e-waste. The e-waste will be defined and categorized in this research paper, and then the applicability of the two laws will be significantly improved in order to solve the economic and environmental issues. Therefore, according to the laws of several countries, we further give a suggestion about the classification and definition of e-waste. After we have the specific classification of e-waste, the applicable laws become useful and accurate so that we can solve the existing problem between environment and economics.

A gestão dos resíduos gerados pela sociedade, que envolve seu tratamento, valorização, aproveitamento e/ou disposição final, é um tema global que demanda de governos, empresas e cidadãos soluções adequadas. O transporte transfronteiriço de resíduos considerado tráfico quando realizado ilegalmente tornou-se uma realidade a ser enfrentada, visto que transfere os impactos de resíduos perigosos de países geradores para países que frequentemente dispõem de meios escassos para lidar eficientemente com os mesmos, aumentando a probabilidade de problemas ambientais e de saúde pública. A Convenção da Basiléia, promulgada em 1989, estabeleceu regras e limites internacionais ao trânsito de resíduos perigosos. O Brasil, como signatário da Convenção, assumiu sua implementação através do Decreto nº 875 de 19 de julho 1993. À revelia das normativas existentes, ocorrem casos de tráfico de resíduos irregulares nas fronteiras e portos brasileiros. As importações irregulares identificadas são tratadas na forma da lei pelos órgãos competentes, gerando processos administrativos, autuações e notificações. Neste trabalho realizamos um levantamento descritivo dos casos de tráfico ilegal de resíduos identificados nas fronteiras e portos brasileiros e analisamos a eficiência e eficácia do governo brasileiro, através de seu órgão ambiental IBAMA/MMA, em coibir e impedir essa prática criminosa. Utilizamos para tanto os seguintes indicadores: a identificação das cargas irregulares pelos entes governamentais; a devolução das cargas aos países de origem; a autuação dos responsáveis pelo tráfico; a comunicação ao Secretariado da Convenção da Basiléia e as ações visando coibir esta prática. A análise dos dados levantados permitiu verificar a evolução dos procedimentos governamentais afetos à problemática e apontar lacunas existentes que limitam a eficácia e eficiência das ações empreendidas. / The management of the waste generated by society, involving its treatment, recovery, and/or final disposal, is a global issue that demands of governments, businesses and citizens appropriate solutions. Cross-border transport of dangerous waste considered illegal trafficking when performed irregularly became a reality to be faced, since it transfers the potential impacts of harmful wastes from generator countries to other regions which generally have limited means to handle efficiently with them, increasing the possibility of environmental and public health problems. The Basel Convention, enacted in 1989, established international rules and limits on hazardous waste transit. Brazil, as a signatory of the Convention, assumed its implementation through Decree nº 875 of July 19, 1993. Despite the existing regulations, there are cases of illegal waste trafficking identified at the Brazilian borders and seaports. Identified irregular imports are treated by the competent national bodies according to existing laws and rules, generating administrative proceedings, fines and notifications. In this work, we conduct a descriptive survey of cases of illegal waste trafficking identified at the borders and seaports and analyze the Brazilian government efficiency and effectiveness, through its environmental agency IBAMA/MMA, in curbing and preventing this criminal practice. For this intent, we analyzed the following indicators: the identification of irregular cargos by governmental agencies; proceedings adopted against those responsible for trafficking; the return of the irregular cargos to the countries of origin; communication to the Secretariat of the Basel Convention and the actions to curb this practice. The analysis of the collected data has shown progress in government procedures pertaining to the issue and point out gaps that limit the effectiveness and efficiency of the actions.

Purpose/Aim: The purpose of this study is to understand the meaning of global responsibility and toxicwaste control. The Basel Convention is the UN's international regulations on the import, export andtransport of hazardous waste. According to the Basel Convention, the export of electronic waste todeveloping countries is fully legal if the recipient country has given approval in writing. Is there a linkbetween toxic colonialism, global responsibility, justice and human rights?Material/Method: A qualitative case study of what delegates from three African countries think abouttoxic colonialism and global responsibility.Main results: The essay gives an explanation of the concept of toxic colonialism in relation to the BaselConvention and the Ban Amendment, from three African UN delegates, furthermore an analysis of theimportance it can have on global responsibility, justice and views on human rights.The essay results show that the Ban Amendment of the Basel Convention is in line with Rawl'sdifference principle and the principle of freedom and would contribute to increased justice on electronicwaste coding if the amendment goes through and is used in symbiosis with human rights: UDHRArticle 25 and ICESCR Article 12.1-2.

Le présent mémoire a pour objet les formes, les caractéristiques et les défis de la gouvernance des déchets électroniques. L’auteure explore les impactes socioéconomiques et environnementales de divers types d’instruments conçus pour mitiger les risques à la santé humaine et à l’environnement que présentent les produits électroniques en fin de vie, notamment: les traités multilatéraux qui visent à prohiber le transfert des déchets hasardeux au pays en développement, les législations régionales, nationales et provinciales mettant en vigueur des systèmes de recyclage obligatoire des déchets électroniques, ainsi que d’autres initiatives, publics et privées, basées sur le principe de la responsabilité élargie des producteurs (REP). L’objectif de ce travail est de comprendre comment les acteurs impliqués dans le commerce de l’équipement électronique peuvent modeler les systèmes de production, d’usage et du traitement fin de vie des technologies contemporaines pour que ces dernières puissent continuer à faire élever les standards de vie et à avancer le développement des communautés humaines, en respectant simultanément le principe international de l’équité globale, l’environnement naturel et la qualité de vie des générations futures. / This thesis addresses the forms, characteristics and challenges of electronic waste governance. The author explores the socio-economic and environmental impacts of a diverse range of instruments that have been developed to mitigate the human health and environmental risks presented by end-of-life electronic equipment, namely: multilateral treaties restricting e-waste trade flows into developing countries, regional, national and provincial legislations imposing mandatory recycling systems for e-waste, as well as other public and private initiatives based on the principle of extended producer responsibility (EPR). The objective of this study is to understand how stakeholders implicated in the electronic equipment sector can model the systems of production, use, and discard of electronics, so that the latter may continue to raise living standards and propel human development while simultaneously respecting the international principle of global equity, the natural environment and the quality of life of future generations.

Le présent mémoire a pour objet les formes, les caractéristiques et les défis de la gouvernance des déchets électroniques. L’auteure explore les impactes socioéconomiques et environnementales de divers types d’instruments conçus pour mitiger les risques à la santé humaine et à l’environnement que présentent les produits électroniques en fin de vie, notamment: les traités multilatéraux qui visent à prohiber le transfert des déchets hasardeux au pays en développement, les législations régionales, nationales et provinciales mettant en vigueur des systèmes de recyclage obligatoire des déchets électroniques, ainsi que d’autres initiatives, publics et privées, basées sur le principe de la responsabilité élargie des producteurs (REP). L’objectif de ce travail est de comprendre comment les acteurs impliqués dans le commerce de l’équipement électronique peuvent modeler les systèmes de production, d’usage et du traitement fin de vie des technologies contemporaines pour que ces dernières puissent continuer à faire élever les standards de vie et à avancer le développement des communautés humaines, en respectant simultanément le principe international de l’équité globale, l’environnement naturel et la qualité de vie des générations futures. / This thesis addresses the forms, characteristics and challenges of electronic waste governance. The author explores the socio-economic and environmental impacts of a diverse range of instruments that have been developed to mitigate the human health and environmental risks presented by end-of-life electronic equipment, namely: multilateral treaties restricting e-waste trade flows into developing countries, regional, national and provincial legislations imposing mandatory recycling systems for e-waste, as well as other public and private initiatives based on the principle of extended producer responsibility (EPR). The objective of this study is to understand how stakeholders implicated in the electronic equipment sector can model the systems of production, use, and discard of electronics, so that the latter may continue to raise living standards and propel human development while simultaneously respecting the international principle of global equity, the natural environment and the quality of life of future generations.

La scène internationale se caractérise par des relations de diverses natures entre les États. Pourtant, en observant plus attentivement, on se rend compte que cette coopération prend des tournures non linéaires sous le prisme des considérations financières. En effet, le financement est devenu le dénominateur qui façonne les relations interétatiques. Le droit international de l’environnement en général, et le secteur des produits chimiques et des déchets dangereux en particulier, n’échappe pas à ce paradigme. L’essentiel des échanges internationaux a pour trame de fond, l’exploitation des ressources naturelles et le commerce. Or depuis la deuxième et la troisième révolution industrielle, l’homme a appris à extraire et transformer les minerais et à synthétiser de nouvelles molécules pour la fabrication de produits de toute sorte. La surexploitation des ressources naturelles a parallèlement généré des retombées environnementales indésirables en termes de pollution transfrontière et d’atteintes graves sur la santé humaine. Cet état de choses a progressivement conduit à l’adoption d’instruments juridiques internationaux pour en limiter ou éradiquer les effets. C’est dans ce contexte que sont nées les Conventions de Bâle, de Rotterdam, de Stockholm, et récemment, la Convention de Minamata sur le mercure. Ces quatre instruments juridiques forment le système légal dans le secteur des produits chimiques et déchets dangereux. Toutefois, l’efficacité de cet arsenal passe inévitablement par la mise en œuvre de ces conventions. Or force est de constater que les choses ne sont pas aussi faciles dans la pratique. Le principal point d’achoppement réside très souvent dans les questions de financement des surcoûts que leur application entraîne dans les pays en voie de développement. Qui doit payer? La réponse à cette question passe par l’explication et l’interprétation du Principe des responsabilités communes mais différenciées et l’analyse de l’efficacité des mécanismes de financement mis en place dans le cadre de chaque convention. Face à ces préoccupations liées au financement, la question qu’on peut se poser est celle de savoir si le régime juridique n’est pas la source du problème. De plus, quel est l'impact des tentatives de restructuration entamées depuis quelques années? Quelles améliorations peuvent être proposées? C’est à cet ensemble de préoccupations que cette thèse apporte des réponses. / The international scene is marked by different types of interstate relationships. However, upon close consideration, this collaboration takes on a non-linear appearance from a financial point of view. In fact, funding has become the common denominator that shapes interstate relationships. International environmental law, as well as the chemical industry - particularly the hazardous waste sector - do not escape this paradigm. The exploitation of natural resources and trade constitute the foundation of this vital area of international exchanges. Since the second and third industrial revolutions, man has learned to extract and transform minerals and synthesize new molecules in order to manufacture of all sorts of products. The overexploitation of natural resources has by the same token led to undesirable environmental impacts in the form of transboundary contamination and severe damage to human health. This state of affairs has gradually led to the adoption of international legal instruments with a view to limiting or eradicating the aforementioned effects. It was within this context that the Basel, Rotterdam, Stockholm and, most recently, the Minamata Convention on Mercury were adopted. These four legal instruments form the legal structure in the chemicals and hazardous waste sector. However, the effectiveness of this arsenal involves the implementation of these conventions. But this is not as easy in practice. The main stumbling block is often the question of financing the additional costs that their implementation entails in developing countries. Who should pay? The answer to this question lies in the explanation and interpretation of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and the analysis of the effectiveness of the financing mechanisms set up under each convention. In the face of these funding concerns, the question that can be asked is whether the legal regime is not the source of the problem. Moreover, what is the impact of the restructuring attempts initiated in recent years? What improvements can be proposed? It is to this set of concerns that this thesis provides answers.

In the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the environmental protection of the marine environment was first addressed in a comprehensive manner on an international level. However, the Convention distinguishes between four different sorts of pollution depending on which source the pollution originates from. Still, one of these sources play a more crucial role in the protection of the marine environment than the other since that source is estimated to stand for 80 percent of all the marine pollution; namely marine pollution from land-based sources. As the throw-away culture has led to products being disposed of at a faster rate than ever before, in particular plastic products, the amount of land-based debris has also substantially increased over the last decades. This increased disposal rate of products in combination with poor waste treatment has consequently led to many kinds of wastes ending up in the ocean and causing severe harm, not only to the marine environment and its living species, but also to humans that eat the fish and use the many other ecosystem services of the Sea. In this thesis, some prominent international conventions on marine pollution from land-based sources are examined; namely the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, as well as the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. To achieve United Nations Sustainable Development Goal number 14.1 to significantly reduce marine pollution from land-based sources by 2025, this thesis claims that international laws addressing this sort of pollution need to be implemented. Moreover, this thesis rests on the belief that regional implementation is a crucial component in making states align with international law. However, while regional implementation has been ambitious in the European Union Law, many regions still lack enforceable frameworks that aim to reduce and prevent marine pollution from land-based sources.

This research provides a novel outlook on the emergence of norms in world politics. Guided by a constructivist theoretical framework and a process tracing methodology, it tests Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink's pioneering life cycle model of norms (1998) with an unexplored case study. By investigating the processes that led to the legally binding Plastic Waste Amendments of the Basel Convention, it evaluates the model’s main mechanisms and studies the question of ‘How can we explain the emergence of a norm on plastic pollution within the scope of the Basel Convention?’ To do so, it combines an in-depth analysis of the international relations literature, official reports, and carefully selected interviews with actors involved in the global governance of plastic and the World Ocean. This research shows that co-construction processes between ideas, agents, and structures are at play in the emergence of norms. It offers a detailed understanding of the processes of norm emergence in world politics, original insights for the global governance of plastic pollution in the World Ocean, and opportunities to answer the challenges brought by transnational environmental issues. The findings of this research will likely be of particular interest for global environmental governance scholars and to those looking for pathways to foster global cooperation. / Cette recherche offre une perspective nouvelle sur l’émergence des normes en politique mondiale. Guidé par un cadre théorique constructiviste et une méthodologie basée sur le traçage des processus, elle teste le modèle de cycle de vie des normes de Martha Finnemore et Kathryn Sikkink (1998) par l’entremise d’une étude de cas inexplorée. En étudiant les processus qui ont menés aux amendements juridiquement contraignants sur les déchets de plastique de la Convention de Bâle, elle évalue les principaux mécanismes du modèle de cycle de vie des normes et étudie la question suivante : « Comment expliquer l’émergence d’une norme sur la pollution des plastiques dans le cadre de la Convention de Bâle ? ». Pour ce faire, cette étude combine une analyse approfondie de la littérature des relations internationales, des rapports officiels et des entretiens soigneusement sélectionnés avec des acteurs œuvrant dans la gouvernance globale du plastique et de l'océan mondial. Cette recherche montre que des processus de co-construction entre idées, agents et structures contribuent à l'émergence des normes. Cette recherche offre une compréhension détaillée des processus d'émergence des normes en politique mondiale; des perspectives originales pour la gouvernance globale de la pollution plastique dans l'océan mondial; et des opportunités pour relever les défis posés par les enjeux environnementaux transnationaux. Les résultats de cette recherche seront probablement d’intérêt pour les spécialistes de la gouvernance environnementale globale et pour ceux qui cherchent des moyens pour renforcir la coopération mondiale.