Στην παρούσα μελέτη εξετάζεται η δυνατότητα επαναχρησιμοποίησης των επεξεργασμένων αστικών λυμάτων και ιλύος από Εγκαταστάσεις Επεξεργασίας Λυμάτων του νομού Αιτωλ/νίας σε γεωργικές εκτάσεις του νομού. Στο πρώτο μέρος της εργασίας γίνεται μια εισαγωγή στην επαναχρησιμοποίηση των αστικών λυμάτων στην γεωργία. Περιγράφονται τα χαρακτηριστικά των λυμάτων, οι διεργασίες που συντελούνται στις Εγκαταστάσεις Επεξεργασίας Λυμάτων, τα κριτήρια ποιότητας που πρέπει να πληρούν τα λύματα (προκειμένου να χρησιμοποιηθούν για άρδευση). Αναλύονται τα αγρονομικά κριτήρια και τα κριτήρια για την διασφάλιση της δημόσιας υγείας, που πρέπει να τηρούν τα επεξεργασμένα λύματα, ώστε να εφαρμόζονται στα εδάφη με ασφάλεια. Επίσης, στο πρώτο μέρος αναλύονται τα κριτήρια επιλογής θέσεων για την εφαρμογή των λυμάτων, καθώς και το νομοθετικό πλαίσιο που ισχύει στην Ελλάδα σχετικά με την επαναχρησιμοποίηση. Τέλος, γίνεται μια επισκόπηση της διεθνούς πρακτικής σχετικά με την επαναχρησιμοποίηση και περιγράφεται και η κατάσταση που επικρατεί στον Ελλαδικό χώρο. Στο δεύτερο μέρος γίνεται αναφορά στους υδατικούς πόρους του νομού Αιτωλ/νίας. Περιγράφεται το υδατικό δυναμικό του νομού Αιτωλ/νίας, οι ανάγκες νερού για διάφορες χρήσεις στον νομό, καθώς και οι υποδομές δικτύων άρδευσης σην Αιτωλ/νία. Το τρίτο μέρος αναφέρεται στην χρήση της ιλύος στην γεωργία. Γίνεται περιγραφή των χαρακτηριστικών της λυματολάσπης, του νομικού πλαισίου που ισχύει κατά την χρήση της στην γεωργία και τονίζονται τα κρίσιμα σημεία ελέγχου κατά την εφαρμογή της λάσπης στα γεωργικά εδάφη. Στο τέταρτο μέρος γίνεται η οριοθέτηση και η περιγραφή των περιοχών μελέτης και παρουσιάζεται ο τρόπος, με τον οποίο προσδιορίζονται οι καλλιεργούμενες εκτάσεις μέσα σε κάθε περιοχή μελέτης, ώστε στην συνέχεια να εκτιμηθούν οι υδατικές απαιτήσεις. Οι Εγκαταστάσεις Επεξεργασίας Αστικών Λυμάτων, που εξετάζονται στην παρούσα μελέτη, είναι αυτές των Δήμων Μεσολογγίου, Αιτωλικού, Θέρμου, Αγρινίου και Ναυπάκτου. Ενώ οι επιλεγείσες περιοχές μελέτης βρίσκονται πλησίον των ανωτέρω εγκαταστάσεων. Γίνεται επίσης σύντομη αναφορά στον τρόπο λειτουργίας της κάθε ΕΕΛ. Στο πέμπτο μέρος γίνεται αναφορά στους παράγοντες που επηρεάζουν την υδατοκατανάλωση των καλλιεργειών, αναλύεται η μεθοδολογία με την βοήθεια της οποίας προσδιορίζονται οι υδατικές απαιτήσεις των καλλιεργειών σύμφωνα με την εξίσωση των Penman Monteith κατά FAO. Προσδιορίζονται οι υδατικές απαιτήσεις των καλλιεργειών και οι συνολικές ανάγκες σε αρδευτικό νερό για κάθε περιοχή μελέτης, ακολουθεί η συσχετισή του με τις ετήσιες εκροές της κάθε ΕΕΛ, ώστε να προκύψει το ποσοστό κάλυψης των αρδευτικών αναγκών με επεξεργασμένες εκροές για την κάθε περιοχή. Τέλος, στο έκτο μέρος γίνεται μια προσπάθεια εκτίμησης της δυνατότητας χρήσης της λυματολάσπης στα εδάφη του νομού Αιτωλ/νίας. / This study examines the potential reuse of treated municipal wastewater and sludge from Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTPs) in agricultural areas of Aitoloakarnania prefecture. The first part of the study is an introduction to the reuse of urban wastewater in agriculture. Describes the characteristics of wastewater, the processes occurring in the wastewater treatment plants, the quality criteria that wastewater should have for safe use in irrigation. Also, the first part analyzes the criteria for selecting areas to apply wastewater. The legislative framework in Greece for waste water reuse is also analyzed. Finally, a review of international and domestic practices on agricultural reuse is given. The second part refers to the water resources of the Aitoloakarnania prefecture. The third part refers to the use of sludge in agriculture. Describes the characteristics of the sludge, the legal framework applicable for use in agriculture and highlights the critical control points in the application of sludge on soils. The fourth part describes each study area and shows how we can specify in each area the cultivated species (crops) in order to calculate the water requirements of the crops. The study areas are sited near by the WWTPs of Messolongi, Aitoliko, Thermo, Agrinio, Naupaktos. The fifth part refers to the factors affecting water requirements of the crops, and analyzes the methodology used to calculate water requirements of crops (FAO Penman – Monteith equation). At the end of the part there is a correlation between the water requirements of the crops and the annual output of each WWTP, resulting in the percentage of coverage of irrigation demands of crops in each studied area. Finally, the sixth part is an attempt to assess the usability of sludge to soils of the Aitoloakarnania prefecture.

The aim of this diploma thesis was to detect (anti-)progestagenic activity in wastewater samples from the influent and effluent of six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in South Bohemia. Subsequently, the efficiency of the treatment process of this WWTPs was assessed from this point of view. The wastewater from WWTPs was transported to the laboratory and extracted oby solid phase extraction. The eluates were washed, evaporated and dissolved in DMSO. Detection of (anti-)progestagenic activity was performed by using the PR-CALUX in vitro bioassay. Transgenic cells were seeded on well plates and were exposed to ORG2058, reference substance for progestagenic activity, or RU-486, reference substance for antiprogestagenic activity, as well as a number of diluted wastewater extracts. After that, luminiscence of the cells was measured and it was was expressed in relative light units which were a measure of (anti-)progestagenic activity.(Anti-)progestagenic activity was reported in equivalent concentrations of the reference substance. Progestagenic activity in WWTPs influent ranged from below LOQ up to 1.8 ng/l ORG2058 eq. In effluent this activity ranged from below LOQ up to 0.5 ng/l ORG2058 eq. The elimination rate of progestagenic activity ranged from -25% to 100%. Antiprogestagenic activity in WWTPs inffluent was below the LOQ up to 1 ng/l RU-486 eq. In effluent this activity was below LOQ up to 9.7 ng/l RU-486 eq. The elimination rate of antiprogestagenic activity ranged from -50% to 100%.(Anti-)progestagenic activity in waste water has been demonstrated by using the PR-CALUX in vitro bioassay. Negative removal efficiency of some WWTPs was also documented. This is probably caused by biotransformation of some substances which don´t have (anti-)progestagenic activity to substances which have this activity or it is caused by deconjugation of metabolits of compounds with (anti-)progestagenic activity. Antiprogestagenic activity may be more hazardous for organisms living in the aquatic environment than progestagenic activity because of concentrations in WWTPs effluent. However this activity should not be underestimated.

The aim of this diploma thesis is the determination of selected organic pollutants with a focus on artificial sweeteners in waste water from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) Modřice and the subsequent degradation of the thus obtained concentrations in model water using advanced oxidation processes (AOP). Two sweeteners were determined, namely sucralose and saccharin found in waste water. Synthetic sweeteners are not sufficiently cleaned in the WWTP and penetrate the environment. Effective processes for removing organic substances, including alternative sweeteners, are AOP processes. These processes are based on reactions of highly reactive hydroxyl radical (OH·), which is produced by many chemical reactions. Generally, they use ozone (O3) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). On sampling, wastewater samples were treated with Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) and then evaluated by HPLC/MS (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). In observing the degradation of selected sweeteners, three AOP methods were used: O3/UV, H2O2/UV and O3/H2O2. For each of these methods, the efficiency of degradation of sucralose and saccharin was investigated. From the evaluated data it was found that the most efficient AOP process for removing artificial sweeteners from water is the O3/H2O2 method.

Det senaste årtiondet har man uppmärksammat läkemedelsrester i den akvatiska miljön. Kommunala avloppsreningsverk är en av de viktigaste källorna till detta. Denna rapport behandlar frågan om att bygga ut avloppsreningsverk med teknik för att reducera läkemedel från kommunalt avloppsvatten. En telefonenkät har genomförts med personal på kommunala avloppsreningsverk. Med hjälp av den försöker rapporten sammanfatta läget för läkemedelsrening i svenska kommuner, hur långt man har kommit, vilka drivkrafter som kan stimulera arbetet och utmaningar som kan komma med det. Rapporten försöker också identifiera skillnader mellan kommuner som kan avgöra om man jobbar för att införa läkemedelsrening. Undersökningen visar att majoriteten av svenska kommuner ännu inte har börjat jobba med frågan; de som har börjat är främst stora kommuner. De flesta har dock hört talas om minst en reningsteknik för läkemedelsrening. I små kommuner är ekonomi och brist på kunskap en framtida utmaning. För de flesta kommuner skulle lagstiftning och lokala politiska beslut vara de viktigaste drivkrafterna för att börja jobba med frågan. Ungefär hälften av kommunerna uppgav att de trodde man skulle börja jobba med frågan inom 15 år. / Pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment has been a growing concern in the last decade, and municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are an important source of pharmaceuticals to the aquatic environment. This paper treats the question of upgrading public WWTPs with technology for reducing pharmaceutical residues in wastewater. By means of a telephone survey directed at personnel at municipal WWTPs, this report tries to conclude the position of Swedish municipalities; what work has already been done in this area, what possible motives might propel upgrading WWTPs, and challenges that might follow with it. The report also investigates whether there are any differences between municipalities that might determine whether a municipality has engaged in this area. The investigation shows that the majority of Swedish municipalities has not yet started working towards upgrading WWTPs. Those that have are mainly large municipalities. However most have heard of treatment techniques. For small municipalities economy and a lack of knowledge pose a future challenge. For most of the municipalities, legislation and local political decisions would be the most important drives towards upgrading WWTPs. About half of the municipalities in the survey thought that they might start working towards upgrading WWTPs within 15 years.

No description available.

MENVSC / Department of Hydrology and Water Resources / Sewage sludge (biosolids) from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has been widely used as a soil improver in Europe, United States of America and some developing countries including South Africa. It has its benefits for farmers as a good source of organic matter and minerals, however, sludge after treatment still contains pathogenic organisms, heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The POP and heavy metal contaminants that accumulate in sludge may transfer through the food chain and cause adverse effects on human beings. In this study, a field experiment was carried out on farmland fertilized with sewage sludge from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) that vasically receives domestic wastewater and storm water. Vegetable spinach (Spinacia oleracea) was used for this study and was planted on a farmland under controlled conditions. Ten ridges each of dimensions 20 m × 0.3 m was made and dry sludge weights of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 kg were applied as manure on each of the ridges, respectively. Representative samples of sludge and soil were taken for analysis of heavy metals and POPs. At maturity, in twelve weeks, the root and leave samples of the vegetable were taken from all the ridges including the control. The soil, sludge, and vegetable samples were analyzed for total heavy metal content (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Co, Zn, Al, Fe, Mn), speciated heavy metal content and POP (PAH, PCB). Soil and sludge samples were also analyzed for total organic content, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), conductivity and alkalinity. The analysis for total heavy metals and speciated heavy metal content was carried out using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometer (ICP-OES), and CEC analysis was carried out using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). A two-dimensional gas chromatograph with time of flight mass spectrometry detector (GC X GC TOFMS) was used for POP measurements. pH measurement was made using a pH meter and conductivity measurement using a conductivity meter. Alkalinity and total organic content analysis was performed using titrimetric apparatus. The highest total heavy metal concentration of 378.9 mg / kg was recorded in Fe metal in soil and Leaf sample while the lowest total metal concentration of 0.0003 mg / kg was in Cu metal in root sample. The highest heavy metal concentration of 1002 mg / kg in speciated forms was in Mn metal in F1 fraction and the lowest of 0.0004 mg / kg was in Cd metal in F5 fraction. PAHs were only found in soil samples and their concentrations ranged from 2.53 mg / kg to 146.5 mg / kg. There were no PCB detected in all the samples analysed. The results indicated that the trace metals concentrations found in the exchangeable fraction were higher than those observed in any of the preceding extractions except in the case of Cd, Cr, Fe and Pb where Fe-Mn oxide and organic matter fractions predominated and were closely followed by exchangeable fraction.