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Reinforced soil constructions have a long history, and various types of the soil reinforcement havebeen in use since the medieval period. Geosynthetic reinforced soil walls (GRS-walls) while beingcommon throughout the world, in not included in the current Eurocode for geotechnical design, SSEN1997-1. The Swedish transportation authority design guidelines (TK Geo 13 and TR Geo 13)provides requirements regarding the utilization of the bearing capacity of the reinforcedgeosynthetic layer and suggestions for the calculation model, but the design is free to choose asuitable design model. Since geosynthetics are very flexible, the load distribution between thegeosynthetic layers in the GRS-wall will be dependent on the stress-strain response of the soil andthe geosynthetic layers. This thesis evaluates the importance of the design model on the ultimatelimit state (ULS) as well as the serviceability limit state (SLS) on a typical GRS wall. The resultsshows that a full numerical model including the stress-strain development gives less utilization ofthe geosynthetic layers at a comparable surcharge load compared to a limit equilibrium model(LEM) suggested by TR Geo. Furthermore, the redistribution of the load between the geosyntheticlayers result in a significantly larger maximum load before a collapse state compared to the LEMcalculation. In such structures the serviceability conditions will control the design. Theconsequences for practical design and the limitation to various design models are elaborated andrecommendations are given.

Border delineations and walls have been used to protect cities and towns throughout history. In the present age of modern surveillance and advanced military technology however, physical walls have much less significance for the protection of present-day states and nations and have become artifacts of mostly symbolic significance. In an increasingly connected world with the potential for becoming more compassionate, the symbolic significance of the border wall, barrier, and delineation demands to be reassessed and reapproached. This opens the possibility of designing a new binational border typology with functions of business, tourism, cultural education, hospitality, and public assembly that can mutually benefit bordering regions. The site of this thesis is the 1949 Armistice Agreement, or Green Line, on the perimeter of the West Bank of Palestine – a prolonged border conflict of our time and a powerful example of spatial injustice. Through a combination of ancient and modern materials, this thesis explores the potential of hospitality through the design of a roadside inn to recognize the history of its place and create a physical and symbolic bridge for future cooperation. In addition to lodging for travelers, the program incorporates a museum, artist workshops, dining areas, gift shops, and gathering spaces. Straddling the Green Line along the Dead Sea shoreline, it is designed to carry the memory of the land, but also to symbolize a future that joins divided communities. / Master of Architecture / This thesis looks at the problem of border delineations and walls within a modern context and proposes the use of borders for functions supplementary to border control and security – such as local commerce, cultural spaces, tourism, hospitality, and public gathering places. Border delineations and walls have been used to protect cities and towns throughout history. In the present age of modern surveillance and advanced military technology however, physical walls have much less significance for the protection of present-day states and nations and have become artifacts of mostly symbolic significance. In an increasingly connected world with the potential for becoming more compassionate, the symbolic significance of the border wall, barrier, and delineation demands to be reassessed and reapproached. This opens the possibility of designing a new binational border typology with functions of business, tourism, cultural education, hospitality, and public assembly that can mutually benefit bordering regions. Spatial justice involves the fair and equitable distribution within a space of resources and opportunities. The site of this thesis is the 1949 Armistice Agreement, or Green Line, on the perimeter of the West Bank of Palestine – a prolonged border conflict of our time and a powerful example of spatial injustice. Through a combination of ancient and modern materials, this thesis explores the potential of hospitality through the design of a roadside inn to recognize the history of its place and create a physical and symbolic bridge for future cooperation. In addition to lodging for travelers, the project's program, or scope of work, includes a museum, artist workshops, dining areas, gift shops, and gathering spaces. Straddling the Green Line along the Dead Sea shoreline, it is designed to carry the memory of the land, but also to symbolize a future that joins divided communities.

This thesis thrives to promote community health and wellbeing through smart design, celebrating culture(s), and offering efficacious and real-world solutions to mitigate certain challenges arising from the imminent threat of climate change and the gradual depletion of our planet's natural resources. The projected building harnesses naturel forces, minimizes energy consumption, and uses natural/passive strategies like thermal mass and natural ventilation. Interior spaces enjoy an abundance of Natural lighting, biophilic attributes, and thera-serlized or uninterrupted views. It generates electrical energy due to adequate solar power and clear skies, especially in hot and arid climates like the proposed location of the project in Tuba City, AZ. In my proposal of a sustainable, community-focused, wellness center, this project will attempt to embrace diversity, celebrate the Navajos heritage through incorporating their belief system and culture into the genius Loci of the place, which will have a long-term healing effect on patients during their journey of recovery. The Navajo nation is a native American reservation and a self-governing community located in the southwest of the US between four states (UT, AZ, NM, CO). Since it's an Underserved, marginalized, and medically under-resourced community, the Navajo Nation was prone to COVID-19 onslaught in 2020, which resulted in substantial number of cases compared to other US states. / Master of Architecture / In Dec 2020, the World witnessed the first case of Coronavirus disease or COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. The disease has since spread rapidly worldwide, leading to an ongoing pandemic. Like many countries across the globe, the health system in the United States of America has to grabble with this deadly virus by inducing measures such as mask mandates and lockdowns in many US states. Unfortunately, and due to economic and social disparities, COVID-19 pandemic has brought injustice and inequity to the forefront of public health. Some communities were hit hard due to lack of emergency response, the availability of health professionals, and healthcare infrastructure. Tuba city, which is the Diné or the Navajo nation second-largest community in Coconino County, AZ, was majorly hit with COVID-19 resulting in a significant number of cases compared to other US cities. This project is a critical component of an emergency preparedness matrix that can firstly; help absorb the shock of such outbreaks by providing primary and outpatient services. Secondly; it offers community-focused and wellness service that can empower underserved, under-resourced and valuable communities like the Navajo Nation. This project is unique due to its inherited and embedded characteristics of bringing the Navajo tradition into the spirit of the building, by celebrating their culture making it a key component in a patent's healing process.

Experimental and analytic investigations were performed to examine the influences of wall height, backfill behavior, and compaction on the magnitudes of backfill loads on rigid retaining walls. Measurements of lateral and vertical backfill loads were made during tests using the Virginia Tech instrumented retaining wall facility. The tests were performed with two soils, moist Yatesville silty sand and dry Light Castle sand. Two hand-operated compactors, a vibrating plate compactor and a rammer compactor, were used to compact the backfill. The backfill height was 6.5 feet in all of the tests. Analyses of backfill loads were made using a compaction- induced lateral earth pressure theory and a vertical shear force theory. The compaction-induced lateral earth pressure theory was revised from a previous theory. The revisions improved the accuracy with which the theory models the hysteretic stress behavior of the backfill during compaction. The theory was also extended to include the pore pressure response of moist backfill in a rational manner. A vertical shear force theory was also developed during this research. The theory is based on consideration of backfill compressibility and mobilization of interface shear strength at the contact between the backfill and the wall. The theory provides a useful basis for understanding how wall height, backfill compressibility, wall-backfill interface behavior, and compaction-induced lateral pressures affect the vertical shear forces on rigid walls. Studies were also made to investigate the cause of erratic pressure cell readings. An important cause of drift in pressure cell readings was found to be moisture changes in the concrete in which the pressure cells were mounted. It was found that this problem could be mitigated by applying a water-seal treatment to the face of the wall. Both the vibrating plate compactor and the rammer compactor were instrumented to measure dynamic forces and energy transfer during compaction. The force applied by the vibrating plate compactor was about one-quarter of the manufacturer’s rated force. The force applied by the rammer compactor was about twice the manufacturer’s rated force. The transferred energy measurements provided a basis for relating laboratory and field compaction procedures. / Ph. D.

Previous laboratory and field experimental studies of earth pressures exerted on retaining structures and laboratory studies of the at-rest earth pressure coefficient are summarized. The current methods used to evaluate the earth pressures due to compaction are reviewed. The design features of a new instrumented oedometer developed to investigate the effect of number of load cycles on the at-rest earth-pressure coefficient are presented along with the results of a series of tests on Monterey sand #0/30. The Instrumented Retaining Wall Facility developed to provide a means of obtaining experimental measurements of the earth pressures exerted on retaining structures is described. The instrumented wall of the facility is seven feet high and ten feet long and is instrumented to measure horizontal and vertical forces, horizontal earth pressures, horizontal deformations, and temperature. A description of the microcomputer-based data-acquisition system and the software used to record the test results is included. The results of four tests where Yatesville silty sand was compacted in layers in the Instrumented Retaining Wall Facility are presented. The experimental results are compared with the results of similar studies by others and to an analytical method used to estimate compaction-induced earth pressures. / Ph. D.

In this investigation, thirty-six shear walls measuring 8 feet (2.4 m) in width and possessing heights of 8, 9 and 10 feet (2.4, 2.7 and 3.0 m) were subjected to the reversed, cyclic loading schedule of the standard CUREE protocol in order to determine the performance capabilities of shear walls greater than 8 feet (2.4 m) in height sheathed with long panels. Of the thirty-six walls, a total of twelve walls measuring 9 and 10 feet (2.7 and 3.0 m) in height were sheathed with 4 x 8 feet (1.2 x 2.4 m) panels which required additional blocking members between the studs of the frame. Values obtained from the tests performed on these walls provided a direct comparison to those obtained from the walls of equal height, but sheathed with a long panel capable of spanning the entire height of the wall. The capabilities of long panels were investigated when used as the sheathing elements of shear walls with and without a mechanical hold-down device attached to the base of the end stud. An advantage of the long panel was investigated in which it was extended past the bottom plate and down onto the band joist to determine if significant resistance to the uplift present in walls without mechanical hold-down devices could be provided. Also, the effects of orienting the fibers of a 4 x 9 feet (1.2 x 2.7 m) panel in the alternate direction were examined. Average values of the parameters produced by walls sheathed with long panels either matched or exceeded those of its counterpart sheathed with 4 x 8 feet (1.2 x 2.4 m) panels in all configurations except the 10 feet (3.0 m) tall wall without hold-down devices. In fact, 4 x 9 feet (1.2 x 2.7 m) panels increased the performance of 9 feet (2.7 m) tall walls equipped with hold-down restraint significantly. Extending the long panels past the bottom plate and down onto the band joist improved the performance of both 8 and 9 feet (2.4 and 2.7 m) tall prescriptive shear walls significantly. Walls sheathed with panels made of fibers oriented in the alternate direction performed identically to those sheathed with panels of typical fiber orientation until the point of peak load. Once peak load was reached, walls sheathed with panels of alternate oriented fibers failed in a more sudden and brittle manner. / Master of Science

The University of Virginia is currently constructing an Arts Studio building in the parking lot of their Architecture School. The University's original Jeffersonian foundation and its repeated imitation throughout history has told its citizens that this is what the architecture of the University must be, without actually questioning the reasons. Can we design new, exciting buildings that still belong on the campus without designing exactly as Jefferson did two-hundred years ago? This Thesis is my own design for UVA's Art Studio building. In this design I have used the interaction of walls and spaces to create an environment that leads a visitor through the many stages of an Art School. The visual and physical connections of the processes within the school are intended to inspire the artists within while living in the twenty-first century. / Master of Architecture

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第25240号 / 工博第5199号 / 新制||工||1992(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 / (主査)准教授 倉田 真宏, 教授 西山 峰広, 教授 聲高 裕治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

A study was conducted to verify the design of a diaphragm wall with steel piles. The original design was based on analysis performed on a soil-structure interaction program using soil parameters calibrated in a previous study. Original and "as-built" design models were compared to measured results of the constructed structure. A second study was conducted to identify the sensitivity of moments and deflections to changes in wall stiffness and soil stiffness. A comparison of the effects of these changes was provided. / Master of Science