Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 764037 bytes, checksum: 7b0ce0934ba3b70cd7a8565b9ed52b66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In the early 2000's it was observed an increase in the greenhouse effect, due to high levels of carbon dioxide emitted by burning fossil fuels, a fact that has concerned to climate change and affecting the entire world population. Government and scientist have established the use of biofuels as a renewable energy source with less environmental impact. However, the traditional transesterification and washing methodology to produce biodiesel use 3 liters of water for every liter of synthesized biodiesel. Thus, this study aimed develop and optimize methodologies to determine physical-chemical parameters of the water from washing of the produced biodiesel from the transesterification of soybean oil and frying oil with ethanol. The identification of esters present in this washing water was made by gas chromatography. Turbidity, pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and the concentration of oils and fatty were also determined. The characterization of water for washing Biodiesels obtained from soybean oil and frying oil were carried out at the Laboratory of Fuel and Materials - LACOM, the Laboratory for Research on Environmental Chemistry - LEQA and Experiment Station Biological Treatment of Sewage (EXTRABES). / No início dos anos 2000 percebeu-se um aumento no fenômeno efeito estufa, devido aos altos níveis de gás carbônico emitidos na queima de combustíveis fósseis, fato esse que vem provocando mudanças climáticas e afetando toda população mundial. Diante da crescente tendência de se explorar os biocombustíveis como a fonte de energia renovável e com menor impacto ambiental, e considerando que nos métodos tradicionais de lavagem do biodiesel, para cada litro de biodiesel produzido, são necessários, no mínimo, 3 litros de água de lavagem, buscou-se desenvolver e otimizar metodologias para análises físico-químicas da água de lavagem do biodiesel obtido na reação de transesterificação do óleo de soja e do óleo de fritura com etanol. A identificação de alguns ésteres presentes nesta água de lavagem foi feita por cromatografia gasosa. Foram, ainda, determinados valores de pH, turbidez, Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO), Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio (DBO) e teores de óleos e graxas. A caracterização das águas de lavagem dos biodieseis obtidos a partir dos óleos de soja e fritura foi realizada no Laboratório de Combustíveis e Materiais LACOM, no Laboratório de Estudos em Química Ambiental LEQA e na Estação Experimental de Tratamento Biológico de Esgotos Sanitários (EXTRABES).

Urinblåsecancer är den sjunde vanligaste cancerformen i Sverige där blåssköljvätska utgör det huvudsakliga provmaterialet vid utredning. ThinPrep® är en vanligt förkommande metod som används inom vätskebaserad cytologi vid analys av blåssköljvätska. Fixering av provmaterialet kan försvåra diagnostiken på grund av förändrad morfologi samt artefakter.  Studiens syfte var att jämföra erhållet preparatinnehåll från blåssköljvätskor som fixerats med fixeringslösning innehållande ättiksyra med CytoLyt® solution. Studien ämnade även jämföra ThinPrep® filtren ”Non-GYN” och ”UroCyte”.  Studien inkluderade 90 patientprover av blåssköljvätska som fixerades med tillsats av ättiksyra samt CytoLyt®, varvid filtren ”Non-GYN” samt ”UroCyte” användes. Preparaten bedömdes av cytodiagnostiker samt cytopatolog utifrån kriterierna: bakgrundsmaterial, cellmängd samt färgbarhet. Resultatet visade att CytoLyt® i kombination med filtret ”Non-GYN” gav ett mer representativt preparat samt lämnade en god bakgrundsbild. Användandet av CytoLyt® resulterade i fler diagnostiska fördelar jämfört med fixering av ättiksyra, vilket även gynnar patienter. / Bladder cancer is the seventh most common form of cancer in Sweden where the main source of material for investigation are bladder washings. A common method within liquid-based cytology for analysis of bladder washings is ThinPrep®. Altered morphology as well as artifacts due to fixation can complicate funkar “the diagnostics of the sample. The aim of this study was to compare the slide content obtained from bladder washings fixed with fixative containing acetic acid with CytoLyt® solution. The study also intended to compare the ThinPrep® filters "Non-GYN" and "UroCyte". A total of 90 samples of bladder washings from patients where included. The samples where fixed with the addition of acetic acid and CytoLyt®, using the "Non-GYN" and "UroCyte" filters. A cytotechnologist and a cytopathologist assessed the preparations based on the criteria background material, cell quantity and the amount of colour change. The results showed that CytoLyt® in combination with the filter "Non-GYN" gave a more representative preparation and provided a good background image. The use of CytoLyt® resulted in more diagnostic benefits compared to fixation with acetic acid, which also benefits patients.

This thesis seeks to answer the question of the origin of some of the most fundamental additions made to early Christian baptism. Christian baptism began in a relatively simple liturgical form, but became, by the fourth century, a much more dramatic set of initiation rituals. Among the added elements to baptism were washing ceremonies in the nude, physical anointing with oil, being marked or signed with the cross on the forehead, and receiving white garments. Scholars have proposed different theories as to the origins of these baptismal rituals. Some claim the elements existed in the New Testament practice of the rite. Others have supposed that the Christian church adopted the elements from either the Jewish synagogue or from contemporary pagan modes of initiation. This thesis argues that the initiation rituals of the Israelite tabernacle and temple provide a much more likely source for the added elements of Christian baptism. The esoteric practices of the temple priests became the esoteric tradition of early Christianity. The rites of this temple-oriented esoteric tradition in both the Old and New Testaments parallel, and may have been the origin for, the evolutions made to Christian baptism during the third and fourth centuries of the church. Christian groups such as the Valentinians provide evidence of higher esoteric rites being interpreted as baptism. Somehow the esoteric rites of the Israelite temple and the esoteric rites of early Christianity were adopted into the practice of Christian baptism.