One of the main phases of recreation is the leadership which sponsors, administers, or carries out programmes. This study purports to set forth some of the features of leadership in recreation generally, and in Bellingham in particular. The criteria chosen apply to leaders individually or in groups. Four classifications of leaders are used: builder, representative, exponent and compeller. A further means of measurement is to assess motivation, goals, degree of participation, personal attributes, training, and the capacity of the leader to develop his group. The conditions that create leaders are described as: additions to existing responsibilities, social and economic status, and available time. Leaders also appear because of needs and pressures from outside. An intelligent minority needs representation. The study shows that leaders can be grouped according to "communities." Leaders are classified with regard to their ratio to population, showing a gradation from the best residential districts to the poorest. "Disenfranchised" groups, that is, those with little or no representation, are also revealed. Union representation in community councils is not as broad as might be expected, and some implications are stated. The results of perpetuating and interlocking leadership are discussed as ways of gaining either strength or weakness. Individual leaders are assessed on the basis of Busch's classification. Patterns of leadership - interlocking, democratic, wide lay participation - are discussed. From the patterns certain conclusions appear: the need to broaden the base of participation, and to increase possibilities for generating leaders. Both private and tax-supported agencies are shown to have a unique contribution to make to leadership. A distinction is made between the work of the professional social group worker and the volunteer. The study suggests some ways of generating leadership. There are abundant resources for training of volunteers in Bellingham, if they were utilized. Social work can help in harnessing leadership to do its best job. Budgetting recreational programmes through the Chest offers one method whereby sponsoring, administrative, and programme leaders can help each other. The study further suggests that agency leaders can work together for effective achievements in recreation: there is a strong relationship between good recreation and sound leadership. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

This review was undertaken to present the 1962 Amendments to the Social Security Act of the Federal Government of the United States of America; what they are; the rationale behind them; and, what they are expected to accomplish. Attention was given to the administrative problems involved in putting such an ambitious service program into effect, including those of the individual caseworkers. The impact of the program on the problem of dependency was reviewed in terms of 8$ cases, closed after the inception of the program. Answers to 2 questions were sought: 1. Did concentration on services, particularly those prescribed by the Federal Government result in termination of assistance? 2. Were the caseworkers able to make valid judgements concerning severity of problems and potential for avoiding dependency in classifying their cases? It was concluded that the majority of the case terminations were fortuitous and likely to have occurred with or without services, though service was a factor in a minor percent of the cases. Caseworker judgements, however, were found to be reasonably reliable. Some other general conclusions were also drawn concerning directions for focus of casework service and additional research. Experiences in other areas were reviewed and found not to be too different from those in Whatcom County. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Homelessness in DC has been on the rise for a while but now it is getting to the point where it is becoming a major issue. The Mayor has proposed a plan to end homelessness with seven shelters, one in each ward of DC. The shelter this thesis is proposing would be a combination of a typical homeless center with the added benefits of an overall rehabilitation center. These features combined will provide a place where the homes can transition from their current state to a state where they can then support themselves and their families. / Master of Architecture

For finishing this thesis, I want to rethink the meaning of architecture after studying architecture in these years. I reviewed buildings in the world. In the process of reviewing, I analyzed these buildings by the method which called finite element method. The finite element method is usually used for analyzing the complex system of structure. In this system, The line is the basic element for a one dimension. The plane is the basic element for a two dimension. By following this logic, the cube is the basic element for the three dimension. After some researches for cube in architecture and geometry, I found there were a lot of examples for using cube to design. And for cube itself, there were many properties. Then, I decided to use cube to design the building in my thesis. And in the process for designing, I understood the meaning of architecture and design better than before. For finishing this design, I related Washington, D.C. with my design. So I designed a multi-function museum for this city to help people to understand how this city was built in the history. As a landmark building, this building, "Impressions of DC," is a result of this thesis study and exploration of the cube. / Master of Architecture / It is easy to build a building. But for building a city, it is much harder. For building a city, this is a long process. And in this process, many important moments would happen. The city, Washington, D.C., was also built after many important moments. As one of most important capitals in the world, this city has suffered many disasters and survived in the process of history. There are many museums in this city to record the history of this country, but there is not a good museum to record the history of this city. So, I decided to design a building for this great city. This building would also become a good place to help people understand this city. This building would become a new landmark for this city. I decided to design this building in a special site, the Hains Point. This site is close to the Potomac River and Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport. So, it would be easy for that people visit this building. I also want this building become the first impression of DC for people. This is also my thesis title. I used my architecture knowledge and many people's help to design this cube building, "Impressions of DC".

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Trois pays d’Amérique latine – la Bolivie, l’Équateur et le Venezuela – ont dénoncé la Convention pour le règlement des différends relatifs aux investissements entre États et ressortissants d’autres États. Cette « vague » de dénonciations témoigne d’un rejet du système d’arbitrage, créé par la Convention de Washington, considéré comme déséquilibré, antidémocratique, onéreux et discriminatoire. Aux yeux de l’Amérique latine, l’arbitrage CIRDI serait conçu pour bénéficier exclusivement aux investisseurs au détriment des États hôtes des investissements. Dans ce travail de recherche, l’approche de l’Amérique latine relative à la Convention de Washington sera présentée en deux étapes. D’abord, les évolutions liées au cadre économique et juridique latino-américain, des prémices de la Convention en 1964, jusqu’á son adoption définitive dans les années 90, seront analysées. Puis seront abordées les principales critiques émises actuellement contre le système d’arbitrage CIRDI. Quels sont les facteurs déterminants du changement dans les politiques en matière d’investissements étrangers en Amérique latine ? Les pays, qui ont dénoncé la Convention de Washington, ont-ils des raisons suffisamment valables de rejeter l’arbitrage transnational en matière d’investissements ? Le CIRDI a-t-il failli dans l’accomplissement de ses fonctions ? Ce travail de recherche vise à répondre à ces questions en analysant la Convention de Washington sous un angle latino-américain. / Three countries in Latin America - Bolivia, Ecuador and Venezuela - have denounced the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of other States. This "wave" of denunciations reflects a negative perception of the arbitration system created by the ICSID Convention, which is described as unbalanced, undemocratic, expensive and discriminatory. In Latin America’s view, ICSID arbitration was created to benefit only to investors at the expense of investments’ host states. This research focuses on the Latin America’s approach on the Washington Convention addressing it in two stages. First, the Latin American economic and legal framework in the early discussions on the draft of the Convention in 1964 and its subsequent adoption in the 1990s will be addressed. Secondly, the subjects that currently arouse the main criticisms to the ICSID arbitration system will be detailed. What are the reasons of change in foreign investment policies in Latin America? Do the countries that denounced the Washington Convention have acceptable reasons for rejecting investments’ transnational arbitration? Did ICSID failed in the performance of its duties? This research aims to answer these questions by analyzing the Washington Convention from the Latin American perspective.

This study develops recommendations for school district administrators and policy makers regarding policies and programs for students at risk of school failure. The study develops a descriptive picture of policies and programs for at-risk students in Washington County school districts and evaluates those policies and programs against criteria for effective policies and programs in order to understand the degree to which such policies and programs implemented in Washington County school districts correspond to criteria associated with effective practices reported in the literature. The study identifies 23 such criteria and numerous indicators associated with each. Data collection, analysis and evaluation were guided by five research questions focusing on procedures used to identify at-risk students, policies and programs implemented to serve the needs of at-risk students, procedures used to evaluate at-risk students and programs, and the effectiveness of at-risk student programs and policies. D"",' were collected from the 13 Washington County school districts and other agencies using interview, document analysis, and survey techniques. Interviews were conducted with 11 school district administrators, 66 documents were examined, the 13 Washington County school district superintendents were surveyed, and 56 of 93 elementary, middle and high school principals completed and returned a 29 item survey. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and written descriptive summaries. The data were further analyzed by applying the program evaluation technique of comparison to a standard, using the criteria for effective policies and programs developed from the literature as standards. The results show nearly all schools and districts meet two of four criteria related to at-risk student identification. Identification practices vary from formal to informal. Most schools and districts meet both criteria related to the use of ineffective programs. Retention at grade level and diagnostic/prescriptive pullout programs are seldom used as an intervention with at-risk students. Most districts and schools meet one of four criteria regarding programs that prevent students becoming at risk. No district offers preschool programs. Few full-day kindergarten options are available. Tutorial reading programs are available at the primary grades in most schools. Three of 12 criteria regarding programs that serve identified at-risk students are met by nearly all schools and districts. A variety of classroom, schoolwide and alternative programs exist that partially meet criteria for effectiveness. Most programs serve secondary students. No district meets the criterion for supporting programs with written policy. Few policies specific to at-risk students or programs exist. In summary, nearly all Washington County schools and districts meet eight criteria for effective policies and programs for at-risk students. The remaining 15 criteria are either met by some schools and not others, partially met by some or all schools, or met by few or no schools at all. Other results show that little or no at-risk student or program evaluation occurs in most districts that administrators perceive resources for at-risk students and programs to be inadequate, and that coordination of at-risk programs both within and between schools and districts is varied and often minimal or lacking. Based upon these results, 52 specific recommendations are made to school districts administrators and policy makers.

A systematic study of highly branched isoprenoids (HBI) was carried out in suspended particulate material (SPM) and Washington coastal sediments to determine their origin and fate. SPM collected at 10 m depth was filtered through Nitex membranes. C₂₅ HBI were found only in the 1.2-40 μm range over the shelf. The particle size fractionation of SPM shows different enrichment for HEH, a common hydrocarbon in phytoplankton, and the sum of C₂₅ HBI in the finer fractions suggesting these hydrocarbons do not share a common source. The distribution of C₂₅ and C₃₀ HBI correlates with the chlorophyll maxima suggesting an upper-water microbial source associated with phytoplankton biomass. It has been hypothesized that sulfur addition into specific biomarkers occurs during the early stages of diagenesis. Incorporation of the HBI into a refractory geomacromolecule via a sulfur linkage or formation of HBI-thiophenes are not evident in the sedimentary lipids. HBI show a rapid decrease in concentration with depth in both midshelf and slope sediments suggesting that biodegradation is the major pathway for their disappearance in Washington coastal sediments. Sediment cores from a midshelf and slope locations show the existence of suboxic/anaerobic conditions within the first 5 cm in the sediments. Elemental sulfur distribution in the midshelf appears to be controlled by bioturbation. On the slope, its profile indicates a quasi steady state regime. Phytane and phytenes (∑Phy) are the major products of Raney nickel desulfurization in both midshelf and slope sediments. Spinach and a strain of Emiliana huxleyi treated with Raney nickel showed strikingly similar patterns to the desulfurization products of sedimentary lipids. The amount of ∑Phy in the slope decreases abruptly by a factor of 6 in the top 2 cm and gradually increases with depth. These results are interpreted as phytyl coming from two sources: (1) chlorophyll-a and (2) S-bound to geomacromolecules. Partial released of phytyl moieties from chlorophyll-a warrants a reevaluation of Raney nickel as a selective desulfurizing agent before its application for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Reducing micro-environments appear to exist within the bioturbated zone in shelf sediments. However, there is no clear evidence for phytyl moieties S-linked to macromolecules within the mixed layer. Results obtained during this study indicate that sulfur incorporation to biomarkers, although present, does not represent a significant mechanism for the preservation of organic carbon in normal marine sediments. / Graduation date: 1994

The purpose of this study was to identify the strategies and tactics community college presidents used to influence state legislators. Selected State Board for Community and Technical Colleges staff and legislative staff members were asked to independently name 3-5 presidents whom they perceived to be most influential with legislators. Ten names were nominated; however, only five presidents were invited to participate in the study. The research identified five strategies and supporting tactics presidents used to influence state legislators. The strategies and tactics were: Strategy One: Build and Maintain a Relationship with Legislators and the tactics were: cultivate the relationship, make the interactions worthwhile, make personal contact, and invite legislators to campus; Strategy Two: Know the Players and the Process and the tactics were: contact legislative staff, know the legislative structure and protocol, and know legislators' issues. Strategy Three: Become a Resource for Legislators and the tactics were: be factual and knowledgeable, be broader than the college, be an advisor, and be accessible. Strategy Four: Broaden your "Sphere of Influence" and the tactics were: involve the community and staff, work with other legislators, and be bipartisan. Strategy Five: Communicate and Frame the Issue and the tactics were: use State Board staff expertise, ask for legislators' support, make the message meaningful, and testify at hearings. The findings suggest that successful community college presidents must develop personal and professional relationships with legislators based on honesty, trust, respect, care, and genuineness. Presidents should devote time to learning the legislative process to determine when and how decisions are made and by which political leaders. Because political work is time consuming, presidents must involve others, such as community leaders, faculty and staff, in the college's legislative activity. All the presidents in this study exhibited similar viewpoints on particular issues that the researcher contributes to these presidents' ability to influence. The presidents shared common viewpoints related to how they viewed legislators, themselves, the college, and the community. Community college presidents must be actively involved in influencing public policy decisions that affect the mission, finances, curriculum, support services, facilities, and overall operations of the college. / Graduation date: 2002

This qualitative study explores the experiences of women who are welfare recipients attending a community college under the auspices of a new program, Washington State's WorkFirst/Work Study program. The study, conducted over two academic quarters, includes in-depth interviews with WorkFirst/Work Study students, observations in a weekly seminar, and interviews with community college staff who work in the program. The overarching research question is: "What are the challenges and the transition issues confronted by women who are living in poverty and participating in a community college program?" The research elicits responses about the women's expectations and fears about education, their aspirations for themselves and their children, what they hope to gain from the college experience and what barriers may interfere. The study identifies five contextual issues in the women's lives: family background and history, relationships, physical and psychological health, housing, and finances. And the study explores the participants' experience with and attitudes toward four thematic areas: parenting, welfare, work and school. A major goal was to give voice to these women. Underlying assumptions are that community college administrators and faculty want to improve access, success and satisfaction with the college for poor women; that learning about how poor women experience the community college gives college personnel valuable information; that Washington community colleges have an interest in working with WorkFirst; and that better understanding of WorkFirst/Work Study participants' experiences is valuable to the colleges and benefits low-income students. The women interviewed are highly motivated and believe that an education is key to a better life for them and their children. Some of the barriers they face are embedded in the restrictions and requirements of the WorkFirst program. Nevertheless, these women say they are better off on welfare, working and going to school than they were when they were among the working poor. The study questions the value of some vocational education and suggests that more low-income women could be recruited to community college earlier in their lives. / Graduation date: 2001