Στην παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή εργασία παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα της διερεύνησης της επίδρασης της ιλύος βιολογικού καθαρισμού Καλαμάτας (Β.Κ.Κ.) στην ανάπτυξη του σπανακιού (Spinacia Oleracea) καθώς και στην απαορρόφηση N, P, K, Ca, Mg, ιχοστοιχείων Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, βαρέων μετάλλων Pb, Ni, Cd και Cο από τα διάφορα μέρη του φυτού. Επιπλέον, η εργασία αυτή αποτελεί μια μελέτη της επίδρασης της συγκεκριμένης ιλύος και σε ορισμένους δείκτες ποιότητας των μιγμάτων ιλύος-εδάφους, όπως pH, αλατότητα, οργανική ουσία, ολικό ανθρακικό ασβέστιο, αλλά και σε ποσοτικούς δείκτες όπως η περιεκτικότητα σε ολικό άζωτο (Ν%), διαθέσιμο φωσφόρο (Ρ κατά Olsen), ανταλλάξιμα κατιόντα K, Ca, Mg, και συγκέντρωση ολικών, διαθέσιμων και ανταλλάξιμων ιχνοστοιχείων Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, "βαρέων μετάλλων" Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr, Co. Τα αποτελέσματα προέρχονται μετά από πειραματική μελέτη που έγινε σε φυτά σπανακιού, αναπτυσσόμενα σε υποστρώματα που προέκυψαν από ανάμιξη εδάφους και ιλύος σε διάφορες αναλογίες, σε υπαίθριο προστατευμένο χώρο. Σκοπός της πειραματικής αυτής μελέτης είναι να ελεγχθούν και να αξιολογηθούν οι ιδιότητες που αποκτούν τα υπό εξέταση υποστρώματα από την προσθήκη ιλύος στο έδαφος ταυτόχρονα με την επίδραση στην ανάπτυξη του σπανακιού. Έτσι σε αδρές γραμμές μπορούμε να συμπεράνουμε ότι τα αποτελέσματα και η αξιολόγησή τους κατατείνουν στο ότι η ιλύς της μονάδας βιολογικού καθαρισμού της Καλαμάτας μπορεί να αξιοποιηθεί ως λίπασμα σε μικρές αναλογίες ιλύος/εδάφους και φαίνεται ότι η διάθεσή της στο έδαφος για γεωργικούς σκοπούς αποτελεί μια πολύ καλή μέθοδο διάθεσης, που πρέπει να εξετάζεται κατά προτεραιότητα. Ταυτόχρονα, επιβάλλεται η συνέχιση και επέκταση της σχετικής έρευνας, για αξιοποίηση και οικολογική διαχείριση της εν λόγω ιλύος. / This study investigates the effects of the sewage sludge of Kalamata Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) both in the development of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and the absorption of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd and Co from various spinach plant parts. Parameters of soil - sludge mixtures are also considered during this study. Especially the effect of sludge on parameters such as pH, salinity, organic matter, total CaCO3, total nitrogen content (N%), available phosphorus, exchangeable K, Ca, Mg, and concentration of total, available and exchangeable Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr, Co. The experiments where conducted in Messinia and the results showed that sludge improves soil fertility. The application of sludge does not cause environmental problems in small proportions of sludge – soil mixture. In large quantities the addition of sludge is associated with potential toxicities and increased salinity in the soil as well as potential environmental problems from over-concentration of phosphorus but also heavy metals such as Pb, Ni and Cr. Special attention is need for Cd, not because of high concentration, but because of the special mobility it presents. Finally this study confirms the presence of a large number of interactions between nutrients, heavy metals and soil properties in soil and spinach. The evaluation of these interactions are of great importance because they help us to quantify elemental contribution of soil and plants, helps in understanding the problems of nutrition in preventing the occurrence of toxic problems at the expense of consumer health, the environment and ultimately to effective use of sludge. Finally, the sludge of Kalamata WWTP can be used as fertilizer in small proportions of sludge / soil mixtures and it seems that the disposal of sludge in soils for agricultural purposes is a very good method of disposal that must be considered.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:28:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

The River Medlock is a small (22km) urbanised river, and is one of the five main tributaries which forms part of the River Irwell Catchment in Greater Manchester, UK. The river has a legacy of pollution from the 18th century and continues to be affected by anthropogenic factors including point source pollution from waste water treatment works (WwTWs) and combined sewer overflows (CSOs). In order to investigate the impact of CSOs and the WwTWs on the river hydrology, water quality and ecology of the lower largely urbanised reach, data sets were obtained from the Environment Agency and from direct sampling of the river. Load estimations from continuous discharge records from the river's gauging station plus estimates of sub-catchment area indicate the lower sites, classified as a "highly modified water body" and downstream of treatment works had had a higher load of discharge and phosphate-P linked to point sources and episodic discharges. Short term, continuous monitoring revealed that CSOs were active during high velocity, but increased concentrations of nutrients post high velocity indicate WwTW effects and possibly diffuse sources. This project reveals that the WwTW are a major source of phosphate-P and that the impact of CSOs on the river quality is short-lived and depends on the degree of precipitation. Other parameters indicate good water quality although the benthic macroinvertebrate community is degraded as a result of episodic increases in the quantity of water destabilising the river bed. Therefore, pollution from the CSOs, the WwTW and rapid changes in discharge are the reasons for the river's failure to conform to EU's requirements of the Water Framework Directive.

Syftet med detta arbete är att sammanställa kunskap om värmeåtervinningssystem för spillvatten i flerbostadshus från litteratur, tidigare studier och relevanta aktörer för ämnesområdet. Syftet är också att göra temperaturmätningar i ett flerbostadshus i Borlänge för att beräkna och analysera energibesparingspotential för Ekoflow värmeväxlaren från Isaksson Rostfria AB. Ekoflow är en spillvattenvärmeväxlare som återvinner värmeenergi ur spillvattnet. Genom spillvattenvärmeväxlare strömmas spillvattnet från avloppet och kallt vattnet i motströmriktningen. Ekoflow har monterats i vissa badhus och hotell och visade bra återvinningsgrader i dessa byggnader. Det är lite svårt att hitta en temperaturmätare på marknaden som kan mäta och lagra mätvärden på en vertikal avloppsstam, därför tillverkades en egen avloppstemperaturmätare som användes för att samla in mätdata för analysering och beräkning av avloppsvärmeförluster. Tillämpningen av tekniken i referensbyggnaden tillför vissa problem. ett problem är att både grå och svartvatten går igenom samma rör vilket minskar temperaturen för spillvattnet. Ett annat problem är att flerbostadshuset inte har någon gemensam anslutningspunkt till den kommunala avloppsledningen, vilket innebär att det kommer att behövas en avloppsvärmeväxlaren för varje stamledning. Energianvändningen i flerbostadshus varierar beroende på boarean och antal boende i huset. Antal boende i referensbyggnaden är inte känt men vattenflödets-och spillvattnets temperaturmätningar visade att byggnaden har hög varmvattenförbrukning. Energibesparingen är beroende av flera parametrar som inkommande kall- och spillvattentemperatur till spillvattenvärmeväxlare samt längden av värmeväxlaren. Energibesparingen för tre olika längder på Ekoflow värmeväxlaren beräknades och en 48 meters värmeväxlare visade energibesparing som ligger på ca. 40 MWh/år vilket motsvarar 24% av varmvattenbehovet i fastigheten. Detta förutsätter att avloppsledningarna kan sammankopplas till en gemensam anslutningspunkt i källarplanet. / The purpose of this work is to compile knowledge of waste water recovery systems in multi-family houses from literature, previous studies and relevant actors on the subject area. The purpose is also to make temperature measurements in a multi-family house in Borlänge to calculate and analyze the energy saving potential of the Ekoflow heat exchanger from Isaksson Rostfria AB. Ekoflow is a waste water heat exchanger that recycles heat energy from wastewater. Through wastewater heat exchanger, the waste water flows from the drain and the cold water in the countercurrent direction. Ekoflow has been installed in some bath houses and hotels and showed good recovery rates in these areas. It is a little difficult to find a temperature meter on the market that can measure and store the measured values of a vertical drainage stream. Therefore, produced own temperature meter, which was used to collect measurement data for analysis and calculation of the results. Application of the technology in the reference building adds some problems. One problem is that both gray and black water pass through the same pipe which reduces the temperature of the waste water. The second problem is that the building does not have a common connection point to the municipal sewers, which means that a heat exchanger will be needed for each main line. Energy consumption in multi-family houses varies depending on the living space and number of residents in the house. The number of residents in the reference building is not known but the temperature and water flow and spill water temperature measurements showed that the building has high hot water consumption. Energy saving depends on several parameters such as incoming cold and waste water temperature to waste water heat exchanger and the length of heat exchanger. The energy savings for three different lengths of the Ekoflow heat exchanger were calculated and a 48-meter heat exchanger showed energy savings of approximately 40 MWh / year, which is profitable from the energy saving perspective.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:28:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Os disruptores endócrinos são substâncias químicas, sintéticas ou naturais, capazes de interferir no sistema endócrino de seres humanos e animais. Pertencem à classe dos micro poluentes, pois mesmo em concentrações de μg e ng.L-1 causam efeitos adversos aos organismos a eles expostos. Os hormônios destacam-se dentre os disruptores endócrinos por serem compostos potencialmente ativos no sistema biológico e estão relacionados à origem de diversos tipos de cânceres. Esta dissertação teve por objetivo desenvolver e validar metodologia para determinar hormônios, considerados disruptores endócrinos, em amostras de água bruta e tratada da região da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Paraíba do Sul utilizando a técnica de cromatografia gasosa com detecção por espectrometria de massas. A população atendida pelas unidades da SABESP dessa região é de aproximadamente 11 milhões de habitantes. Através do processo de validação, a metodologia desenvolvida pode ser considerada seletiva, robusta, exata, linear e precisa para a análise proposta. Aplicando o procedimento analítico validado nas amostras coletadas, alguns dos compostos estudados puderam ser detectados tanto em água bruta como em água tratada permanecendo abaixo do limite de quantificação, exceto a cafeína que apresentou concentração média de 0,45 μg.L-1 em água bruta e 0,17 μg.L-1 em água tratada, observando-se indícios de contaminação principalmente nas épocas secas. Este projeto de pesquisa está vinculado a uma parceria entre o Instituo de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN) e a Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo (SABESP). / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A cidade de Jundiaí está localizada a aproximadamente 60 Km de São Paulo e tem uma população de 342.983 mil habitantes sendo que 94,37% residem na zona urbana. A cidade está inserida na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Jundiaí, rio que é formado a partir da confluência do Rio Jundiaizinho com o Ribeirão das Taipas e possui uma extensão de 123 quilômetros e sua foz está situada em Salto, na confluência do Rio Jundiaí com o Rio Tietê. Está é menor bacia hidrográfica do estado de São Paulo e também uma das mais industrializadas. A cidade de Jundiaí conta com a Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos Novo Horizonte (ETE Jundiaí), que coleta 98% dos esgotos da cidade, trata 100% de todo esgoto coletado, com eficiência de remoção de 92% de carga orgânica, esgoto que depois do tratamento é lançado no Rio Jundiaí. O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar ensaios de toxicidade com organismos aquáticos para avaliar a carga tóxica que chega à ETE, bem como a eficiência do tratamento biológico e a influência da estação no seu entorno. Foram coletadas amostras em 6 pontos distintos; à montante da ETE (P1), na entrada da ETE (P2), na calha de distribuição das lagoas de aeração (P3), nas 2 saídas da ETE (P4 e P5) e à jusante da ETE (P6). As amostras de afluente da ETE foram mais tóxicas que os efluentes da ETE; já os resultados das amostras do rio não apresentaram diferença. Para Vibrio fischeri os valores de CE(i)50 variaram entre 2,23% e 9,39% para a calha de entrada das lagoas de aeração, enquanto que para Daphnia similis variaram entre 15,52% e 89,95%; para a entrada da ETE os valores variaram entre 4,63% e 8,31% para Vibrio fischeri , e 17,68% e não tóxico para Daphnia similis. Nas campanhas onde foram amostradas as saídas da ETE e águas do rio, os ensaios realizados com Vibrio fischeri apresentaram resultados entre 53,55% e não tóxico para águas do rio e 29,46% e não tóxico para o efluente da ETE, já para Daphnia similis, os resultados estão entre 55,92% e não tóxico para águas do rio e 70,97% e não tóxico para o efluente da ETE. Nos ensaios realizados com Ceriodaphnia dubia, a média de nascimentos para águas do rio esteve entre 4,60 e 15,00 enquanto que para o efluente da ETE esteve entre 4,50 e 10,35 para amostra bruta. Os resultados de toxicidade comprovam a eficiência da ETE na remoção de toxicidade porém outros parâmetros devem ser observados para se comprovar o impacto de seus efluentes sobre as águas do rio. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP