Zur Einschätzung der Auswirkungen einer Wiedervernässungsmaßnahme auf den Stoffhaushalt eines degradierten Niedermoores wurde ein ehemals entwässertes und seit 1996 wieder vernässtes ca. 10 Hektar großes Areal im Randow-Welse-Bruch im nordöstlichen Brandenburg über mehrere Jahre untersucht. Stoffkreisläufe wurden vor allem in Abhängigkeit der sich durch die Wiedervernässung ändernden Redoxbedingungen modifiziert. Obwohl Phosphor, ein die Eutrophierung auslösendes Element, selbst direkt nicht durch einen Wechsel von aeroben zu anaeroben Bedingungen durch die Wiedervernässung beeinflusst wird, änderte sich dessen Mobilität auf Grund der Rücklösung seines Sorptionspartners. Infolge der anhaltend reduzierenden Bedingungen fand nach mehrjähriger Wiedervernässung der Prozess der Rücklösung amorpher Eisen(hydr)oxide statt, wobei der ehemals an diese Verbindungen fixierte Phosphor freigesetzt wurde. Bei Niedermooren, die infolge hoher Gehalte an Eisen(hydr)oxiden ein erhöhtes Phosphor-Freisetzungspotenzial besitzen, sollte eine Wiedervernässung mit gereinigtem kommunalen Abwasser nicht in Erwägung gezogen werden. Die Erfassung der gasförmigen Emissionen ermöglichte eine Berücksichtigung innerhalb der Stoffbilanzierung und eine Bewertung der Wiedervernässungsmaßnahme hinsichtlich ihrer Klimarelevanz. Auf Grund des anaeroben Milieus durch die Wiedervernässung wurde neben Lachgas auch molekularer Stickstoff als gasförmige Stickstoffverbindung gebildet. Gegenüber der entwässerten Lysimetervariante zeigte sich ein positiver Beitrag zur Reduzierung des Treibhauseffektes durch die Wiedervernässung. Jedoch ist die Qualität des Zusatzwassers, das zur Wiedervernässung der Torfprofile des Niedermoores Havelländisches Luch eingesetzt wurde, entscheidend. In eutrophen Niedermoorökosystemen sind nährstoffreiche Wasserzuflüsse aus kommunalen Abwasserbehandlungsanlagen als Wiedervernässungsmaßnahme geeignet, so dass gereinigtes Abwasser den Landschaftswasserhaushalt stützen könnte. / A formerly drained, and since 1996 rewetted, 10 ha fen site within the Randow-Welse-Bruch fen area in northeastern Brandenurg (Germany) has been investigated for several years to evaluate the impacts of rewetting on nutrient dynamics of the degraded fen. Modifications of nutrient cycles were attributed to changes in redox conditions after rewetting. Although phosphorus which causes eutrophication is not directly influenced by a change from aerobic to anaerobic conditions following rewetting its availability increased due to the dissolution of reactive iron (hydr)oxides where phosphorus was fixed before.With prolonged water-logging phosphorus was released from Fe(III) (hydr)oxides. A lysimeter study was carried out to promote the reuse of purified municipal wastewater as an alternative solution for water supply required during rewetting of fens. Fen soil lysimeters were irrigated with wastewater of the secondary treatment of a municipal wastewater treatment plant over the growing seasons. The objective of this study was to assess how restoration of a degraded fen by means of wastewater usage affects input/output nutrient mass balances. Furthermore, we assessed the effect on trace gas emissions and discussed potential changes in the greenhouse potential. No adverse impact of wastewater utilisation for rewetting the fen soil lysimeters on soil and water quality was found over the period of study with regard to the investigated nutrients and heavy metals. Gaseous fluxes during alternative rewetting were estimated for a consideration within nutrient balances and to evaluate the global warming and cooling, respectively. Besides nitrous oxide dinitrogen was formed and released under anaerobic conditions following rewetting. A potential increase of the nitrate concentration in wastewater would be harmless because a high denitrification of the fen soil would cause a major share of dinitrogen emissions of the total gaseous nitrogen loss.

Cette thèse porte sur le comportement d’un composé prioritaire au titre de la Directive Cadre sur l’Eau au niveau européen : le tributylétain (TBT) et ses métabolites (dibutylétain (DBT) et monobutylétain (MBT)). On s’intéresse plus particulièrement aux eaux usées domestiques lors de leur transit dans deux stations d’épuration par lagunage naturel (STEP), traitement adapté aux effluents provenant des zones faiblement urbanisées. Ce travail de thèse vient combler le manque de résultats scientifiques sur (1) le niveau des concentrations en butylétains dans les effluents domestiques des zones peu urbanisées en entrée des stations par lagunage et en sortie après traitement ; (2) l’efficacité du traitement par lagunage à éliminer les butylétains ; (3)l’identification des processus qui contrôlent le devenir de ces éléments au cours du traitement.Les butylétains sont mesurés dans les matrices particulaires, dissoutes et dans les boues, par couplage GC-ICP-MS, dans toutes les étapes du traitement par lagunage de deux communes rurales du département de l’Hérault (34,France) : Gigean (6000 eq-hab.) et Montbazin (4500 eq-hab.). On montre que les trois espèces butylées sont systématiquement présentes dans tous les échantillons prélevés sur les deux STEP. Les butylétains arrivent principalement sous forme particulaire dans les eaux brutes en entrée des stations. Au cours du traitement, les processus de sorption sur les particules en suspension et la décantation de ces dernières au fond de chaque bassin sont les principaux facteurs permettant l’élimination des butylétains. Les premiers bassins anaérobies, de grande profondeur et de long temps de séjour, permettent l’élimination de plus de 60% à Gigean (93% à Montbazin) des butylétains. Les boues de fond de chaque bassin montrent des concentrations élevées en butylétains. La remise en suspension des butylétains est notée dans les derniers bassins de finition, peu profonds, ce qui peut être due à la re-stratification thermique. En sortie de station, malgré les abattements importants, des concentrations non négligeables en butylétains (12 à 228 et 1.8 à 15 ng(Sn).L-1 respectivement pour Montbazin et Gigean) sont rejetées dans le milieu récepteur. Des expériences de sorption basées sur la mise en contact de butylétains avec des boues de fond de bassin diluées ont été effectuées selon plusieurs approches expérimentales. On a ainsi montré que (1) la distribution des espèces MBT, DBT, TBT, entre les phases solide et liquide, est variable d’un test à l’autre selon les conditions opératoires ; (2) l’affinité entre les butylétains et la boue est importante, quelle que soit sa provenance. 98% des butylétains se retrouvent dans la phase solide, du fait de leur hydrophobicité. Le coefficient de distribution Kd entre le TBT et les boues est plus élevé que celui obtenu pour d’autres type de phases solides (75000 L.kg- 1) ; (3) le processus de sorption est rapide. De plus des processus de sorption, désorption et déalkylation du TBT, expliquant les variations des concentrations en MBT et DBT dans la phase solide ont été identifiés. La désorption du TBT est rapide. Il se dégrade dans la phase liquide en DBT dont une partie se transforme en MBT. La sorption du MBT sur les boues a été systématiquement mesurée. Le phénomène de sorption n’est donc pas complètement réversible au cours du temps. Ces résultats contribuent à expliquer les dysfonctionnements observés dans les stations de traitement par lagunage, par exemple lors d’apports directs d’eau de pluie.Cette thèse démontre la présence systématique des butylétains dans les stations d’épuration par lagunage naturel. Les données acquises in-situ couplées à des essais en laboratoire permettent de comprendre le comportement de ces composés lors de ce traitement : la fraction solide joue un rôle clé dans les processus de sorption-désorption-(bio)dégradation des butylétains. / This thesis deals with the behavior of a priority compound on the basis of the framework Directive on water at European level: tributyltin (TBT) ) and its metabolites (dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT)). The study is focused on two waste stabilization pond treatment plants (WSP), which is an appropriate treatment to domestic effluents from sparsely urbanized areas.This thesis comes to fill the lack of scientific results on (1) the level of butyltin concentrations in domestic effluents from sparsely urbanized areas, in the input of the WSP and the output after treatment; (2) the efficiency of butyltins elimination by the WSP treatment; (3) the identification of the processes that control the fate of these elements during the treatment.Butyltins are measured in particulate and dissolved matrices and in sludge, by GC-ICP-MS, in all stages of the treatment by lagooning of two villages of the Department of Hérault (34, France): Gigean (6000 p.e.) and Montbazin (4500 p.e.).It is shown that the three butyltin species are consistently present in all samples taken from the two WSP. Butyltins arrive primarily in particulate form in the raw water. During treatment, the processes of sorption onto particulate matter and the settling of the latter at the bottom of each basin are the main factors for the elimination of butyltins. The first anaerobic ponds, characterized by deep depth and long residence times, allow the elimination of more than 60% Gigean (93% at Montbazin) of butyltins. Bottom sludge of each basin show high butyltins concentrations. The resuspension of butyltins is noted in the last maturation ponds, characterized by shallow depth, which may be due to re-thermal stratification. At the outlet, despite significant butyltin removal, concentrations in butyltins remain high (12 to 228 and 1.8 to 15 ng (Sn). L-1, respectively for Montbazin and Gigean).Laboratory batch experiments were conducted to study sorption processes following several experimental protocols. It was thus shown that: (1) the distribution of the butyltin species between solid and liquid phases is different from one test to another according to the operating conditions; (2) the affinity between butyltins and bottom sludge is important, regardless of its provenance. 98% of the butyltins are found in the solid phase, due to their hydrophobicity. The TBT sludge-water partition coefficient is higher than that obtained for other type of solid phases (75000 L.kg-1); (3) the process of sorption is fast.Moreover processes of sorption, desorption and dealkylation of TBT, explaining changes in concentrations of MBT and DBT in the solid phase were identified. Desorption of TBT is fast. It degrades in the liquid phase in DBT which part turns into MBT. The sorption of MBT on sludge has been systematically measured. Therefore, the sorption phenomenon is not completely reversible over time. These results help to explain the dysfunctions observed in WSP, for example after direct inputs of rainwater.This thesis shows the systematic presence of butyltin in waste stabilization pond treatment plants. In-situ data coupled with laboratory tests allow to understand the behaviour of these compounds during this treatment: the solid fraction plays a key role in the processes of sorption-desorption-(bio) degradation of butyltins.

Les Résidus de Médicaments (RM) sont des molécules biologiquement actives et leur présence dans l'environnement peut induire des effets sur les écosystèmes. Afin de caractériser l'impact écotoxicologique lié à l'utilisation de ces molécules dans la région toulousaine, 26 RM ont été recherchés dans les eaux usées de deux Stations de Traitement des Eaux Usées (STEU) de la ville de Toulouse et dans le milieu récepteur de leurs rejets, la Garonne. Dans la Garonne, les prélèvements ont été réalisés en amont et en aval des effluents des STEU afin d'étudier l'impact de ces effluents sur le risque associé à la présence de ces RM dans le fleuve. Le risque écotoxicologique potentiel a été évalué en comparant, pour chacun des RM étudiés, les concentrations mesurées in situ (exposition) et les concentrations écotoxiques (danger). Ces comparaisons ont permis la définition de quotient de risque (RQ) en fonction du temps et de l'espace. Les résultats des analyses ont montré que, malgré le fait que la plupart des molécules soient détectées dans la Garonne en amont des rejets des STEU, certains RM ont présenté des concentrations significativement plus importantes dans la Garonne en aval des rejets. Ces résultats soulignent l'impact des effluents toulousains sur le risque associé à la la présence de RM dans la Garonne. Dans le cadre de ces travaux de recherches une base de données (BDD) a été développée qui intègre 1/ des données d'écotoxicité issues de la littérature scientifique (1237 données issues de bio-essais, modélisations et bio-marqueurs et 382 Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNEC)) ; 2/ des données d'exposition à l'échelle de l'agglomération toulousaine (125 échantillons récoltés). L'étude des RQ, à partir des plus basses PNEC actuellement disponibles dans la BDD, a montré des risques écotoxicologiques potentiels liés à la présence de 7 RM dans la Garonne sur les 26 recherchés. Ces 7 RM sont, dans l'ordre décroissant des pourcentages d'occurrence des risques associés, Carbamazépine (anti-épileptique) (100%), Clarithromycine (100%), Diclofénac (anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens (AINS)) (100%), Estrone (hormone sexuelles) (100%), Ofloxacine (antibiotiques) (93%), Ibuprofène (AINS) (62%) et Propranolol (cardiovasculaire) (31%). L'étude des concentrations écotoxiques inclues dans la BDD ont montré des variabilités intramoléculaires importantes. Pour l'évaluation des risques environnementaux (ERE), la réglementation européenne recommande d'utiliser une seule donnée d'écotoxicité pour définir le seuil toxique requis pour l'ERE (PNEC). Ces variabilités intramoléculaires démontrent que le déploiement de la démarche proposée par la réglementation pour l'ERE peut générer une sous-estimation des risques écotoxicologiques. De plus, la variabilité temporelle des données d'exposition engendre, pour les 7 RM identifiés comme potentiellement dangereux, 1/ l'alternance des périodes à risque et à non risque pour le Ibuprofène, Ofloxacine et Propranolol; 2/ des risques avérés quelle que soit la période considérée pour la Carbamazépine, Clarithromycine, Diclofénac et Estrone. Ces résultats suggèrent que, la variabilité des concentrations, qu'elles soient prédites (PEC) ou mesurées (MEC), doit être prise en compte pour mesurer l'impact de la présence de RM sur les écosystèmes aquatiques. Avec un meilleur accès aux soins de santé et une population vieillissante menant à une poly-médication, la production, l'utilisation et l'élimination des produits pharmaceutiques devraient augmenter. De par le rôle des médicaments dans la santé publique et les impacts potentiels sur les écosystèmes, cette problématique associée à la présence de RM dans les milieux aquatiques doit être prise en charge par une action concertée afin de prévenir, réduire et gérer l'introduction des RM dans l'environnement. / Drug residues (DR) are biologically active molecules and their environmental occurrence can produce negatives effects on the ecosystems. In order to identify the ecotoxicological impact linked to their use in the Toulouse area, 26 DR were searched in two waste water treatment plant (WWTP) of Toulouse, inlet and outlet, and into the natural water receiving the WWTP releases, the Garonne river. In the Garonne river, sampling were carried out upstream and downstream of WWTP outlets in order to study impact of their releases on the ecotoxicological risks linked to the DR occurrence in the river. Ecotoxicological risks were estimated with the ratio between measured environmental concentrations (exposure) and environmental hazard threshold (hazard) for each drug. These ratios allowed to define hazard quotients (HQ) according to time and space. Despite the fact that most of DR were detected in the Garonne upstream of WWTP releases, some of them showed significant greater concentrations downstream the WWTP releases. For these last ones, results highlight that WWTP releases are responsible for the ecotoxicological risks linked to the presence of DR in the Garonne river. As part of this study, a database was made, including 1/ ecotoxicity data coming from scientific literature (1237 data provided from bioassays, modellings and biomarkers and 382 Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNEC)); 2/ exposition data from Toulouse city (125 collected samplings). Since the lowest PNEC available in the database, the HQ study showed ecotoxicological risks linked to the occurrence of 7 DR in the Garonne among the 26 searched. In the decreasing order of the risks percentage occurrence, these 7 DR are Carbamazepine (antiepileptic) (100%), Clarithromycin (antibiotic) (100%), Diclofenac (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)) (100%), Estrone (sexual hormone) (100%), Ofloxacin (antibiotic) (93%), Ibuprofen (NSAID) (62%) and Propranolol (cardiovascular) (31%). The ecotoxicity concentrations integrated in the database showed important intra-molecular variabilities. For environmental risk assessment (ERA), european regulation recommends to use only one ecotoxicity data to define the environmental threshold required for the ERA (PNEC). These intra-molecular variabilities demonstrate that implementation of the ERA process proposed by regulation could create under-estimations of the ecotoxicological risks. Moreover, exposure data temporel variability for the 7 DR identified as potentially hazardous causes 1/ alternation of risked and non-risked periods for Ibuprofen, Ofloxacin and Propranolol; 2/ proven risks whatever the considered period for Carbamazepine, Clarithromycin, Diclofenac and Estrone. These results suggest that concentrations variability, whether predicted (PEC) or measured (MEC), should be taken into account to assess the DR impact on the aquatics ecosystems. With better access to health care and an ageing population leading to a multiple medication, the production, the use and the pharmaceuticals elimination should increase. Because of their role in the public health and their potential impact on the ecosystems, the presence of DR in the aquatic environments is an issue that should be taken in hand by a concerted action in order to prevent, reduce and manage DR release in the environment.

O rio Paraíba do Sul, em seu trecho paulista, é sem dúvida um dos mais importantes cursos d\'água do Estado de São Paulo. Foi às suas margens que parte do desenvolvimento do Brasil ocorreu, em virtude do plantio do café, e como ligação entre as duas principais cidades do país; São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro, rota conhecida como macro-eixo. As descargas de efluentes líquidos domésticos, sem o devido tratamento, são hoje as fontes que mais poluem o rio. Este estudo pretende avaliar a evolução da carga orgânica de origem doméstica, lançada pelos municípios que compõem a bacia hidrográfica, até os limites do Estado de São Paulo com o Estado do Rio de Janeiro. O período escolhido para a realização da avaliação foi de uma década, entre os anos de 1998 a 2007, já que, o início das atividades do Comitê da Bacia do rio Paraíba do Sul no âmbito do Estado de São Paulo, ter sido no ano de 1994. Os parâmetros químicos definidos para a realização do estudo, a partir dos 16 pontos de monitoramento da água da CETESB (Companhia de Tecnologia e Saneamento Ambiental), localizados ao longo do curso do rio, no trecho paulista, foram: a DBO (demanda bioquímica de oxigênio) e o OD (oxigênio dissolvido), que representam o nível de poluição orgânica de origem doméstica em um corpo d\'água, conforme estabelece as legislações vigentes para a bacia hidrográfica do rio Paraíba do Sul. A importância deste estudo está relacionada com as condições em que as águas do rio Paraíba do Sul, entram na represa do Funil, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, que tem reclamado muito da poluição do rio no trecho paulista, por ser este o manancial mais importante para o abastecimento da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Entende-se, portanto a preocupação daquele Estado com a qualidade da água do rio à montante da represa do Funil. / The Paraíba do Sul rives, at São Paulo, is undoubtedly one of the most important water courses of the State of São Paulo. Went to their banks that the development of Brazil occurred because of the planting of coffee, and as a liaison between the two main cities of Brazil, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, route known as \"macro-axis.\" Discharges of liquid household, without proper treatment, are now the sources that pollute the river more. This study aims to assess the evolution of the organic load of domestic origin, launched by the municipalities that make up the basin, until the limits of the State of São Paulo with the State of Rio de Janeiro. The period chosen for the evaluation was a decade between the years 1998 to 2007, since the beginning of activities of the Committee of the basin of the river Paraíba do Sul in the state of São Paulo, was the year 1994. The chemical parameters defined for the study, from 16 points to monitor the water CETESB (Cia. of Thecnology e Wasting Envoriomental), located along the course of the river, in São Paulo words, were the BOD (biochemical demand of oxygen) and DO (dissolved oxygen), representing the level of organic pollution of domestic origin in a body of water, as provides the existing laws for the basin of the river Paraíba do Sul The importance of this study is related to the conditions under which the waters of the river Paraíba do Sul, the funnel into the reservoir in the state of Rio de Janeiro, which has claimed much of the pollution of the river stretch in Sao Paulo, since this is the most wealth important for the supply of the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. It is understood, therefore the concern that state with the water quality of the river upstream to the dam of the funnel.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-29T14:21:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DANILO RODRIGUES MARTINS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2018..pdf: 646787 bytes, checksum: 17b1a9fda99ec0a453a01f96019b7935 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-29T14:21:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DANILO RODRIGUES MARTINS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2018..pdf: 646787 bytes, checksum: 17b1a9fda99ec0a453a01f96019b7935 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018 / A pesquisa tem por escopo trazer a discussão da necessidade de legislação específica para o reuso de águas residuárias que é uma prática de gestão sustentável dos recursos hídricos. Tendo como principal vantagem a redução da demanda por água potável, mitigando a pressão sobre os mananciais. Assim, tal redução decorre da aplicação das águas de reuso às finalidades que podem ser atendidas por águas com características menos restritivas do que às características exigidas para consumo humano, no viés da tecnologia agroindustrial e industrial. Devido aos riscos tanto à saúde pública quanto ao meio ambiente, decorrentes da prática do reuso de água residuária, o desenvolvimento do uso de tal tecnologia exigirá enérgica intervenção do Estado, na forma da lei, onde existe projeto, sem contudo finalizá-lo. O objetivo desta intervenção será maximizar os benefícios auferidos com a prática e reduzir os malefícios associados à sua gestão. De modo que a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo discutir a normatização da prática do reuso de água residuária no Brasil. As competências legislativas dos entes federativos e casos exitosos desta colmatação. Para tanto, procedeu-se à revisão bibliográfica do conceito de reuso de água, abordando seus tipos e aplicações, elencando, ainda, as finalidades de aplicação das águas de reuso. A revisão bibliográfica também teve como objetivo o levantamento do marco legal do reuso de água no Brasil. A partir do conceito de reuso de água pode ser estabelecida a relação entre a prática do reuso de água e os objetivos preconizados pela Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos. Deste modo, se fará a pesquisa qualitativa com à utilização de dados no método hipotético-dedutivo observando as normas já existentes e à necessidade de legislação específica, analisando o projeto de Lei Federal sobre o tema e pontuando as especificações necessárias para minúcias, bem como fazendo uma pesquisa exploratório entrevistando atores que estão inseridos nesta necessidade de norma específica, dado o que se observa no entrave burocrático em razão da ausência de legislação específica. / The research aims to bring the discussion of the need for specific legislation for the reuse of wastewater, which is a practice of sustainable management of water resources. With the main advantage being the reduction of the demand for drinking water, mitigating the pressure on the sources. Thus, this reduction results from the application of the reuse water to the purposes that can be served by waters with characteristics less restrictive than the characteristics required for human consumption, in the bias of the agro-industrial technology, that is, use for the production of agricultural inputs. Due to the risks to both public health and the environment arising from the practice of reuse of wastewater, the development of the use of such technology will require vigorous State intervention, in the form of the law, where a project exists, without, however, finalizing it. The objective of this intervention will be to maximize the benefits of the practice and reduce the harm associated with its management. Therefore, the present research aims to discuss the standardization of the practice of wastewater reuse in Brazil. The legislative powers of federative entities and successful cases of this closure. In order to do so, a bibliographic review of the concept of water reuse was carried out, addressing its types and applications, also listing the purposes of reuse water application. The bibliographic review also had as objective the survey of the legal framework of the reuse of water in Brazil. From the concept of water reuse, the relationship between the practice of water reuse and the objectives advocated by the National Water Resources Policy can be established. In this way, qualitative research will be done using data in the hypothetical-deductive method, observing the existing norms and the need for specific legislation, analyzing the draft Federal Law on the subject and punctuating the necessary specifications for details, as well as making an exploratory research interviewing actors that are inserted in this need of specific norm, given what is observed in the bureaucratic obstacle due to the absence of specific legislation.

The objective of the Diploma Thesis, which is divided into two parts, is to summarize the issue of wastewater treatment for teaching purposes. In the theoretical part, it is possible to find interesting facts from the history, the beginnings of sewerage in the Czech, treatises on sewage, urban and industrial sewage. The thesis describes waste water, its composition and explains the concept of sewerage. The most extensive chapter is the section on sewage treatment plants. It deals with the type of sewage plants, cleaning processes and water and legislation. Readers will be informed about the drainage in Benesov and the sewage treatment in this city. An integral part is the issue of sewage treatment plants for family houses and root cleaner. The empirical part focuses of the questionnaire examines the relation of school facilities to sewage treatment and especially the use of worksheets. There is a work sheet for pupils II. grade or primary school or the relevant years grammar schools was check in primary school Benesov, Dukelska 1818. The practical part also includes a design of the excursion to the seweage treatment in Benesov. The aim of the thesis is to work on the issue of water purification, which could serve teachers as a guide to the teaching of pupils, they are able to answer the questions...

Ce travail de thèse interroge l’application différenciée des politiques publiques et ses dynamiques.À travers l’étude de huit services publics d’assainissement non collectif, situés dans des espaces périurbains provençaux, hauts-alpins, vauclusiens et rhônalpins, la réflexion met en valeur les tensions entre des normes réglementaires et techniques d’une part et, d’autre part, des territoires disposant de ressources variables pour les appliquer. S’appuyant sur une démarche quantitative et qualitative auprès d’institutions et d’usagers, cette recherche met en évidence la grande différenciation des Spanc. Celle-ci s’explique par la difficulté, pour les Spanc, de s’imposer dans un jeu d’acteurs complexe et face à des usagers souvent récalcitrants. Notre recherche montre, au final, que la professionnalisation des agents de ces services, qui suppose le développement d’une identité, d’une culture et de pratiques communes, permet de réduire les différences d’application de la politique publique. / This research addresses the variations and dynamics of public policy implementation. Through the analysis of eight local authorities and their monitoring of individual waste water treatments, located in suburban and rural areas in southern France (Bouches-du-Rhône, Hautes-Alpes, Vaucluse, Rhône-Alpes and Var), our work highlights the conflict between regulations and technical standardson the one hand, and the unequal resources available for local authorities responsible for their implementation on the other. Adopting a qualitative and quantitative approach to institutions, employees and users, this research highlights the significant differences between local authorities in the service they provide for individual waste water treatments. These differences result from the difficulties experienced by local authorities in interacting with a complex network stakeholders and in dealing with often unwilling users. Our research shows that, the professionalisation process, which is built upon the development of a common identity, culture and practices, reduces differences in the implementation of public policy.

The environmental occurrence and behaviour of the brominated flame retardant (BFR) decabromodiphenyl ethane (dbdpe) has only been studied to a limited extent. It is structurally similar to decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE), which makes it conceivable that dbdpe may also become an environmental contaminant of concern. A method for environmental analysis and comparative assessments of dbdpe and decaBDE was developed. Both BFRs were studied in: a mass balance of the Henriksdal WWTP in Stockholm (Paper I); an international survey of sewage sludge (Paper II); sediment along a transect from Henriksdal WWTP to the outer archipelago of Stockholm and from isolated Swedish lakes (Paper III); and a benthic food web from the Scheldt estuary (Paper IV). Dbdpe was found in sludge from every country surveyed, indicating that it may be a worldwide concern. The WWTP mass balance showed that virtually all of the BFRs were transferred from wastewater to sludge. A small fraction was emitted via the effluent, confirming emissions to the aquatic environment. In the marine sediment, the BFR levels close to the WWTP outfall were high. They decreased along the transect to low levels in the outer archipelago. The study of lake sediment showed a widespread presence of dbdpe in the Swedish environment and provided evidence that it originates from long range atmospheric transport. In the food web, dbdpe did bioaccumulate to a small extent which was similar to decaBDE. The transfer of the BFRs from sediment to benthic invertebrates was low, while transfer from prey to predator was higher. Biodilution was observed rather than biomagnification. This work suggests that the persistence, the susceptibility to long range atmospheric transport, and the potential for bioaccumulation are similar for dbdpe and the regulated decaBDE that it is replacing. Thus, there is a risk that a problematic environmental pollutant is being replaced with a chemical that is equally problematic. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Manuscript.

This work focuses on wood extractives in effluents from the CTMP plant at Skoghall Mill. Pulp and paper industry effluents contain mostly natural compounds which are part of the trees. They are toxic to aquatic life but harmless in nature, as they are present in low concentrations. Processing tons of wood, such as in a pulp mill, strongly increases the concentrations of the toxic compounds (Ali, M. and Sreekrishnan, T., 2001) which have to be treated before transferring to the aquatic environment.Extractives can be found in different forms, as micelles soluble in water, unprocessed in fibers or absorbed on the surface of fibers. It is important to know in which forms extractives are mostly present in the effluent, so that they can be treated more efficiently. It is desired to have extractives absorbed on the fibers and fibrils present in the waste water, so they can be separated from the water and treated separately, e.g. burned for energy recovery. Dissolved extractives complicate the oxygen transfer in an aerated biological treatment step with their surface active properties (Sandberg, 2012).The aim of this study is quantification of extractives on the fibers suspended in the waste water and extractives dissolved in the water. The distribution between the two forms is an important input when designing future effluent treatment. Wood extractives itself are a wide group with different compounds. This work focuses on the main groups present in waste water: resin acids, free and esterified fatty acids and, free and esterified sterols. These groups are analyzed in different process waters and waste water before the waste water treatment plant. The measured concentrations of extractives were as expected, higher in process and effluent waters, lower in white water. Most of the extract was dissolved in the water and unfortunately fiber samples contained very low concentration from the total extract in the samples.

In the empirical study in question, the current situation concerning the public water supply, waste water disposal, and water pollution prevention in Saxony with regard to the decision makers' knowledge of and approach towards "sustainable development" and its implementation is dealt with. Important results of the study are: · A comprehensive and uniform familiarity with the term and the contents of "sustainable development" is not present on all relevant decision-making levels. · The main area of activity of an institution influences its familiarity with the term "sustainable development." If the main area of activity of an institution lies in the field of water supply or water pollution prevention, familiarity with the term is greater. · Familiarity with the term "sustainable development" depends on the size of the respective institution with regard to the number of residents that it is responsible for supplying and the number of employees working for it. In larger institutions, familiarity with the term is more widespread. · The fact that many institutions are more committed ecologically and socially shows the fundamental possibility of incorporating these goals. Nevertheless, economic goals are given the highest practical importance, because of their limiting effects with regard to implementation of goals and decisions. · The significance of economic goals depends on the type of institution. In private-sector and public businesses they tend to have the greatest significance. For ecological and social goals, such dependence cannot be proved. · The greatest problems perceived in making "sustainable development" materialize depend on the type of institution. Whereas communities see such problems equally for all goals, economic and social goals are what cause problems for special purpose associations. In all other types of institutions such problems exist primarily for economic goals. · The organizational form influences the effects with regard to sustainable development. Possible privatization in various forms therefore should always be judged by the resulting effects on "sustainable development."