Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Nas últimas décadas, a introdução de produtos de uso diário nos ambientes aquáticos tem sido uma das questões mais discutidas no que se refere ao monitoramento ambiental. Estes produtos não são totalmente removidos pelos processos convencionais de estações de tratamento de esgoto e de água e são continuamente inseridos no ambiente aquático. O Dietiltoluamida, um princípio ativo de repelente de insetos bastante utilizado mundialmente, é um composto ambientalmente persistente e sua toxicidade para alguns organismos aquáticos tem sido comprovada. Em substituição aos produtos sintéticos, a população tem optado em utilizar produtos naturais, sendo cada vez mais comum o uso de repelentes com óleos essenciais de gramíneas. O óleo essencial de capim-limão é um dos mais utilizados nas formulações de cosméticos e de cuidados pessoais. Entretanto, nenhum estudo tem comprovado a sua toxicidade para a biota aquática. Além dos poluentes químicos, os organismos aquáticos podem estar sujeitos à exposição da radiação ionizante proveniente de fontes naturais (background radiation) ou nas proximidades de instalações de usinas nucleares. O presente estudo avaliou a reprodução de invertebrados aquáticos C. silvestrii após a exposição à radiação gama e posteriormente submetidos aos princípios ativos de repelente sintético e natural. Para isso, avaliou-se a citotoxicidade in vitro bem como a ecotoxicidade aguda e crônica dos princípios ativos e o efeito da radiação gama para D. similis e C. silvestrii. Os ensaios com radiação gama foram realizados sob as mesmas condições dos testes de ecotoxicidade, utilizando o irradiador Gamma-Cell com fonte de Co60. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, o óleo essencial apresentou efeito citotóxico igual a 50 mg.L-1 enquanto para o dietiltoluamida, foi de 420 mg.L-1. O efeito tóxico agudo na sobrevivência (CE50) foi encontrado na concentração de 7,2 mg.L-1 e 3,8 mg.L-1 de óleo essencial para D. similis e C. silvestrii, respectivamente. Concentrações de 64,9 e 53,9 mg.L-1 de dietiltoluamida apresentaram efeito agudo na sobrevivência de D. similis e C. silvestrii, respectivamente. 3,4 mg.L-1 foi estabelecida como a concentração de inibição (CI25) de óleo essencial para o dietiltoluamida correspondeu a 16,4 mg.L- 1, ambos para C. silvestrii. As doses letais de radiação gama que causaram efeito agudo na sobrevivência (DL50) foram de 242 Gy para D. similis e 525 Gy para C. silvestrii. A reprodução de C. silvestrii apresentou redução de 25% na dose de 29 Gy. Depois de determinar a ecotoxicidade dos princípios ativos e o efeito da radiação gama, os organismos foram irradiados com dose de 25 Gy, sendo a maior dose que não causou efeito na reprodução de C. silvestrii, e posteriormente foram expostos às mesmas concentrações utilizadas para os princípios ativos. Os resultados mostraram que a reprodução de C. silvestrii não foi afetada significativamente após a irradiação dos organismos testados quando comparada com os organismos não irradiados. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:45:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07546.pdf: 6655959 bytes, checksum: d53d0f4431174f96fa71e1f77ae4a138 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:47:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:10:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 08988.pdf: 8668818 bytes, checksum: e0f5fe180edb5cadb275182177aa753d (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

This thesis investigates the adaptation to climate change that is taking place in the WaterSupply and Waste Water (WSW) sector of the Stockholm Region. The adaptation processis analyzed in terms of building adaptive capacity and implementing adaptive decisions.Theories on organizational learning and the concept of an organization’s adaptation spaceare used to understand the factors that influence the adaptation process and the capacityof the studied WSW organizations to adapt to climate change. A case study approach hasbeen used and by focusing the research on four regional WSW organizations – thatcomprise a majority of the region’s WSW activities – it is argued that conclusionsrelevant to the region’s WSW sector as a whole can be made. Semi-structured interviewswith the complete management board – in three out of four organizations – and officialdocuments and reports, are the main sources of primary data for the analysis.The results show that adaptation to climate change is occuring in the WSW sector of theStockholm Region. The adaptation is mainly taking the form of building adaptivecapacity and there is only limited evidence of implementation of adaptive decisions. Theresearch suggests that there are few technical and organizational limitations foradaptation to take place and that the main factors influencing the adaptation space of thesector is how the climate change issue and risks are interpreted and perceptions of howthe WSW organizations should function and use their limited economical resources. Twoconclusions are drawn from these results: first, factors influencing the feasibility andattractiveness of different adaptation options need to be included and analysed in order tounderstand the actual adaptation space of an organization. Second, due to the factorsidentified as influencing the adaptation space, it is unlikely, at present, that robustinfrastructure solutions – which have been suggested in the literature as a viable way todeal with the intrinsic uncertainties related to climate change – can be implemented in theWSW sector of the Stockholm Region solely due to concerns of climate change.

Dans le contexte de la contamination quasi-généralisée des eaux de surface par les médicaments, les travaux de cette thèse portent sur l’étude des niveaux de concentration et du devenir de ces micropolluants organiques dans la Garonne estuarienne, recevant les effluents traités de l’agglomération bordelaise. Après le développement et la validation des outils analytiques associés à la détection multi-résidus dans les matrices eau et sédiment, la composition et la variabilité des effluents urbains bordelais ont été caractérisées, avant et après traitement en station d’épuration. La contamination globale des compartiments eau, matières en suspension et sédiment a ensuite été évaluée sur une rivière périurbaine de l’agglomération. Par ailleurs, le suivi réalisé en Gironde montre l’importance relative des apports amont et urbains et met en évidence la dégradation in-situ de certains médicaments, par ailleurs confirmée par une expérience d’incubation d’eau estuarienne réalisée in-vitro. / Ubiquitous presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment is of great concern. In this Ph.D. work, occurrence and fate of these organic contaminants were studied in the estuarine Garonne River, receiving treated effluents of the Bordeaux urban area (France). After developing and validating the analytical methods for multi-residue detection of 53 pharmaceuticals in water and sediment, composition and variability of the Bordeaux wastewater treatment plant influents and effluents were characterized. Presence of analytes in river water, suspended solids and sediments was then investigated on a periurban river located in the suburbs of Bordeaux. Besides, a long-term monitoring of estuarine Garonne River revealed the relative importance of local and upstream inputs and clearly showed a seasonal in-situ degradation of certain pharmaceuticals. This degradation was further confirmed and examined through batch experiments simulating the mixing conditions of wastewater and estuarine river water, highlighting the importance of suspended solid concentration in biodegradation rates.

In the thesis a general method of cost calculation as a means of determining the price has been used in a selected company. The influence of the method of cost calculation on company management has been analyzed. The thesis is focused on the water treatment company Slovácké vodárny a kanalizace a.s. I researched the most suitable method of calculating fresh water and waste water tariff for the company. I came to the conclusion that using the two-component form should bring the company higher profits than using the single-component form and these could be used to cover running and maintenance cost. I recommend using the two-component form.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:20:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_andrea_costa.pdf: 1097191 bytes, checksum: 2034dceff8e34b803bcf36f5c6ab617c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-29 / The industrial effluents with dyes are recalcitrant pollutants exhibiting toxicity to the living being and are difficult to remove by conventional processes. The treatment process of jeans uses large volumes of water and various chemicals, including synthetic dyes. This study investigated the influence of biological and physico-chemical factors in the removal of color and turbidity in the effluent treatment from laundry and dyeing industries. Factorial designs with central point were used in biodegradation and coagulation-flocculation treatments using analysis of interactions between the investigated factors. The independent variables were microbial consortium, aeration, agitation, tannin and the floculation polymer (POLICAP - 32) concentrations, whereas the response variables were color and turbidity. The microbial consortium with capacity of dye decolorization was obtained from the effluent in the absence of nutrients at 28 to 30 ° C, aeration of 1 vvm under agitation of 150 rpm. The biological treatment of the effluent occurred during 48 hours. In the experimental design of the biodegradation, the aeration and the increase of the agitation unfavored significantly the decolorization. The higher removal of color was obtained from the central point of the factorial design 1.25 % v/v consortium concentration and 50 rpm agitation. In this condition, the color average reached approximately 138 mgPt/L, corresponding to a decolorization of the untreated effluent of approximately 90 %. In the physico-chemical treatment, the increase of the tannin concentration and the interactions between tannin and polymer concentrations significantly favored the decolorization of the effluent. The higher removal of color and further reduction of turbidity were obtained at the central point of the factorial design 0.3 g/mL tannin concentration, 15 ppm polymer floculation at pH 7.5 for 20 minutes. In this experimental condition, the average color was approximately 50 mgPt/L and the average turbidity, approximately 4 NTU. The decolorization reached 96 % and the turbidity reduction, 79 % of the untreated effluent in the physical-chemical treatment / Os corantes presentes em efluentes industriais são poluentes recalcitrantes que apresentam toxicidade aos seres vivos e são de difícil remoção por tratamentos convencionais. O processo de beneficiamento de jeans utiliza grande volume de água e produtos químicos diversos, incluindo os corantes sintéticos. O presente estudo investigou a influência de fatores biológicos e físico-químicos na remoção de cor e turbidez em tratamentos de efluentes de lavanderia e tinturaria industriais. Planejamentos fatoriais com ponto central foram empregados em biodegradações e em tratamentos por coagulação-floculação, utilizando delineamento experimental com análise de interação entre os fatores investigados. As variáveis independentes foram consórcio microbiano, aeração, agitação, concentrações de tanino e do polímero auxiliar de floculação (POLICAP - 32) sobre as variáveis respostas, cor e turbidez. O consórcio microbiano com capacidade de descolorir corantes foi obtido a partir do efluente na ausência de nutrientes, a 28 - 30 ºC, sob agitação de 150 rpm e aeração de 1 vvm. No tratamento biológico, a aeração e o aumento da agitação desfavoreceram significativamente a descoloração; a maior remoção de cor foi obtida no ponto central do planejamento - concentração do consórcio a 1,25 % v/v e agitação de 50 rpm. Nessa condição experimental, a cor média atingiu aproximadamente 138 mgPt/L, correspondendo a uma descoloração do efluente não tratado de cerca de 90 %. No tratamento físico-químico, o aumento da concentração de tanino e a interação entre as concentrações de tanino e do polímero favoreceram significativamente a descoloração do efluente. A maior remoção de cor e redução de turbidez foram obtidas no ponto central do planejamento - concentração do tanino 0,3 g/mL, polímero auxiliar de floculação 15 ppm em pH 7,5 durante 20 minutos. Nessa condição experimental, a cor média foi aproximadamente 50 mgPt/L e a turbidez média, aproximadamente 4 UNT. A descoloração atingiu 96 % e a redução de turbidez, 79 % do efluente não tratado no tratamento físico-químico

The thesis deals with the issue of simulation of treated wastewater irrigation by the HYDRUS 2D software. The first part of the thesis is designed as a literary research of academic information and knowledge. It aims at introducing the issue of treated wastewater utilization for the purpose of the irrigation with an emphasis on the Czech Republic. The following is an overview of important hydropedological characteristics of soils, the theoretical basis of numerical modeling of movement and transport of solutes in soil and the use of HYDRUS 2D software. The practical part is based on theoretical knowledge and demonstrates the creating process of mathematical model in program HYDRUS 2D, simulating the transport of input pollution in the soil profile. Wastewater used for irrigation was treated using a system of mechanical pretreatment and horizontal filters planted with macrophytes situated on a CW Drazovce. This work describes the calibration and subsequent application of calibrated models for monitored pollution parameters NH4+-N, P-PO4-3 and COD.

The aim of this diploma thesis is a rehabilitation study of the sewer network on Vídeňská street in the city of Brno. The first part of the thesis includes an accompanying review including basic data about the sewage gutter, including the characteristics of the affected area with a detailed description of the geological and hydrogeological rates. This is followed by a technical review, which consists of hydrotechnical calculations and overal summary of the construction-technical condition. The subject of the following part is a proposal and description of several varying solutions for the rehabilitation, including, particularly, trenchless technologies. Further on, all of the proposed variants are evaluated based on technical, economical and environmental impact. Finally, all the observations are summarized and a final recommendation for the way of solving the rehabilitation is carried out.

Microfibers, textile fibres shorter than 5 mm, and are shed from fabrics during wear and released into the laundry effluent during washing. When passed through the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), they adsorb toxins, heavy metals and pathogens before being released into the environment. Synthetic microfibers persist for long periods of time in aquatic environments and very little is known about the degradation of processed natural fibres. Hydrocyclonic separation was studied as a way to separate the microfibers from the effluent before being they get additionally contaminated at the WWTP. A hydrocyclone has no moving parts and functions by utilizing centrifugal force and the difference in specific gravity between the fluid and the particles that are to be separated. The separation efficiency is dependent on its dimensional and operation parameters. No previous studies on hydrocyclonic separation of microfibres were found. Polyester fleece blankets were washed. The effluent was filtered, and the filters weighed to determine the mass of the separated fibres. Sampling of the inhomogeneous effluent presented a challenge and larger sample volumes would be needed to adequately represent the population. Using a Büchner funnel, filter fouling led to filtration times of up to 6 h for 1 l of effluent. Dividing the 1 l samples into two 0.5 l samples, filtering separately and adding the weight reduced filtration time to 2 h and the results were not significantly different from filtering the whole 1 l sample with one filter. The hydrocyclones tested separated around 11% of the total weight of microfibers in the effluent, too low to be deemed viable. As only a few dimensional variables were tested, it could possible that a higher fraction could be separated with this method. Given that the commercially available filtration systems separate 30-80%, refining existing methods may yield better results.