A study was made of the feasibility of implementing a system of Resource Recovery from the solid wastes of an urban county in Georgia. A review was made of the existing solid waste management practices and present generation rates. A projection of future waste quantities and composition was made. A review of the present state of the art of recovering resources from solid waste was made to determine what systems could be developed for the County. An analysis of the estimated costs during a test year for three alternative systems for disposal was made to determine a least cost alternative. In that no markets for a refuse derived fuel exist in the County and all costs which may be applicable to the landfill alternative cannot be defined in terms of current costs, the cost of Resource Recovery exceeds the costs of conventional landfilling. Recommendations are for the County to develop markets and make provisions for future development of a system to recover resources from their wastes. In the meantime they should pursue their present plan of disposing of their wastes in a Sanitary Landfill.

Deep-pit caged layer waste which had accumulated for about 2-yr was collected from beneath hens housed on wire mesh cages, was mixed with chopped corn forage and ensiled in 2 kg cardboard containers double lined with polyethylene bags and sealed to study fermentation characteristics and microbial analyses. Proportions of corn forage and caged layer waste, wet basis, were 100:0, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50 and 40:60. Corn forage and caged layer waste in ratios of 100:0, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50 mixtures, were ensiled in 210 liter metal drums doubled lined with polyethylene bags, to study fermentation characteristics, microbial analyses, chemical composition and to conduct a metabolism trial. For both types of silos the pH of the ensiled mixtures increased (P<.01) as level of waste increased. Lactic acid was higher (P<.01) for waste containing silages, compared to corn silage. Total coliforms, fecal coliforms, salmonella, shigella and proteus were decreased or eliminated by ensiling. Dry matter, crude protein, and ash increased (P<.01) with waste levels. In a sheep metabolism trial, 30 wethers were fed diets consisting of the five silages in large silos, also, corn silage with sufficient soybean meal added to increase the crude protein content to that of 70:30 silage was used as a fifth diet. Digestibility of dry matter and organic matter was higher (P<.01) for the corn silage diet, compared to the corn forage-waste silage diets, but the differences were small for organic matter. Within corn forage-waste silages a linear decrease (P<.05) was recorded in dry matter digestibility as caged layer waste increased. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was higher (P<.01) for corn silage supplemented with soybean meal, compared with 70:30 corn forage-waste silage diet. Higher (P<.01) N utilization was obtained for sheep fed the corn silage diet, compared with those fed the waste treated silages. No difference (P<.05) in N retention was recorded when sheep were fed 70:30 corn forage-waste silage diet or corn silage supplemented with soybean meal. / Master of Science

As fibras-de-coco (Cocos nucifera) quando destinadas em aterros sob condições anaeróbias, provocam a emissão de metano, um dos mais importantes gases de efeito estufa. Neste trabalho, são propostos usos das fibras-de-coco misturadas em diferentes relações com resíduos alternativos, com o objetivo de mitigar os impactos provocados pelos resíduos, possibilitando a produção de carvão ativado. Como alternativa, fez-se a proposição de se utilizar a relação coco/resíduo igual a 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75 e 0/100, coletando-se os resíduos de laranja, banana, caju e acerola (bagaço e cascas) nos locais apropriados. Para análise imediata foram determinados os teores de cinzas (a 600 C) e umidade (a 105 C) segundo a norma ASTM D-1762/64, os teores de material volátil (a cinza em mufla a 950 C) e de carbono fixo, segundo a norma ASTM D-1762/64, e o poder calorífico, segundo a norma ABNT-NBR 8633/84, dos diversos tratamentos. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística onde foi possível elaborar gráficos que demonstrassem a relação entre as determinações realizadas, indicando a mistura da fibra-de-coco com acerola e com banana a mais promissora. / The coconut fibers (Cocos nucifera) when intended in landfills under anaerobic conditions, cause the emission of methane, one of the most important greenhouse gas. In this work, is proposed the use of coconut fiber mixed in different ratios with alternative waste in order to mitigate the impacts caused by waste, enabling the production of new products. As an alternative, it was proposed to do the relationship coconut / residue equal to 100/0, 75/25 50/50 25/75 and 0/100 by collecting the waste orange, banana, and cashew acerola (pulp and peel) in the appropriate places. For immediate analysis were determined the ash content (600 C) and humidity (105 C)ASTM D-1762/64, the levels of volatile material (ash in a muffle furnace at 950 C) and fixed carbon, ASTM D-1762/64, and calorific power, according to ABNT-NBR 8633/84, the various treatments. The data were submitted to statistical analyzes where it was possible to draw graphs that demonstrate the relationship among the measurements performed, indicating the mixture of coconut fiber with cherry and banana the most promising.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:20:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_paula_macedo.pdf: 713310 bytes, checksum: 941c18a8ca32e16587bf1e5a6169267d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-10 / The coconut fibers (Cocos nucifera) when intended in landfills under anaerobic conditions, cause the emission of methane, one of the most important greenhouse gas. In this work, is proposed the use of coconut fiber mixed in different ratios with alternative waste in order to mitigate the impacts caused by waste, enabling the production of new products. As an alternative, it was proposed to do the relationship coconut / residue equal to 100/0, 75/25 50/50 25/75 and 0/100 by collecting the waste orange, banana, and cashew acerola (pulp and peel) in the appropriate places. For immediate analysis were determined the ash content (600 ° C) and humidity (105 ° C)ASTM D-1762/64, the levels of volatile material (ash in a muffle furnace at 950 ° C) and fixed carbon, ASTM D-1762/64, and calorific power, according to ABNT-NBR 8633/84, the various treatments. The data were submitted to statistical analyzes where it was possible to draw graphs that demonstrate the relationship among the measurements performed, indicating the mixture of coconut fiber with cherry and banana the most promising. / As fibras-de-coco (Cocos nucifera) quando destinadas em aterros sob condições anaeróbias, provocam a emissão de metano, um dos mais importantes gases de efeito estufa. Neste trabalho, são propostos usos das fibras-de-coco misturadas em diferentes relações com resíduos alternativos, com o objetivo de mitigar os impactos provocados pelos resíduos, possibilitando a produção de carvão ativado. Como alternativa, fez-se a proposição de se utilizar a relação coco/resíduo igual a 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75 e 0/100, coletando-se os resíduos de laranja, banana, caju e acerola (bagaço e cascas) nos locais apropriados. Para análise imediata foram determinados os teores de cinzas (a 600 ºC) e umidade (a 105 ºC) segundo a norma ASTM D-1762/64, os teores de material volátil (a cinza em mufla a 950 ºC) e de carbono fixo, segundo a norma ASTM D-1762/64, e o poder calorífico, segundo a norma ABNT-NBR 8633/84, dos diversos tratamentos. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística onde foi possível elaborar gráficos que demonstrassem a relação entre as determinações realizadas, indicando a mistura da fibra-de-coco com acerola e com banana a mais promissora.

A widespread phenomenon on dumpsites in the developing world, subsistence waste picking is also a common practice at the city-owned Coastal Park Landfill (CPL) in Muizenberg. Poor unemployed people from the townships of Capricorn, Vrygrond and Hillview, situated at the foot of the tip “skarrel for scrap” every day. The word skarreling is an Afrikaans term meaning to rummage or scrabble, scuttle or scurry. Thus, if one talks of “skarreling for scrap”, it generally refers to poor peo-ple trying to eke out a living by looking for recyclables in the waste that can be put to personal use or turned into money.In the two decades since the transition to democracy, South Africa and the City of Cape Town (CCT) have formulated a number of framework and subordinate policies which express their commitment to sustainable development (SD). SD aims to achieve a balance between its three components, econom-ic, environmental and social sustainability. Thus, SD is not only about increased economic efficiency and stability, while at the same time reducing pollution and handling natural resources more thought-fully; it is also about promoting social equity by reducing poverty and empowering the poor. This study is guided by the assumption that waste pickers in developing countries play an important part in recycling efforts, and that recycling in turn is an integral component of SD, which is the guid-ing principle of South African policy-making. In an ideal scenario – as implicitly promised by the policies on SD – the management of solid waste should pursue the economic and environmental goals of SD by promoting recycling and should be aligned with the goal of creating sustainable livelihoods.However, the reality in the CCT is a different one. Landfill skarreling in the CCT, and particularly at CPL, is accompanied by conflict and a criminalisation of the skarrelaars. The CCT decided to phase out landfill salvaging in 2008, and subsequently has put a lot of effort into keeping skarrelaars away from its landfills. The implications of this decision – job losses for poor people and a potential in-crease in crime – have not been thought through. There is thus a dysfunctional triangular relationship around waste recycling in the CCT, leading to tensions between (1) the City’s commitment to SD; (2) its approach towards recycling (as part of solid waste management) in policy and practice; and (3) the livelihoods of the poor in adjacent townships. In the CCT the goals of SD are undermined by the City’s recycling strategies, with adverse effects for the livelihoods of the people who live off skarrel-ing.There are several causes for this disjuncture between policy and reality. The first has to do with igno-rance on the side of the policymakers. They seem to be badly informed about the extent and nature of skarreling, perhaps assuming that this activity is performed only by a few people who need quick cash for drugs. The second cause can be attributed to the neoliberal macro-policies pursued in South Africa, as well as to the global competition between cities for investment. This neoliberal urbanism leads cities like Cape Town to re-imagine themselves as “world (-class) cities”, in which poor waste pickers are perceived as a disturbing factor. In the CCT, this goes hand in hand with an approach reminiscent of the apartheid mindset, which saw the need to control poor, black (and potentially unru-ly) people.The dissertation therefore focuses on the core themes of sustainable development, (urban) neoliberal-ism, and informality in combination with a case study of the informal waste pickers at the chosen landfill site. Writing from a political studies angle, this study is framed as a policy critique: it argues that the policies around SWM ignore South African realities, and that the SD policies and their im-plementation lack coherence. Moreover, the conflict between the skarrelaars and the CCT at the CPL is rooted in inadequate national and local legislation which does not acknowledge the role of informal waste pickers in SWM and aims at excluding rather than including them. If waste pickers were sup-ported in their recycling efforts in both policy and practice, this would be a win-win situation for the state/city (economic benefits and less crime), the skarrelaars (regular employment and incomes) and the environment (less waste buried on landfills).The case study is primarily designed as a qualitative study, but also includes quantitative elements as it attempts a first quantification of the extent and nature of skarreling at the CPL site, one of only three operating dumpsites in Cape Town. The aim on the one hand is to estimate the contribution of the skarrelaars to waste reduction (and therefore to sustainability) in the City, especially since the waste they collect is not buried on the landfill, thereby prolonging the operational life span of the landfill. The other aim is to assess the role of the skarrelaars as an economic factor in the township, in particular the question of how important the incomes generated from skarreling are for their individu-al livelihoods and for the community as a whole. / Magister Artium - MA

E-waste is an emerging issue driven by the rapidly increasing quantities, the hazards involved and the valuable materials in it. Due to a lack of environmentally sound technologies or equipment and the imperfect e-waste management system, the poor quality e-waste recycling and disposal methods commonly practiced in developing countries now have serious and hazardous effects on the environment and the workers'/residents' health. Additionally, industrialized countries are exporting increasing quantities of e-waste to developing countries, complicating the situation finther. The environmental and health issues caused by e-waste in developing countries have resulted in the search for solutions to address this problem before it becomes worse. The main purpose of this research is to find how legislation and regulations be used to improve management of e-waste in developing countries especially studying a case in China on e-waste management, which is a very helpful example to other developing countries which are also facing the same e-waste'issue. A case study methodology was used in this research. To collect data, semi-structured interviews with officers or experts from key relevant government departments/institutions involved in e-waste management/regulation, from electronic appliance producers, from customers at different levels of the value chain, as well as direct and non-participant observations were carried out in six cities of China. For another perspective, the review of relevant departmental documents/publications was also carried out to multiply the source of data. In this case study the analysis relies largely on qualitative data and interpretive methods, applied to what was found in interviews/observations and what is written down in documents/ literatures. The research found that lack of systernatic and enforceable law and regulations has become the most serious obstacle in the e-waste management system and limited the effective control of e-waste in developing countries. Developing subsidiary regulations and standards could support the enforcement of the main national law and regulations on e-waste management and it could farther urge the development of local regulations to improve the enforceýbility of the national law and regulations. Identifying the principal administrative department and coordinating the cooperation of various departments could avoid the duplication of administrative functions among government departments. It is important to construct monitoring systems to supervise the enforcement of the regulations and construct the standards and registration system to qualify the e-waste recycling and disposal enterprises, the secondhand market of electronic products and the regenerative resources market of reusable materials in ewaste. The economic differences made it possible to formulate special regulations for economically backward areas compared to the, more advanced areas even within one country. Improving the existing e-waste recovery system and regulating the payment system according to the local economic conditions for e-waste recycling and disposal could improve the integrated management of e-waste. Producers as well as government and even consumers should be responsible for e-waste together. The government needs to continuously strengthen regulatory systems to ensure that the huge economic benefits from the e-waste recycling industry are not overshadowed by the negative impact on the workers'/residents' welfare and overall environmental sustainability,

Waste management is a global phenomenon and all nations need to ensure that waste is handled in an environmentally friendly and healthy manner. Municipalities in South Africa generate a lot of solid waste which is disposed of in the landfill site. The life span of these landfill sites is shortened by all waste that gets disposed on site. The only mechanism that can be used to minimize the amount of waste disposed of in the landfill site is waste recycling. At Greater Kokstad Municipality (GKM) there are very few companies that are involved in recycling activities. The rate of unemployment in the area is high and recycling activities would provide employment opportunities. This study is based in Kokstad and emanates from the fact that there are large volumes of waste discharged at the Kokstad landfill site. It seeks to explore the experiences and challenges faced by waste pickers and recycling SMMEs in the GKM. Also to identify reasons that causes waste pickers and SMMEs not to use the opportunity created by large volumes of unused waste to establish self-employment or employment of large numbers of unemployed people. This study used a qualitative research method and a phenomenological research design. The researcher used focus groups and semi-structured one-to-one interviews based on question themes or an interview guide. Data gathered was analyzed using Tesch’s method of data analysis and thematic content analysis. The main findings of the study revealed vital information that can assist in shaping and planning recycling activities within Greater Kokstad Municipality. Findings also highlight the need to create an environment conducive to the implementation of effective recycling initiatives.

Objetivo. Estudar experiências de gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos domésticos envolvendo parcerias, identificando pontos positivos e negativos nas relações inter-institucionais, e verificando a relação entre os dados da bibliografia e o constatado nos programas estudados. Métodos. Foram realizados estudos de caso de programas de coleta seletiva em Goiânia (GO), Campinas (SP), Embu (SP), Santos (SP) e Botucatu (SP). Foram feitas entrevistas e visitas técnicas em entidades envolvidas, incluindo órgãos do governo, empresas e ONGs. Os programas foram analisados nos aspectos sócio-ambiental, operacional, econômica e político-institucional. Resultados. As taxas de desvio observadas variaram entre 0,1 e 2,39 por cento e as taxas de recuperação entre 1,67 e 7,82 por cento . Os custos totais dos programas estiveram entre US$ 150 e US$ 650 por tonelada recuperada. Os custos de coleta representam entre 19 e 82 por cento e os custos de triagem entre 14 e 52 por cento . As dificuldades mais freqüentes relatadas pelos entrevistados são relacionadas aos aspectos humanos: comportamentais, políticos e educacionais. Conclusões. As parcerias podem disponibilizar recursos financeiros, equipamentos, materiais diversos e mão-de-obra para a implementação de programas de coleta seletiva. As parcerias são uma forma eficiente de redução de custos dos programas. Diversos programas municipais têm desenvolvido parcerias para a operação de triagem. As iniciativas espontâneas desempenham um papel importante e devem ser incentivadas. Os investimentos em recursos humanos e os incentivos às indústrias locais de reciclagem são fatores-chave do sucesso dos programas. A reciclagem de lixo constitui-se uma alternativa importante de atividade econômica, com geração de emprego e renda. A pesquisa foi apoiada pela FAPESP / Objective. To study domestic solid waste management experiences through partnerships, identifying strengths and weaknesses in inter-institutional relationships and verifying the concordance between bibliography recommendations and the studied programs characteristics. Methods. Segregative collection and recycling programs cases were studied in the following cities: Goiânia (GO), Campinas (SP), Embu (SP), Santos (SP) e Botucatu (SP). Technical visits and interviews were accomplished in institutions involved, including government offices, companies and NGOs. Programs were analysed in social-environmental, operations, economics and political-institutional features. Results. Decipe rates varied between 0,1 e 2,39 per cent and recovery rates between 1,67 and 7,82 per cent . Programs´ total costs ranged from US$ 150 to R$ 650 per recovered metric ton . Collection costs were between 19 and 82 per cent and sorting costs between 14 to 52 per cent . The most frequent difficulties described in interviews were those related human features: behavior, policy and education. Conclusions. Os investimentos em recursos humanos e os incentivos às indústrias locais de reciclagem são fatores-chave do sucesso dos programas. A reciclagem de lixo constitui-se uma alternativa importante de atividade econômica, com geração de emprego e renda. Partnerships can contribute to obtain financial and human resources, equipment and several materials to the implementation of segregative collection programs. They are an efficient way to reduce costs of programs. Several municipal programs develop partnerships in the operation of sorting. Equipment and buildings continue being financed by municipality. The spontaneous initiatives play an important role and should be encouraged. Investiments in human resources and incentives to local industries are key factors to the success of programs. Garbage recycling is an important alternative economic activity to bring employment and income. Research supported by FAPESP

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise da viabilidade econômica e ambiental do processo de reciclagem de Resíduos de Construção Civil em um município. Utilizou-se como base o Município de Guarulhos onde foi efetuado um levantamento das quantidades de resíduos de construção civil produzidos, seu gerenciamento e o processo de reciclagem e reutilização dos agregados reciclados produzidos. O Município de Guarulhos implantou o primeiro Ponto de Entrega Voluntária (PEV) de resíduos em 2003 e, de forma ininterrupta, vem aumentando a disponibilidade desses pontos a população, possuindo 17 pontos em 2014. Inicialmente planejados para receber apenas resíduos provenientes de construção civil, tornaram-se pontos onde a população destina inúmeros resíduos sólidos não orgânicos. A empresa de pública responsável por obras na cidade, PROGUARU, possuiu uma Usina de Reciclagem de Resíduos de Construção Civil (URE) que produz agregados reciclados para uso em manutenções e pavimentação, além de fornecer material para utilização na Fábrica de Pré-Moldados da Prefeitura, fechando um ciclo de captação, processamento e reutilização dos Resíduos de Construção Civil no município. Foram desenvolvidos dois modelos que incluem no cálculo econômico do processo de reciclagem de Resíduos de Construção Civil de um município, a economia obtida com a diminuição do descarte irregular e com a substituição de agregados naturais pelos agregados reciclados produzidos pela PROGUARU. No período de 2003 a 2014, os Pontos de Entrega Voluntária receberam 296.210,11 . 10³ kg de resíduos totais, e enviou 214.910, 57 . 10³ kg de Resíduos de Construção Civil para a URE. O lucro anual do sistema incluindo o custo dos terrenos (PEV e URE) foi de R$ 3,50 por habitante, e desprezando o valor dos terrenos foi de R$ 5,02 por habitante. O trabalho de pesquisa comprova a viabilidade econômica da reciclagem, além dos ganhos ambientais pela diminuição dos descartes irregulares e economia de recursos naturais. / This paper presents an analysis of the economic and environmental viability of Civil Construction Waste recycling process in a municipality. It was used as a basis the municipality of Guarulhos, where a survey of quantities of construction waste generated, its management and the process of recycling and reuse of recycled aggregates produced was made. The municipality of Guarulhos implemented the first Voluntary Delivery Point (PEV) of waste in 2003 and uninterruptedly, is increasing the availability of these points population, having 17 points in 2014. Initially planned to only receive waste from construction, become points where the population intended number of inorganic solid waste. The public corporation responsible for works in the city, PROGUARU, owned a Plant Construction Waste Recycling (URE) producing recycled aggregates for use in maintenance and paving, as well as providing material for use in Precast Factory, closing a funding cycle, processing and reuse of Construction Waste in the city. Were developed two models that include the economic calculation of the Civil Construction Waste recycling process of a municipality, the savings from the reduction of irregular disposal and replacement of natural aggregates by recycled aggregates produced by PROGUARU. In the period 2003-2014, the Voluntary Delivery Points received 296.210,11 . 10³ kg of total waste, and sent 214,910, 57 . 10³ kg Civil Construction Waste for URE. The annual profit of the system including the cost of land (PEV and URE) was R $ 3.50 per capita, and despising the value of land was R $ 5.02 per capita. The research confirms the economic viability of recycling, in addition to environmental benefits by decreasing the irregular disposal and saving natural resources.

Objetivo. Estudar experiências de gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos domésticos envolvendo parcerias, identificando pontos positivos e negativos nas relações inter-institucionais, e verificando a relação entre os dados da bibliografia e o constatado nos programas estudados. Métodos. Foram realizados estudos de caso de programas de coleta seletiva em Goiânia (GO), Campinas (SP), Embu (SP), Santos (SP) e Botucatu (SP). Foram feitas entrevistas e visitas técnicas em entidades envolvidas, incluindo órgãos do governo, empresas e ONGs. Os programas foram analisados nos aspectos sócio-ambiental, operacional, econômica e político-institucional. Resultados. As taxas de desvio observadas variaram entre 0,1 e 2,39 por cento e as taxas de recuperação entre 1,67 e 7,82 por cento . Os custos totais dos programas estiveram entre US$ 150 e US$ 650 por tonelada recuperada. Os custos de coleta representam entre 19 e 82 por cento e os custos de triagem entre 14 e 52 por cento . As dificuldades mais freqüentes relatadas pelos entrevistados são relacionadas aos aspectos humanos: comportamentais, políticos e educacionais. Conclusões. As parcerias podem disponibilizar recursos financeiros, equipamentos, materiais diversos e mão-de-obra para a implementação de programas de coleta seletiva. As parcerias são uma forma eficiente de redução de custos dos programas. Diversos programas municipais têm desenvolvido parcerias para a operação de triagem. As iniciativas espontâneas desempenham um papel importante e devem ser incentivadas. Os investimentos em recursos humanos e os incentivos às indústrias locais de reciclagem são fatores-chave do sucesso dos programas. A reciclagem de lixo constitui-se uma alternativa importante de atividade econômica, com geração de emprego e renda. A pesquisa foi apoiada pela FAPESP / Objective. To study domestic solid waste management experiences through partnerships, identifying strengths and weaknesses in inter-institutional relationships and verifying the concordance between bibliography recommendations and the studied programs characteristics. Methods. Segregative collection and recycling programs cases were studied in the following cities: Goiânia (GO), Campinas (SP), Embu (SP), Santos (SP) e Botucatu (SP). Technical visits and interviews were accomplished in institutions involved, including government offices, companies and NGOs. Programs were analysed in social-environmental, operations, economics and political-institutional features. Results. Decipe rates varied between 0,1 e 2,39 per cent and recovery rates between 1,67 and 7,82 per cent . Programs´ total costs ranged from US$ 150 to R$ 650 per recovered metric ton . Collection costs were between 19 and 82 per cent and sorting costs between 14 to 52 per cent . The most frequent difficulties described in interviews were those related human features: behavior, policy and education. Conclusions. Os investimentos em recursos humanos e os incentivos às indústrias locais de reciclagem são fatores-chave do sucesso dos programas. A reciclagem de lixo constitui-se uma alternativa importante de atividade econômica, com geração de emprego e renda. Partnerships can contribute to obtain financial and human resources, equipment and several materials to the implementation of segregative collection programs. They are an efficient way to reduce costs of programs. Several municipal programs develop partnerships in the operation of sorting. Equipment and buildings continue being financed by municipality. The spontaneous initiatives play an important role and should be encouraged. Investiments in human resources and incentives to local industries are key factors to the success of programs. Garbage recycling is an important alternative economic activity to bring employment and income. Research supported by FAPESP