L’objectif de cette thèse était la mise au point de nouvelles méthodes de synthèse innovantes permettant le recyclage de déchets carbonés ou l’utilisation de matières premières renouvelables, ceci afin d’améliorer la durabilité du secteur de la chimie industrielle et de réduire sa dépendance aux ressources fossiles. Dans cette optique, le travail a été réalisé en suivant trois axes de recherche principaux visant la mise au point de nouveaux procédés catalytiques pour la valorisation de l’acide oxalique, un dérivé du CO2, de déchets de matériaux polymères ainsi que de la biomasse. Afin d’atteindre les objectifs fixés, une stratégie basée sur le clivage réducteur des liaisons C–O et utilisant la réaction d’hydrosilylation catalysées par B(C6F5)3 a été adoptée. Cette stratégie a permis en premier lieu d’obtenir, à partir de l’acide oxalique, une large gamme de produits ayant différents degrés d’oxydation allant de l’acide glyoxylique trisilylé jusqu’à l’éthane. Il a été montré ensuite que le système B(C6F5)3-hydrosilane permet la dépolymérisation sélective de déchets plastiques (tels que PLA, PET et PC-BPA) ainsi que de polyesters bio-sourcés tels que l’acide tannique et la subérine, en une variété de molécules comprenant des alcools, des phénols et des alcanes. Enfin, l’efficacité de B(C6F5)3 comme catalyseur d’hydrosilylation sélectif a été démontrée pour le clivage réducteur des modèles de motifs α-O-4 et β-O-4, principales liaisons dans la lignine. Cette réaction a pu être extrapolée à la lignine issue du bois et une nouvelle démarche permettant l’obtention de produits aromatiques purs à partir de la lignine a été développée. / The objective of this thesis was the development of new innovative synthetic methods for recycling waste carbon compounds or renewable raw materials to improve the sustainability of the industrial chemical sector and reduce its dependence on fossil resources. In this context, the work has been performed following three main areas of research intended for the development of new catalytic processes for the valorization of oxalic acid, derived from CO2, waste polymer materials and biomass. To achieve these objectives, a strategy based on the reductive cleavage of C–O bonds using the hydrosilylation reactions catalyzed by B(C6F5)3 was selected. First, this strategy resulted in the generation of a wide range of products with different degrees of oxidation, from oxalic acid, ranging from trisilylated glyoxylic acid to ethane. Afterwards, the system B(C6F5)3-hydrosilane allowed the selective depolymerization of waste plastics (such as PLA, PET, PC-BPA) as well as bio-based polyesters such as tannic acid and suberin, to a variety of molecules including alcohols, phenols and alkanes. Finally, it has been shown that B(C6F5)3 is an efficient and selective hydrosilylation catalyst for the reductive cleavage of α-O-4 and β-O-4 models, the main linkages in lignin. This reaction was successfully transposed to lignin derived from wood and a new process for obtaining pure aromatic products from lignin has been developed.

O Resíduo de Construção e Demolição (RCD), devido ao seu volume, gera um alto impacto ambiental, social e econômico, trazendo assim a preocupação crescente sobre sua gestão. Essa gestão sempre foi responsabilidade do poder público. Porém, com a Resolução 307 do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA), de 05 de julho de 2002, ela foi transferida para os geradores de resíduos, que devem segregar o resíduo em quatro classes diferentes e encaminhá-las para reciclagem ou deposição final. Assim, este trabalho propõe uma metodologia, baseada no enfoque sistêmico e em técnicas de pesquisa operacional, para tratar o problema de gestão de resíduos da Construção Civil, em conformidade com a Resolução CONAMA 307. A metodologia proposta compreende a elaboração de um Plano de Gestão de Resíduos que contemple a fase de projeto, minimizando a geração de resíduos; a segregação e o transporte do resíduo gerado dentro da obra; e a sua destinação final, incluíndo o controle da segregação e deposição do resíduo gerado. No trabalho são comparadas duas obras, uma onde não houve nenhuma forma de gestão sobre o resíduo e outra onde o Plano de Gestão proposto foi aplicado. Além disso, foi feito um modelo de simulação utilizando o programa de computador Arena 7.0, utilizado para avaliação do impacto do Plano em diversos cenários de geração, segrega ção e transporte dos resíduos. Como resultado do trabalho apresenta-se um Plano de Gestão de Resíduos que possui viabilidade econômica, social e ambiental, além de ser legalmente adequado, para ser usado por profissionais do setor público e privado no tratamento e gestão do resíduo gerado em suas obras. / The Construction and Demolition Waste (C&DW), because of its high volume, brings high environmental social and economical impacts, therefore the worries about its management has grown. This management has always been responsibility of the governments. But with the Resolution 307 of CONAMA (Brazilian Environmental National Council) of July 22nd, 2002, it was transferred to the waste producer, which has to segregate it in four different categories and ship it to be recycled or disposed properly. The proposal is to create a method, based on system approach and operations research, to deal with C&DW management, respecting Resolution 307 guidelines. The proposed method encompasses the creation of a Waste Management Plan, whichconsiders the aspects of the project, to minimize waste generation; the segregation and transport within the construction site; and the final destination of the waste, including a method to control its segregation and shipping. Two construction sites were considered, one that did not have any kind of waste management and one on which the Management Plan was implemented. In addition, it was developed a simulation model using the computer software Arena 7.0, to analyze the Plan under different scenarios of generation, segregation and shipping of construction waste. As a result, a Plan of C&DW Management was proposed and validated, which is economic, social and environmental feasible and legally adequate, to be used by public and private professionals when dealing with the C&DW of their constructions.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 106-111).

O Resíduo de Construção e Demolição (RCD), devido ao seu volume, gera um alto impacto ambiental, social e econômico, trazendo assim a preocupação crescente sobre sua gestão. Essa gestão sempre foi responsabilidade do poder público. Porém, com a Resolução 307 do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA), de 05 de julho de 2002, ela foi transferida para os geradores de resíduos, que devem segregar o resíduo em quatro classes diferentes e encaminhá-las para reciclagem ou deposição final. Assim, este trabalho propõe uma metodologia, baseada no enfoque sistêmico e em técnicas de pesquisa operacional, para tratar o problema de gestão de resíduos da Construção Civil, em conformidade com a Resolução CONAMA 307. A metodologia proposta compreende a elaboração de um Plano de Gestão de Resíduos que contemple a fase de projeto, minimizando a geração de resíduos; a segregação e o transporte do resíduo gerado dentro da obra; e a sua destinação final, incluíndo o controle da segregação e deposição do resíduo gerado. No trabalho são comparadas duas obras, uma onde não houve nenhuma forma de gestão sobre o resíduo e outra onde o Plano de Gestão proposto foi aplicado. Além disso, foi feito um modelo de simulação utilizando o programa de computador Arena 7.0, utilizado para avaliação do impacto do Plano em diversos cenários de geração, segrega ção e transporte dos resíduos. Como resultado do trabalho apresenta-se um Plano de Gestão de Resíduos que possui viabilidade econômica, social e ambiental, além de ser legalmente adequado, para ser usado por profissionais do setor público e privado no tratamento e gestão do resíduo gerado em suas obras. / The Construction and Demolition Waste (C&DW), because of its high volume, brings high environmental social and economical impacts, therefore the worries about its management has grown. This management has always been responsibility of the governments. But with the Resolution 307 of CONAMA (Brazilian Environmental National Council) of July 22nd, 2002, it was transferred to the waste producer, which has to segregate it in four different categories and ship it to be recycled or disposed properly. The proposal is to create a method, based on system approach and operations research, to deal with C&DW management, respecting Resolution 307 guidelines. The proposed method encompasses the creation of a Waste Management Plan, whichconsiders the aspects of the project, to minimize waste generation; the segregation and transport within the construction site; and the final destination of the waste, including a method to control its segregation and shipping. Two construction sites were considered, one that did not have any kind of waste management and one on which the Management Plan was implemented. In addition, it was developed a simulation model using the computer software Arena 7.0, to analyze the Plan under different scenarios of generation, segregation and shipping of construction waste. As a result, a Plan of C&DW Management was proposed and validated, which is economic, social and environmental feasible and legally adequate, to be used by public and private professionals when dealing with the C&DW of their constructions.

Orientador: Gladis Camarini / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T09:22:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pinheiro_SayonaraMariadeMoraes_D.pdf: 17416977 bytes, checksum: 40dd09aaf2b35647ee390d580feb5859 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A busca pela viabilidade técnica e econômica da reciclagem de resíduos na cadeia produtiva da construção civil vem atender às novas necessidades do setor de promover um crescimento econômico integrado às necessidades sociais e ambientais. O gesso é um material construtivo de ampla aplicação no setor. O processo produtivo é relativamente simples e envolve baixo custo energético em relação a outros aglomerantes. A reversibilidade de suas reações de transformação possibilita a reciclagem do material, o que aumenta a possibilidade de reintegração no processo produtivo, minimizando os impactos ambientais de produção. As indústrias produtoras de componentes de gesso, na sua maioria, são formadas por empresas de pequeno porte, onde o resíduo gerado, na maioria das vezes, é disposto de forma irregular, sem controle e estimativa de volume. Esse resíduo é considerado pelas Resoluções 307/2002 e 431/2011 do CONAMA, como resíduo de Classe "B", resíduos recicláveis para outras destinações, sendo grande o seu potencial de reciclagem. As pesquisas científicas na área ainda são incipientes. Faz-se necessária uma investigação detalhada do resíduo e do material reciclado. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho, por meio da adoção de um processo simples de reciclagem, composto das etapas de moagem e calcinação do resíduo de gesso de fundição, analisou as características químicas, microestruturais e as propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos gessos reciclados em ciclos consecutivos. Analisou também a influência do uso de aditivos nesses materiais. A análise dos resultados mostrou a viabilidade da reciclagem do resíduo de gesso e a necessidade de estudos mais específicos para que o gesso reciclado adquira o desempenho necessário para a aplicação no setor de componentes para a construção civil / Abstract: The search for technical and economical feasibility of waste recycling in the productive construction chain meets the new needs of the sector to promote an integrated development with economical, social and environmental needs. Gypsum plaster is a widely material used in civil construction. The productive process is relatively simple and it involves low energy costs compared to other binders. The reactions reversibility enables the recycling of the material, which increases the possibility of being reintegrated to the productive process as well as decrease environmental production impact. The gypsum components industries are formed by small companies, where the wastes are usually disposed incorrectly, without any control or estimate of volume. The waste is considered by Resolutions 307/2002 and 431/2011 from CONAMA as Class "B" which should be destined for recycling. Scientific research in this area is still incipient. It is necessary further investigations of this waste as a recycled material. In this way, the current research adopted a simple recycling process which produced a recycled gypsum plaster that was analyzed by its chemical and microstructures characteristics, as well as the physical and mechanical properties. The recycled plaster was obtained from consecutive cycles. The influence of using a superplasticizer in recycled plaster has been also analyzed. The results showed the feasibility to recycling the gypsum wastes, as well as the need of specific studies in order to allow the recycled gypsum plaster achieve the necessary performance to be applied for components in construction / Doutorado / Arquitetura e Construção / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

In the theoretical part of diploma thesis basic knowledge about glass are given (materials, production process, a brief overview of glass products for construction industry) and statistics of waste production, primarily with an emphasis on various types of waste glasses were also mentioned. The following chapters of the thesis are focused on waste glass processing technologies. Various studies about the application of waste or recycled glass in manufacturing of building materials are summarized. In the practical part of diploma thesis were suggested appropriate secondary raw materials that were used to prepare materials based on thermally modified glass foam. In the practical part of the thesis was carried out a set of experiments and analysis, including evaluation in terms of the proposed alternative fillers and materials made of them.

This thesis is concerned with developing porous materials from tyre shred residue and polyurethane binder for acoustic absorption and thermal insulation applications. The resultant materials contains a high proportion of open, interconnected cells that are able to absorb incident sound waves through viscous friction, inertia effects and thermal energy exchanges. The materials developed are also able to insulate against heat by suppressing the convection of heat and reduced conductivity of the fluid locked in the large proportion of close-cell pores. The acoustic absorption performance of a porous media is controlled by the number of open cells and pore size distribution. Therefore, this work also investigates the use of catalysts and surfactants to modify the pore structure and studies the influence of the various components in the chemical formulations used to produce these porous materials. An optimum type and amounts of catalyst are selected to obtain a high chemical conversion and a short expanding time for the bubble growth phase. The surfactant is used to reduce the surface tension and achieve a homogenous mixing between the solid particulates tyre shred residue, the water, the catalyst and the binder. It is found that all of the components significantly affect the resultant materials structure and its morphology. The results show that the catalyst has a particularly strong effect on the pore structure and the ensuing thermal and acoustical properties. In this research, the properties of the porous materials developed are characterized using standard experimental techniques and the acoustic and thermal insulation performance underpinned using theoretical models. The important observation from this research is that a new class of recycled materials with pore stratification has been developed. It is shown that the pore stratification can have a positive effect on the acoustic absorption in a broadband frequency range. The control of reaction time in the foaming process is a key function that leads to a gradual change in the pore size distribution, porosity, flow resistivity and tortuosity which vary as a function of sample depth. It is shown that the Pade approximation is a suitable model to study the acoustic behaviour of these materials. A good agreement between the measured data and the model was attained. / Ministry of Science and Technology of Thailand; Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand,

Sopsortering på tåg är ett ämne där det saknas vetenskaplig litteratur. Det framstår utifrån författarnas egna observationer som att sopsortering på tåg inte förekommer. De alternativ som observerats är plastpåsar vid tågsäten och en lucka i väggen för blandat avfall. Det är troligt att avfallet går till förbränning då det inte finns några lagar eller regler som kräver att sopsortering ska finnas på tåg. Vetskapen om att ämnet inte undersökts och att det verkar saknas sorteringsalternativ på tåg, la grunden för arbetets syfte. Syftet var att undersöka hur människor upplever sorteringsmöjligheterna på tåg och potentialen att öka insamling med hjälp av bättre sorteringsmöjligheter och prompts. För att besvara syftet, formulerades två frågeställningar,1.Hur upplever människor sorteringsmöjligheterna på tåg, och kan olika typer av sorteringsmöjligheter förbättra dessa? Och, 2.Hur kan prompts användas för att öka sorteringen av pappersavfall på tåg? Teoriavsnittet var grundläggande för både metod, resultat och diskussion. Kapitlet berörde bland annat prompts, normativ påverkan, åtgärder för att kunna förbättra återvinning och en beskrivning av en fältstudie meden observation och utdelandet av flygblad.I arbetet valdes en enkätstudie för att få svar på frågeställning 1. Enkätens huvudsakliga resultat var tvetydigt, det gick inte helt säkert se att de valda interventionerna ökade sorteringsmöjligheterna. För att försöka få tydligare svar och för att få svar på fråga 2. genomfördes ett fältexperiment. Resultatet av fältexperimentet blev inte signifikant. I diskussionen lyftes de huvudsakliga resultaten från enkätundersökningen och fältexperimentet. Resultatet jämfördes med tidigare studier och styrkor och brister med arbetets utförande diskuterades. Slutligen gavs svar angående om syfte och frågeställningar hade besvarats. / Waste recycling on trains is a subject that lacks scientific literature. It seems from the writers own observations that recycling on trains is non existent. The alternatives that have been observed is plastic bags next to train seats and a gap in the wall for mixed waste. It is probable that waste goes to incineration because there is no laws or rules that demand waste recycling on trains. The knowledge about the subject not being researched and that recycling seems to be absent on trains, lay the foundation for this works aim. The aim was to research how people feel the possibilities to recycle on trains are and the potential to increase recycling with better alternatives for recycling and prompts. To answer the aim, two questions were formulated, 1. How does people experience waste recycling possibilities on trains, and can different types of waste recycling possibilities make them better?And, 2. How can prompts be used to increase waste recycling of paper on trains?The theory section was the basis for both method, results, and discussion. The chapter touched on for instance prompts, normative influence, actions to improve recycling and a description of a field study with an observation and the handing out offlyers. In this work a survey was chosen to answer research question 1. The main results of the survey were inconclusive, it was not possible with full certainty to saythat the chosen interventions increased recycling possibilities. To get a clearer answer and to get the answer to question 2. a field experiment was performed. The results of the field experiment were not significant. In the discussion the main results from the survey and field experiment were aired. The results were compared to prior studies and strengths and weaknesses with the work performance was discussed. Finally answers were given about if the aim and research questions had been answered.

Com o crescimento das atividades industriais e da população, aumentam também a quantidade de resíduos gerados que ocasiona problemas ambientais. No Brasil, produtor de bens na agroindústria, os problemas causados pelo acúmulo e destinação inadequada dos resíduos sólidos é de grande porte. A partir dessa problemática são criados mecanismos que incentivam a reutilização e reciclagem dos resíduos. É buscando desenvolver tecnologia inédita de matérias-primas alternativas que se produziu carvão ativado a partir de resíduos de coco, acerola e caju. Primeiramente coletou-se a fibra-de-coco seco e bagaços/cascas de acerola e do caju para posterior preparação desse material através da impregnação com ZnCl2, da ativação química e da realização de um teste de avaliação da eficiência do carvão. Foi produzido carvão ativado com todas as amostras, onde a aplicação na amostra de água coletada no rio Capibaribe (perto do túnel Chico Science), Recife, Pernambuco, apresentou redução da turbidez em 97,3 % usando o tratamento com 25 % de fibra-de-coco + 75 % de caju. / With the growth of industrial activities and population, also increases the amount of generated waste which causes environmental problems. In Brazil, a major producer of goods in the agricultural industry, the problems caused by the accumulation and improper disposal of solid waste are large. From this problematic, mechanisms that encourage the reuse and recycling of waste are created. It is seeking to develop new technology of alternative raw materials that are produced activated carbon from coconut waste, barbados cherry and cashew. Primarily, the collection of fiber-to-dry coconut and cake/shells from barbados cherry and cashew for later preparation of this material by impregnation with ZnCl2, chemical activation and conducting an evaluation test coal efficiency. The result, within all samples, was an activated carbon where the application in the water sample collected from the Capibaribe River (near Chico Science tunnel), Recife, presented a decrease in turbidity in 97.3% using treatment with 25% fiber- coconut + 75% cashew.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:20:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ricardo_vandre_trotski_oliveira_silva.pdf: 610833 bytes, checksum: 744d83d7588313cd4ff2b78eb59399bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-25 / With the growth of industrial activities and population, also increases the amount of generated waste which causes environmental problems. In Brazil, a major producer of goods in the agricultural industry, the problems caused by the accumulation and improper disposal of solid waste are large. From this problematic, mechanisms that encourage the reuse and recycling of waste are created. It is seeking to develop new technology of alternative raw materials that are produced activated carbon from coconut waste, barbados cherry and cashew. Primarily, the collection of fiber-to-dry coconut and cake/shells from barbados cherry and cashew for later preparation of this material by impregnation with ZnCl2, chemical activation and conducting an evaluation test coal efficiency. The result, within all samples, was an activated carbon where the application in the water sample collected from the Capibaribe River (near Chico Science tunnel), Recife, presented a decrease in turbidity in 97.3% using treatment with 25% fiber- coconut + 75% cashew. / Com o crescimento das atividades industriais e da população, aumentam também a quantidade de resíduos gerados que ocasiona problemas ambientais. No Brasil, produtor de bens na agroindústria, os problemas causados pelo acúmulo e destinação inadequada dos resíduos sólidos é de grande porte. A partir dessa problemática são criados mecanismos que incentivam a reutilização e reciclagem dos resíduos. É buscando desenvolver tecnologia inédita de matérias-primas alternativas que se produziu carvão ativado a partir de resíduos de coco, acerola e caju. Primeiramente coletou-se a fibra-de-coco seco e bagaços/cascas de acerola e do caju para posterior preparação desse material através da impregnação com ZnCl2, da ativação química e da realização de um teste de avaliação da eficiência do carvão. Foi produzido carvão ativado com todas as amostras, onde a aplicação na amostra de água coletada no rio Capibaribe (perto do túnel Chico Science), Recife, Pernambuco, apresentou redução da turbidez em 97,3 % usando o tratamento com 25 % de fibra-de-coco + 75 % de caju.