No description available.

This thesis strives to uncover the central narrative latent in the forms, symbols, and architectural order of Wat Phra Chetuphon, a major royal temple in Bangkok, and to consider its revelatory significance in relation to the broader question of Thai sacred building. Conventionally Wat Pho's architecture is assumed to follow a fully formed Siamese tradition.1 Though conceived within a newly challenging historical context, and with a novel pedagogic programme, the architecture's symbolic value has been, therefore, treated as largely self evident. Yet surprisingly neither the traditions of Thai sacred architecture nor their specific expression at Wat Pho have been clearly articulated. / After outlining the conceptual context the thesis undertakes a detailed examination of the temple's different parts and their arrangement. This descriptive strategy proposes Wat Pho's architecture as the primary document available for study, with its specific forms and experience orienting the supporting textual research. Existing scholarship, canonic Theravada Buddhist texts, Brahmanic mythology and the specificities of Siamese history and culture are brought into the discussion as directed by the architecture's particularities. Those forms such as the bai sema and the chofa, which identify the temple's indigenous character and symbolic potential without, however, having universally accepted meanings, are of particular significance to the argument. Equally the complexities of Wat Pho's plan and its experience are considered in relation to their narrative potential. / This descriptive foundation establishes the facts of the architecture and its associations in order to ground the identification of a range of possible narratives. These are reviewed in relation to the symbolic assumptions regarding the Thai temple and Wat Pho that exist. From this foundation a new essential narrative structure is proposed. Like most of the sacred architecture throughout the region Wat Pho expresses aspects of a Buddhist cosmology. Yet in contrast to a spatial analogue (or map) of the universe centred on Mount Meru prevalent elsewhere, it is argued here that Wat Pho's architecture, and the Thai temple in general, articulates a cosmological understanding through a form of represented event; a mimetic recreation of the Buddha's descent from Tavatimsa heaven where he had gone to preach to his mother and the assembled gods. In conclusion Wat Pho's cosmological vision is placed within its own artistic and historical contexts, exemplary of Thai sacred architecture at the culminating moment of its traditional expression and impending transformation. / 1Wat Phra Chetuphon is popularly known as Wat Pho, referencing its earlier name, Wat Photaram, which predated its transformation under the Chakri (Bangkok) dynasty.

Les effluents pétroliers contiennent généralement des hydrocarbures lourds en faible quantité. Toutefois dans certains gisements, où les fluides sont stockés à des profondeurs importantes dans des conditions de pression et de température proches des conditions critiques, la proportion de composés lourds peut être significative et donc engendrer des modifications importantes des propriétés thermophysiques de ces fluides, particulièrement sur les équilibres de phases liquide - solide. En effet, suivant la proportion et la nature de la fraction lourde, la température de fusion peut s'élever de façon drastique. Ainsi la présence de composés lourds peut provoquer l'apparition de dépôts solides au sein des équipements d'exploitation ou dans les conduits de transport. La prévention de ces dépôts solides, qui constituent un risque important de détérioration du matériel, passe, en premier lieu, par la détermination précise des conditions d’apparition des premiers cristaux de paraffine au sein des fluides de gisement. Dans cette perspective, cette thèse a pour objectif principal le développement d’une méthode expérimentale d’observation des conditions de formation des cires au sein des huiles brutes ainsi que de leur évolution en fonction des conditions de température et de pression. Pour cela, une technique microscopique couplée à une analyse d’image novatrice est proposée. / Most of petroleum reservoir fluids contain a small amount of heavy hydrocarbons. However, in some deep oil reservoirs, in which fluids are stored under high pressure and high temperature conditions, the light components in supercritical state are able to dissolve a significant amount of high molecular weight components. The heavy components, which are soluble in crude oil under reservoir conditions, may precipitate as a waxy solid phase when temperature decreases below the cloud point. According to the nature and the quantity of heavy components, the wax appearance temperature may be high in some crude oils (higher than the water freezing point). In this case, due to a decrease in temperature or due to a modification of the composition of light components, wax deposition may occur during production or when oil is transported through pipelines across cold areas. Thus, the presence of heavy components in reservoir fluids constitutes a potential risk of plugging process equipment at different stages of exploitation. To prevent and to avoid paraffin deposition in pipelines, it is first required to determine the wax appearance conditions throughout the pressures encountered during production.To this end, the main objective of this thesis is the design and the development of a new experimental technique for determining visually the liquid-solid phase transitions in crude oils. This technique rests on a digital microscopic image analysis to detect the onset of wax precipitation and the evolution of waxy solid as a function of temperature and pressure.

A metalsmith�s ability to turn stone into metal and mould metal into useable objects, is one of the most valuable production industries of any society. The conception of this metallurgical knowledge has been the major catalyst in the development of increasing socio-political complexity since the beginning of the Bronze Age (Childe, 1930). However, when considering the prehistory of Southeast Asia, especially Thailand, it is noted that the introduction of metallurgical activity, namely copper and bronze technology, did not engender the increase in social complexity witnessed in other regions. It is suggested that the region is anomalous in that terms and concepts developed to describe and define Bronze Ages by scholars working in other regions, lack strict analogues within Southeast Asia. Muhly (1988) has famously noted the non-compliance of Southeast Asia to previous models, "In all other corners of the Bronze Age world-China, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, the Aegean and central Europe-we find the introduction of bronze technology associated with a complex of social, political and economic developments that mark the rise of the state. Only in Southeast Asia, especially in Thailand and Vietnam, do these developments seem to be missing" (Muhly, 1988:16). This "rise of the state" is associated with the development of hierarchy, inequality, and status differentiation, evidence for which, it is argued, is most explicitly articulated in mortuary contexts (Bacus, 2006). Evidence would include an intra-site restriction in access to resources, including prestige goods, and ranking, a vertical differentiation, often related to interment wealth. Thus the introduction of metallurgical technology saw copper and other prestige goods, used to entrench authority and advertise status (Coles and Harding; 1979). Such evidence has so far been absent in Bronze Age, Southeast Asian contexts. Accordingly, the usefulness of the term "Bronze Age" for describing and defining Southeast Asian assemblages has been questioned (White, 2002). However, the Ban Non Wat discovery of wealthy Bronze Age interments, with bronze grave goods restricted to the wealthiest, has furrowed the brow of many working in the region, providing evidence to at least reconsider this stance. Despite its obvious importance in shaping Bronze Age societies around the globe, and now, significance in Northeast Thailand, very little is known of the acceptance, development, and spread of tin-bronze metallurgical techniques during the prehistory of Southeast Asia. Only a handful of investigations of archaeological sites in the region have investigated the use of metals beyond macroscopic cataloguing. Utilising an agential framework, the Ban Non Wat bronze metallurgical evidence has been investigated as an entire assemblage, from the perspective of the individual metalsmith, in order to greater understand the industry and its impact upon the society incorporating the new technology. Furthermore, mortuary data is investigated by means of wealth assessment, as an insight into social form throughout the corresponding period of adoption, development and spread of metallurgy. The bivalent study of society and technology has shed light on the development of socio-political, and economic complexity during Bronze Age Southeast Asia, and in doing so, outlined the direct impact the metalsmiths themselves had on the supply, spread and functioning of their important industry. Variabilities in grave �wealth,� have been identified at Ban Non Wat. A further situation not previously encountered in Bronze Age Southeast Asia, is the restriction of bronze goods, in death, to differentiated, wealthy individuals. The existence of such individuals suggests that society during this period was rather more complex than regional precedents would suggest. I contend that it is the introduction of metallurgy, and in particular, the nature in which it was conducted that engendered these developments. Therefore, when considering the traditional course of developing social-political complexity during the Bronze Age, it now seems that Thailand at least, is potentially, not that anomalous.

A metalsmith�s ability to turn stone into metal and mould metal into useable objects, is one of the most valuable production industries of any society. The conception of this metallurgical knowledge has been the major catalyst in the development of increasing socio-political complexity since the beginning of the Bronze Age (Childe, 1930). However, when considering the prehistory of Southeast Asia, especially Thailand, it is noted that the introduction of metallurgical activity, namely copper and bronze technology, did not engender the increase in social complexity witnessed in other regions. It is suggested that the region is anomalous in that terms and concepts developed to describe and define Bronze Ages by scholars working in other regions, lack strict analogues within Southeast Asia. Muhly (1988) has famously noted the non-compliance of Southeast Asia to previous models, "In all other corners of the Bronze Age world-China, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, the Aegean and central Europe-we find the introduction of bronze technology associated with a complex of social, political and economic developments that mark the rise of the state. Only in Southeast Asia, especially in Thailand and Vietnam, do these developments seem to be missing" (Muhly, 1988:16). This "rise of the state" is associated with the development of hierarchy, inequality, and status differentiation, evidence for which, it is argued, is most explicitly articulated in mortuary contexts (Bacus, 2006). Evidence would include an intra-site restriction in access to resources, including prestige goods, and ranking, a vertical differentiation, often related to interment wealth. Thus the introduction of metallurgical technology saw copper and other prestige goods, used to entrench authority and advertise status (Coles and Harding; 1979). Such evidence has so far been absent in Bronze Age, Southeast Asian contexts. Accordingly, the usefulness of the term "Bronze Age" for describing and defining Southeast Asian assemblages has been questioned (White, 2002). However, the Ban Non Wat discovery of wealthy Bronze Age interments, with bronze grave goods restricted to the wealthiest, has furrowed the brow of many working in the region, providing evidence to at least reconsider this stance. Despite its obvious importance in shaping Bronze Age societies around the globe, and now, significance in Northeast Thailand, very little is known of the acceptance, development, and spread of tin-bronze metallurgical techniques during the prehistory of Southeast Asia. Only a handful of investigations of archaeological sites in the region have investigated the use of metals beyond macroscopic cataloguing. Utilising an agential framework, the Ban Non Wat bronze metallurgical evidence has been investigated as an entire assemblage, from the perspective of the individual metalsmith, in order to greater understand the industry and its impact upon the society incorporating the new technology. Furthermore, mortuary data is investigated by means of wealth assessment, as an insight into social form throughout the corresponding period of adoption, development and spread of metallurgy. The bivalent study of society and technology has shed light on the development of socio-political, and economic complexity during Bronze Age Southeast Asia, and in doing so, outlined the direct impact the metalsmiths themselves had on the supply, spread and functioning of their important industry. Variabilities in grave �wealth,� have been identified at Ban Non Wat. A further situation not previously encountered in Bronze Age Southeast Asia, is the restriction of bronze goods, in death, to differentiated, wealthy individuals. The existence of such individuals suggests that society during this period was rather more complex than regional precedents would suggest. I contend that it is the introduction of metallurgy, and in particular, the nature in which it was conducted that engendered these developments. Therefore, when considering the traditional course of developing social-political complexity during the Bronze Age, it now seems that Thailand at least, is potentially, not that anomalous.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Natural Resources Management))--Mahidol University, 2005. / LICL has E-Thesis 0006 ; please contact computer services.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2005. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 284).

M.A. (Afrikaans) / In literature it is a common occurrence that certain poems are presented as a group, because certain joining forces indicate that these poems should not be treated as isolated entities. Two such classifications for the indexing of collective groups of poems are the cycle and the series. This study examines "Wat die hart van vol is", a collection of poems by Peter Blum in Steenbok tot Poolsee, to determine whether it is a cycle of poems or a series of poems. In a cycle the poems are constructed in such a way that the constituting elements (symbols, imagery, motifs and themes) form a structure which is simultaneously "horizontal" and "vertical", presented by a parabole whereby a spiral is incorporated in a chronology which is utilizing time and space in a rigid rranner by which the epic elements culminate in an all-encompassing theme. In this way the cycle progresses to a stage where it proves itself to be (back) at a (new) beginning at the point of its conclusion. The series is a group of poems which is constructed along a "horizontal" line. Unlike the cycle, it does not have the same underlying time-space chronology and interaction between the constituting elements because of its loose construction and the interchangeability of its poems. In the case of the series there cannot be an extention of the central theme or a deepening of the various layers of interpretation. At its utmost it can claim a "general incorporating" theme. In the analysis of the poems of "Wat die hart van vol is" it is proved that this group of poems is a cycle of poems and not of poems, and in the process the fact is established that a series of poems in its turn is an entity on its own with its own individual characteristics.

Cette étude, conçue comme un état des lieux des peintures murales dans les monastères de six districts de la province de Chiang Mai, a permis d’une part d’étudier les différents acteurs de la commande artistique [commanditaires, donateurs, artistes] et d’autre part de définir ces peintures en quatre groupes selon une classification à la fois chronologique et stylistique. Les multiples facteurs susceptibles d’influencer la présence ou l’absence de peintures dans les temples ont été également examinés. Une comparaison de l’iconographie présentée dans ces temples entre les quatre groupes retrouvés a été également entreprise afin d’affiner les caractéristiques de ces derniers. En parallèle, une attention toute particulière a été portée aux artistes travaillant dans les temples afin de mieux connaître ces individus méconnus et ignorés. Formations, milieux sociaux, place de la femme artiste, inspirations et influences, autant de thèmes évoqués au sein de cette étude. / This study, designed as an inventory of murals in the monasteries of six districts of the province of Chiang Mai made it possible on the one hand to study the various actors involved in an art order [sponsors, donors, artists] and on the other hand to classify these paintings into four groups according to their chronological and stylistic description. The multiple factors likely to influence the presence or the absence of paintings in the temples were also examined. A comparison of the iconography between the four groups found in these temples was also undertaken in order to refine their characteristics. In parallel, special attention was paid to the artists working in the temples in order to learn more about these unsung and ignored individuals. Training, social environments, place of the woman artist, inspirations and influences are topics discussed in this study.

Section 23(2) of the Constitution gives every worker the right to strike and the LRA gives effect to that right. Section 64 of the LRA, however, requires that the issue in dispute first be referred to a bargaining council or the CCMA before a strike can be called. A certificate declaring that the issue in dispute was not resolved or 30 days or, alternatively, any extension must lapse and notice must be given to the employer before a strike can commence. Generally, the issue in dispute referred to conciliation must be the same issue in dispute over which that the strike was called. The question that arises is what will happen to the status of the strike if the issue in dispute or the demand changes during the course of the strike. Reference was made to literature study in which the criteria were set out on how to determine the true issue in dispute. Suggestions were also made on how to declare strike action unprotected should an employer be of the view that its workers are striking over a different issue in dispute or demand than the one that was referred to conciliation. / LLM (Labour Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015