An evaluation of BioSand Filters, a method of Household Water Treatment, was conducted in Posoltega, Nicaragua, with objectives of determining the long-term filtration efficiency and the rate of sustained use. Field methods included microbial and turbidity water quality testing and interviews with filter users regarding the operation, maintenance and perceptions towards the filters. Of the 234 BioSand Filters installed in 1999 and 2004, only 24 were found to still be in operation. The average filtration efficiency was found to be 98% for total coliforms, 96% for E. coli and 88% for turbidity. Statistically significant effects on filtration efficiency were detected for the source contamination, the inverse of the flow rate, and the standing depth of water over the sand. A follow-up laboratory QA/QC procedure was undertaken to validate the field methods, which consisted of membrane filtration (MF) with m coliBlue24 growth media, and SolarCult dipslides. It was found that MF with m coliBlue24 produced useful reproducible results, and is an appropriate method for conducting field water quality testing. The dipslides were found to be an appropriate tool for testing source water quality and assessing the applicability of BioSand Filters, and may be an appropriate tool for local health representatives to promote safe water practices within the community. However, the dipslides should not be used as a presence / absence test for drinking water due to the high limit of detection. The low rate of sustained use (10%) is mostly a result of the structural failure of the concrete walls of the filter, in particular for those filters from 2004. Anecdotal evidence suggests insufficient quality control during the construction. The filtered water and the stored post-filtered water did not meet the WHO guidelines for safe drinking water on account of the presence of E. coli. Also identified were improper maintenance practices and unsafe storage of post-filtered water. These problems could have been addressed through the development of a holistic water system approach, such as the World Health Organization Water Safety Plan.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on March 6, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 75-77). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Professional Degree)--University of Missouri, School of Mines and Metallurgy, 1926. / The entire thesis text is included in file. Typescript. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed September 15, 2009) Includes bibliographical references and index.

Thesis (M.Sc.) - University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009. / Full text also available online. Scroll down for electronic link.

Thesis (M.S.)--Wisconsin. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 54).

Söderhalls renhållningsverk AB’s (SÖRAB) waste facility have an active landfill where they previously have been deposited organic waste. This landfill generates leachate that contains high levels of ammonium. To treat the ammonium rich leachate SÖRAB has built a continuous biological treatment plant (KBR). The KBR uses nitrification and denitrification to transform ammonium to nitrogen. Together with a wetland it constitutes SÖRAB’s treatment for leachate. This project aimed at creating a strategy to ensure that nutrient limits given by Miljödomstolen are not exceeded. SÖRAB wished for the KBR to be emptied yearly, a consequence of this is that the treatment period is paused for 4-􀀀5 months. While investigating the recipient it was found that the outflow from the treatment plant cannot be larger than the flow in the recipient. In cases where the outflow was larger internal nutrient limits were exceeded. With these demands and by evaluating the efficiency of the treatment steps and modelling the leachate formation an operational strategy of how the leachate treatment should be operated during the year was created. The evaluation showed that the denitrification process in the KBR needs additional phosphorus to perform satisfactory. Phosphorus cannot be added without taking the risk of exceeding the limits in the recipient. During the warm season the wetland performed denitrification adequately, though it decreased with the temperature. Therefore the most suitable time for emptying the KBR and pausing the treatment is the cold season. The KBR is optimally emptied during the fourth quarter, it will then be functioning again during the second quarter. Modelling the leachate volume showed that the outflow was greater than the recipient runoff during the third quarter. During this time water needs to be stored within the treatment plan, the wetland was considered the most suitable pond for storage. To enable capacity for the excess volume the level in the wetland needs to be lowered during the first quarter, when the flow in the recipient is high due to the spring flood. The outflow is then higher than the actual runoff from the treatment plant. During the third quarter the water level in the wetland is increased to allow for the treated water to be stored.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-07-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:46:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 godoyjunior_e_dr_guara.pdf: 1961718 bytes, checksum: 5a6eed31632ec8bdfaa7ca03a55195ef (MD5) / O presente trabalho trata do desenvolvimento, do processo construtivo, da implantação e da análise técnica, econômica e ambiental de uma miniETERA (miniestação ecoeficiente de tratamento de esgoto e reuso de águas), em PVC e concreto armado, associada a um sistema de cogeração de energia a biogás e a um sistema registrador e queimador de biogás para baixas vazões. A miniETERA é composta por três digestores anaeróbios de fluxo ascendente, em manto de lodo, do tipo UASB (upflow anaerobic slodge blancket) modificado, dispostos em série, formando cascata, seguido de um digestor híbrido aeróbio (com ar) e anóxio (sem ar na presença de nitrato). Para efeito do trabalho foi avaliada a eficiência dos reatores UASB, cuja redução média da DQO (demanda química de oxigênio) do efluente foi de 80,1%, sem a utilização de elementos eletromecânicos. O biogás produzido pelo sistema apresentou concentração média de 57,99% de metano no UASB I, devida à hidrólise, e de 80,45% de metano no UASB II, devida essencialmente à atividade metanogênica. O sistema compacto de cogeração de energia desenvolvido é composto por um motogerador de potência nominal de 5,5 kW a gasolina, convertido a biogás e/ou gás natural a baixa pressão (GNBP), acoplado a um trocador de calor gás/água, para a geração de energia elétrica e água quente. O cogerador compacto foi testado experimentalmente, utilizando biogás oriundo do tratamento anaeróbio de resíduo avícola, com uma porcentagem de 60% de metano; obteve-se uma potência útil de 2,6 kW e, no caso do uso de GNBP, a partir de GNV (gás natural veicular) despressurizado, obteve-se uma potência útil de 4,2 kW. O reuso de água foi feito por meio de sistema de fertirrigação de um bosque em 12 formação, com o efluente tratado. A análise técnica e econômica... / This paper deals with the development of the constructive process, and deployment of technical, economic and environmental dimensions of a EMSTWR (ecoefficient ministation of sewage treatment and water reuse), PVC and concrete, coupled with a cogeneration system to biogas energy system and a recorder and burner biogas for low flow. The Miniet is composed of two anaerobic digesters in upflow sludge blanket, UASB type (Upflow Anaerobic slodge blancket) modified, arranged in series forming cascade, followed by an aerobic digester Hybrid (air) and anóxio (no air in the presence nitrate) for the purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of UASB reactors, whose average reduction of COD (chemical oxygen demand) of the effluent was 80.1% without the use of electromechanical components. The biogas produced by the system showed an average concentration of 57.99% methane in UASB I, due to hydrolysis, and 80.454% methane in UASB II, mainly due to methanogenic activity. The compact cogeneration power developed is composed of a motogenerator rated at 5.5 kW gasoline, or converted to biogas and natural gas at low pressure (NGLP) coupled to a heat exchanger gas / water for the generation electricity and warm water. The compact cogenerator was tested experimentally using biogas originating from anaerobic treatment of poultry manure, with a percentage of 60% methane, we obtained an output of 2.6 kW, and in case of using NGLP from NGV (Natural Gas Vehicle) depressurized, we obtained an output of 4.2 kW. Reuse of water was done through fertigation system in formation of a forest, with the treated effluent. A technical and economic analysis of EMSTWR compared with traditional systems of 14 sewage treatment, was interesting from the standpoint of environmental, energy and economic... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Submitted by JOSE IGNACIO ZARATE MONTERO null (adn_bluee@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-04T19:54:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO FINAL IGNACIO.pdf: 2846975 bytes, checksum: e2b1826a22a41932b205480241f28b9f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-09-06T14:38:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 zaratemontero_ji_me_soro.pdf: 2846975 bytes, checksum: e2b1826a22a41932b205480241f28b9f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-06T14:38:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 zaratemontero_ji_me_soro.pdf: 2846975 bytes, checksum: e2b1826a22a41932b205480241f28b9f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-27 / Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) / Biochar é produzido pela pirólise de resíduos de diferentes biomassas, podendo ser uma alternativa interessante para obtenção de um adsorvente para remoção de íons metálicos e metaloides em aguas naturais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de remoção de íons As(lll) por biochars normal (BN) e modificado quimicamente com íons Fe(III) (biochar magnético, BM), produzidos a partir da pirólise do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e de palha de milho em 4 diferentes temperaturas (300, 400, 500 e 600°C). O pH de carga zero (pHpcz) das amostras de biochar ficou na faixa de 6, evidenciando que abaixo dessa faixa de pH a superfície do biochar está carregada positivamente. Resultados de FT-IR demonstrou que o aumento da temperatura leva a diminuição dos grupos funcionais ácido e no caso do MEV demostrou que, conforme de aumenta a temperatura, se percebe aumento do tamanho e volume dos poros dos biochars. Para analisar a eficiência e o comportamento de adsorção foram feitos experimentos em batelada, para verificação da cinética e isotermas de adsorção. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que para o biochar normal em ambos casos (bagaço de cana de açúcar e palha de milho) a adsorção foi baixa. Já ótimo desempenho foi observado pelos biochars magnéticos em todas as condições de pH estudados (4, 5 e 6), atingindo equilíbrio de adsorção de 95% em cerca de 10 minutos. Em relação a isoterma de adsorção os dados foram analisados com os modelos de Langmuir e Freundlich, ajustando-se melhor a Langmuir com um R2≈1 para o BM de palha de milho e, R2≈0,8999 para o BM bagaço de cana de açúcar, indicando em ambos os casos adsorção química. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho, indicam que a utilização de resíduos de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e de palha de milho para produção de biochar a partir de pirólise na presença de íons Fe(III), podem levar a produção de um adsorvente de baixo custo e alta eficiência para a remoção de íons As(III) presentes em soluções aquosas ácidas.