Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-01-29T17:14:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ricardo Santos Coutinho - 2015.pdf: 10137543 bytes, checksum: 50b06893fd31466aedf36ff57ca15495 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-02-01T11:58:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ricardo Santos Coutinho - 2015.pdf: 10137543 bytes, checksum: 50b06893fd31466aedf36ff57ca15495 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-01T11:58:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ricardo Santos Coutinho - 2015.pdf: 10137543 bytes, checksum: 50b06893fd31466aedf36ff57ca15495 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-10 / In water distribution systems, most of the electricity is consumed by pumping systems. Thus, reducing the inefficiency of the pump can provide significant energy savings. This can be achieved by substituting fixed-speed pumps by variable-speed pumps (VSP). However, the high costs of installation and operation of the VSPs require a preliminary economic assessment of the design, which is usually accompanied by the use of hydraulic solvers to simulate the behavior of the water network. One of the most used softwares for this purpose is the EPANET 2, which uses the gradient method for the hydraulic analysis of the steady flow. However, the EPANET 2 is inaccurate when computing the VSP efficiency. This is because the software does not take into account the changes in the pump efficiency curve when the pump speed is changed. In this study, a routine for calculating VSPs efficiency, based on the Sârbu and Borza (1998) formula, is implemented in the source code of the EPANET 2. The influence of the new routine on the results predicted by the software for efficiency, power and energy consumption of the VSP is evaluated in simulations with a hypothetical network. The results showed that the original version of EPANET 2 tends to underestimate the efficiency and thus overestimate the power and energy consumption of the VSPs. In the present case, the energy consumption of the system predicted by the original version of EPANET 2 was 21.99% higher than the predicted by the modified version. These results point out that the modified version of EPANET 2 provides a better prediction of VSPs behavior and thus its use is recommended in the simulation of water distribution networks equipped with VSPs. / Em redes de distribuição de água, a maior parte da energia elétrica é consumida pelos sistemas de bombeamento. Deste modo, a redução da ineficiência das bombas pode proporcionar uma economia expressiva de energia. Isto pode ser alcançado pela substituição de bombas de rotação constante por bombas de rotação variável (BRVs). No entanto, os elevados custos de instalação e operação de BRVs requerem uma avaliação econômica prévia do projeto, a qual geralmente é acompanhada do uso de simuladores hidráulicos para simular o comportamento da rede. Um dos programas mais utilizados para este fim é o EPANET 2, o qual emprega o Método Gradiente para a análise hidráulica do escoamento permanente. Todavia, o EPANET 2 é impreciso ao computar a eficiência de BRVs. Isto ocorre porque o programa não leva em conta a mudança na curva de eficiência da bomba quando sua velocidade de rotação é alterada. No presente trabalho, uma rotina para o cálculo da eficiência de BRVs, baseada na fórmula de Sârbu e Borza (1998), é implementada no código-fonte do EPANET 2. A influência da nova rotina nos resultados previstos pelo programa para a eficiência, potência e consumo de energia de BRVs é avaliada em simulações com uma rede hipotética. Os resultados mostraram que a versão original do EPANET 2 tende a subestimar a eficiência e, consequentemente, superestimar a potência e o consumo de energia de BRVs. No caso em tela, o consumo de energia do sistema previsto pela versão original do EPANET 2 foi 21,99% maior que o previsto pela versão modificada. Tais resultados apontam que a versão modificada do EPANET 2 proporciona uma melhor previsão do comportamento de BRVs e, portanto, o seu uso é recomendado na simulação de redes de distribuição de água equipadas com BRVs.

A qualidade da água de abastecimento é de vital importância à saúde da população dos núcleos urbanos do mundo todo. Por essa razão, muitas pesquisas enfocam esse tema. Além disso, os ataques terroristas recentes ocorridos nos Estados Unidos e Europa, vêm fomentando a antiga preocupação relativa a possíveis injeções de contaminantes em redes de distribuição de água para abastecimento, evidenciando a importância da efetiva vigilância de tais sistemas. O presente trabalho investiga a rede de monitoramento ótima para detecção de injeções intencionais de poluentes e/ou contaminantes em concentrações e/ou quantidades suficientes para que se propaguem nas direções do fluxo da água no interior das redes, do ponto de vista de objetivos múltiplos. A metodologia aqui apresentada representa uma extensão de propostas anteriores e é demonstrada ilustrativamente, através de redes já utilizadas na literatura. Com base no conceito da rede auxiliar proposto por Kessler et al. (1998), propõe-se o emprego de algoritmos genéticos multiobjetivo para considerar os níveis de serviço em termos do volume consumido, do tempo e da extensão da rede atingida antes da detecção. São criadas matrizes de poluição para os níveis de serviço considerados e, então, o algoritmo genético multiobjetivo SPEA é aplicado para identificar as soluções não-dominadas, em conformidade com o conceito de otimalidade de Pareto. Os resultados demonstram o potencial do método proposto em identificar tais soluções / The water supply quality is very important to the healthy of urban nucleus populations around the world. This is the reason why many researches focus on such theme. Besides this, recent terrorist attacks occurred in USA and Europe, have incited the old apprehension related to possible deliberate intrusions of contaminants into the water supply networks, making evident the importance of the effective vigilance of such systems. This work investigates the optimal monitoring network for detection of deliberate intrusions of pollutes and/or contaminants at concentrations and/or quantities enough for propagation inside the networks, on the point of view of multiple objectives. The method here proposed represents an extension to earlier proposals and is demonstrated with the support of networks from literature. Based on the concept of auxiliary network proposed by Kessler et al. (1998), a multiobjective genetic algorithm is used in order to consider the levels of service in terms of the consumed volume, time period and length of the network reached before detection. Pollution matrixes are built for the levels of service considered and the multiobjective genetic algorithm SPEA applied in the identification of the non-dominated solutions, according to the Paretto optimality concept. The results demonstrate the potential of the method in the identification of such solutions

Este trabalho apresenta um modelo computacional para otimização energética de sistemas de abastecimento em tempo real. Tal modelo é composto por três módulos principais: (1) um módulo de simulação hidráulica que descreve o comportamento do sistema - EPANET; (2) um módulo de previsão de demandas que realiza a previsão das demandas futuras aplicável à utilização no tempo real (curto prazo), desenvolvido por Odan (2008); e, por fim, (3) um módulo otimizador estruturado em linguagem C++ que implementa a biblioteca de algoritmos genéticos do MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Matthew Wall, a GAlib, que permite determinar as rotinas operacionais (acionamento de válvulas e bombas) de forma à minimizar o custo de energia elétrica no sistema. O processo de otimização é divido em duas rotinas, nível estratégico e tempo real. Na otimização em nível estratégico, a partir das curvas típicas de demanda para cada nó de demanda do macro-sistema considerado, determina-se o conjunto de controles que minimizam os custos de energia elétrica, respeitando as restrições hidráulicas do sistema. Para cada conjunto de controles otimizados têm-se os níveis que os reservatórios irão atingir ao final de cada hora durante o horizonte de planejamento considerado, denominados níveis metas. Tais níveis servem de guia para a segunda etapa de otimização. A operação em tempo real se inicia com o recebimento dos dados sobre as condições atuais do sistema: níveis dos reservatórios e demandas da última hora. A partir das demandas informadas, o módulo de previsão de demandas gera todas as demandas para o horizonte de planejamento. Alimenta-se então o otimizador em tempo real com os níveis atuais dos reservatórios, os níveis metas e a previsão de demandas, obtêm-se o conjunto de regras operacionais ótimas para o horizonte de planejamento, sendo que são implementadas apenas as regras para a hora atual. E repete-se todo o processo a cada hora. Este modelo foi aplicado a um sistema de abastecimento de água. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram a eficiência do modelo em achar soluções factíveis de serem implementadas e com redução dos custos com energia elétrica. / This work presents a computational model for real-time optimization of water-distribution networks operation. An integrated software tool has been developed which is composed of three main modules: (i) a hydraulic simulator that performs the extended period simulation of the system (EPANET); (ii) a short-term demand-forecasting model, based on the moving Fourier series; and (iii) an optimization module, using genetic algorithm, to minimize pumping costs. The optimization process is divided in two routines, the off-line optimization and the on-line optimization. The aim of the first routine is to find the ideal operation levels for the reservoirs which are used as guidance for the on-line optimization. The schedules to be implemented in the network are determined, however, by an on-line optimization which runs a new optimization processes at each SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) update. In the off-line optimization, near-optimal pump and valve settings for a selected operating horizon are found on the basis of the typical 24-hour water demand cycle in which each reservoir must also start and end with the same water level. The levels of the reservoirs at the end of each hour in this optimization process, called ideal levels, are considered in the on-line optimization as a constraint that represents a penalty added to the objective function whenever a reservoir level is below the ideal level at the end of each hourly operation. The on-line optimization starts updating the state of the network transmitted from the SCADA system and the demand forecast for the next 24-hour period. Near-optimal pump and valve settings for a selected operating horizon are then determined but only the control settings for the next hourly time step are used to implement the operation. At the next SCADA update (next-time step), the whole process is repeated on a continuous basis and a new operating strategy is computed. In this way, the control process moves forward in time, correcting any discrepancies as it progresses. This integrated software tool has been applied to a small example network. The results obtained from this application have shown that the proposed model offers a practical tool for finding feasible operation strategies for a water pipeline system, obtaining reductions in pumping energy costs.

Orientador: Edevar Luvizotto Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T02:11:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Suse_Roberto_M.pdf: 6029158 bytes, checksum: 0a46cab6e6d5a63e2adc86fb686afb8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A qualidade da água potável transportada em uma rede de distribuição deve ser monitorada para identificar condições que possam comprometer a saúde da população atendida. Este monitoramento deve servir como um mecanismo para detectar a ocorrência de problemas de contaminação da água em seus primeiros estágios. As estações devem ser localizadas de forma a garantir a representatividade espacial e temporal da rede monitorada, ou seja, a análise dos pontos monitorados deve permitir avaliar a qualidade da água de toda a rede de distribuição ao longo do tempo. Diversos pesquisadores mencionam a necessidade em utilizar a modelagem matemática associada aos programas computacionais que simulam o comportamento da água nas redes para identificar a quantidade e os melhores locais para as estações de monitoramento. Entretanto, a aplicação destas ferramentas, para descrever o comportamento hidráulico e qualitativo da água nas redes de distribuição, pode ser considerada útil se e somente se as vazões, o sentido do escoamento e a demanda de água na rede de distribuição forem avaliados. Por estas razões, o objetivo deste trabalho de mestrado foi o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta computacional com o intuito de contribuir nas investigações relacionadas ao importante tema da qualidade da água transportada pelas redes de distribuição. A ferramenta computacional foi baseada no conceito de cobertura de demanda, contém rotinas de otimização decorrente do algoritmo genético e foi acoplada ao simulador hidráulico EPANET. Para a avaliação da ferramenta computacional, foram estudadas duas redes hipotéticas de distribuição de água. A primeira é composta por três reservatórios de nível fixo, quinze pontos de consumo e vinte e três tubulações. Foi verificada a relação entre a variação da demanda de água e critério de fração de água sobre o conjunto ótimo de estações de monitoramento sugerido pela ferramenta computacional. A segunda é composta por um reservatório de nível fixo, dezenove pontos de consumo e trinta e quatro tubulações. Foi avaliada a quantidade mínima de estações de monitoramento necessárias para fazer a cobertura de toda a rede de distribuição de água. Os resultados obtidos corroboram a viabilidade da proposição do conceito de cobertura de demanda. Evidencia-se que a localização adequada das estações de monitoramento deve ser obtida após análise da rede de distribuição de água ao longo de um dia típico de funcionamento / Abstract: The quality of drinking water transported in a water distribution system must be monitored to identify conditions that may compromise the health of the population supplied. This monitoring should be a mechanism to detect the occurrence of trouble of water contamination in early stages. The stations must be located in order to ensure spatial and temporal representation of water in the network, i.e., the analysis of the samples must allow assessment of water quality throughout the distribution network over time. Several researchers talk about the need of using mathematical models associated with computer programs (that simulate the behavior of water in the networks) to identify the quantity and the best places for monitoring stations. However, the application of these tools to describe both the hydraulic and water quality behavior in water distribution networks can be useful if the flow rates, the flow direction and water demand have been quantified. For these reasons, the aim of this master degree work was the development of a computational tool in order to contribute to the investigation about the important theme of water quality transported into the water distribution networks (WDN). The computational tool was based on the concept of coverage demand, it includes optimization routines that are deriving of genetic algorithms and it was linked up to the hydraulic simulator EPANET. For the evaluation of the computational tool, two hypothetical water distribution networks (HWDN) had studied. The first one consists for three tanks with fixed level consumption, fifteen junctions and twenty three pipes. It was checked the relationship out between the variation of water demand and water fraction criteria under the optimal set of monitoring stations suggested by the computational tool. The second one consists for one tank with fixed level consumption, nineteen junctions and thirty four pipes. It was evaluated the minimum amount of monitoring stations required to cover the entire HWDN. The results support the feasibility of the proposition of coverage demand concept. Evidently, the adequate location of monitoring stations must be getting after anaysis of the WDN over a typical day of operation / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Das Auftreten von Braunwasser in Trinkwasserverteilungsnetzen ist eine Beeinträchtigung der Trinkwasserqualität, die durch mobilisierte partikuläre Ablagerungen verursacht wird. Die Partikel gelangen durch verschiedene Prozesse, wie z. B. der Korrosion metallischer Leitungen und den Eintrag am Wasserwerk, kontinuierlich in sehr geringen Massenströmen in das Rohrnetz. Durch die Akkumulation der Partikel an Rohroberflächen können sich Ablagerungsmengen bilden, die bei ansteigenden Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten resuspendiert werden und zu unerwünschten Braunwassererscheinungen führen. Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die experimentelle Untersuchung des Transportes von Partikeln, die für Trinkwassernetze typisch sind, in Rohrströmungen. Es werden Einflussfaktoren identifiziert, die für den Partikeltransport von Bedeutung sind. Ein neu entwickeltes dynamisches Modell beschreibt den Transport von Partikeln und die Ablagerungsbildung in Rohrströmungen und vermaschten Rohrnetzen. Das Modell wurde in einer Anwendersoftware implementiert und an einem Trinkwasserverteilungsnetz für das Nachvollziehen der beobachteten Ablagerungsbildung eingesetzt. Im Vergleich zu bestehenden dynamischen Modellen werden partikelbezogene Prozesse unter Berücksichtigung der für trinkwasserbürtige Partikel und Ablagerungen typischen Eigenschaften mathematisch genauer beschrieben. Stationäre und dynamische Ereignisse bezüglich Wasserqualität und Ablagerungsbildung können jetzt durch die Berücksichtung zahlreicher zeitabhängiger Einflussfaktoren nachvollzogen werden. / The occurrence of discoloured water in drinking water distribution systems is a disturbance of the water quality, which is induced by mobilised particulate deposits. Different processes result in the continuous entry of small mass flow rates of particles into the piping, for instance the corrosion of metallic pipes as well as the entry at the water works outlet. By the accumulation of these particles, significant amounts of deposits can be formed and at higher flow rates be resuspended, which leads to unwanted events with discoloured water. This study examines the experimental investigation of the transport of particles, which are typical for drinking water distribution systems, in pipe flow. Influencing factors are identified, which are of importance for the particle transport. With a newly developed model, the transport of particles and the deposit formation in pipe flow and in piping is described. The model is implemented into a software application and deployed at a drinking water distribution system to understand the observed deposit formation. In comparison with existent dynamic water quality models, particle-related processes are described mathematically in more details, under consideration of characteristics typical for particles and deposits in drinking water distribution systems. Hence, observed steady-state and dynamic events can be followed using several influencing time-dependent factors.

Distributed infrastructures (e.g., water networks and electric Grids) are difficult to manage due to their scale, lack of accessibility, complexity, ageing and uncertainties in knowledge of their structure. In addition they are subject to loads that can be highly variable and unpredictable and to accidental events such as component failure, leakage and malicious tampering. To support in-field operations and central management of these infrastructures, the availability of consistent and up-to-date knowledge about the current state of the network and how it would respond to planned interventions is argued to be highly desirable. However, at present, large-scale infrastructures are “data rich but knowledge poor”. Data, algorithms and tools for network analysis are improving but there is a need to integrate them to support more directly engineering operations. Current ICT solutions are mainly based on specialized, monolithic and heavyweight software packages that restrict the dissemination of dynamic information and its appropriate and timely presentation particularly to field engineers who operate in a resource constrained and less reliable environments. This thesis proposes a solution to these problems by recognizing that current monolithic ICT solutions for infrastructure management seek to meet the requirements of different human roles and operating environments (defined in this work as field and central sides). It proposes an architectural approach to providing dynamic, predictive, user-centric, device and platform independent access to consistent and up-to-date knowledge. This architecture integrates the components required to implement the functionalities of data gathering, data storage, simulation modelling, and information visualization and analysis. These components are tightly coupled in current implementations of software for analysing the behaviour of networks. The architectural approach, by contrast, requires they be kept as separate as possible and interact only when required using common and standard protocols. The thesis particularly concentrates on engineering practices in clean water distribution networks but the methods are applicable to other structural networks, for example, the electricity Grid. A prototype implementation is provided that establishes a dynamic hydraulic simulation model and enables the model to be queried via remote access in a device and platform independent manner.This thesis provides an extensive evaluation comparing the architecture driven approach with current approaches, to substantiate the above claims. This evaluation is conducted by the use of benchmarks that are currently published and accepted in the water engineering community. To facilitate this evaluation, a working prototype of the whole architecture has been developed and is made available under an open source licence.

No description available.

This thesis deals with stochastic water demand modellling in the water supply network. In the opening section, a research is created, where two different approaches to stochastic modelling of water consumption are presented. The practical part describes the creation of a deterministic hydraulic model and its calibration. Generated stochastic water demand patterns with a small time step of 1 minute, are then inserted into this model. Each household is assigned with a unique water demand pattern. Then a hydraulic analysis was done. A comparison of deterministic and stochastic approaches is presented at the end of the thesis. The comparison shows, that small-time step modelling does not have a big impact on the pressure ratios in the water supply network, but has a huge impact on the maximum flows and speeds occurring in links of the hydraulic model.

The work is focused on area of exchanging steam distribution net for hot water one, in central distribution net of Martin’s heating plant. The main subject, which talks about pros and cons in this exchange process, is determination of heat losses which are created on heat distribution net during different operating status. These heat losses are calculated and on their basis some conclusions are concluded. Moreover, new heat exchanger is designed for certain conditions and also mathematical model of distribution net is created, which is suitable for checking different operating status. As a result of the work is technic’s and economic’s analysis of this project.

The subject of this dissertation is the assessment and optimization of water distribution in the group water supply. The water supply networks are located in the Water Association of Babicko, former district of Uherské Hradiště, region of Zlín. The objective of this work is the unification of the entire documentation for all projects, creation of a hydraulic model of water supply network and subsequent verification of the existing capacities and pressure ratios. This work is particularly focused on the evaluation of pressure ratios at the highest and the lowest points of villages, whether they correspond to the legal limits, and subsequent design of a possible division to pressure zones.