Esta dissertação apresenta uma aplicação de inteligência artificial, a lógica fuzzy, estruturada como um controlador fuzzy, para a sintonia dos ganhos Kp e Ki de um controlador PI. Este último, configurado num conversor de frequência para a operação de um conjunto motor-bomba do sistema de abastecimento de água potável na região denominada de Recalque Mercês (RMER), na cidade de Curitiba, compreendendo 4 bairros com 140 km de tubulação e mais de 13 mil ligações a clientes. Hoje, o sistema funciona com controle PI tradicional de ganhos fixos, variando a velocidade do conjunto motorbomba, controlados por um sensor de pressão à jusante do bombeamento. Contudo, a variação de consumo de água potável fornecida é muito grande durante o período de um dia, sendo máxima no entardecer e mínima durante a madrugada, e com características sazonais, o consumo aumenta com o calor e diminui no frio, o que faz esse tipo de controle fixo ser ineficiente em determinados momentos. A proposta é adotar o controle fuzzy para alterar os coeficientes do controlador PI ao longo do dia, de forma autônoma, de acordo com o consumo instantâneo e assim, alcançar uma melhor eficiência energética do sistema, prezando pela qualidade do serviço prestado à população. Isto é, garantindo a vazão e a pressão de água para o consumidor. Por meio do MatLab®, mais precisamente os toolbox’s de simulação, Simulink® e SimScape®, foram criados dois modelos, um com o controle atual e o outro com a proposta inteligente, de uma abreviação da rede e do sistema de bombeamento da elevatória existente, a diminuição de 4 conjuntos motor-bomba para apenas 1 (um) e num trajeto único, perfazendo 5,4 km de distância, até o local denominado de ponto crítico, onde é mais longe, alto e difícil de se manter a pressão no patamar de 10 m.c.a. (1 bar), por norma. O controlador fuzzy desenvolvido possui 2 entradas, o nível do reservatório e a pressão à jusante do conjunto motor-bomba, e 2 saídas, os ganhos proporcional e integral para o PI. Com a estrutura baseado em regras, foram criadas 123 regras de inferência para que o sistema obtenha um desempenho favorável. As simulações foram realizadas com a referência de dados – 3 meses de histórico – de medições do reservatório e do sensor de pressão que é a realimentação do controle PI existente. Assim, a eficiência energética de 6,15% ao mês, em termos de energia elétrica consumida, foi conseguida, comparando com o modelo de controle tradicional. / This dissertation presents an application of artificial intelligence, the fuzzy logic, structured as a fuzzy controller, for the tuning of the Kp and Ki gains of a PI controller. The latter, configured in a frequency converter for the operation of a motor-pump assembly of the drinking water supply system in the region called Recalque Mercês (RMER), in the city of Curitiba, comprising 4 districts with 140 km of pipeline and more than 13 thousand connections to customers. Today, the system operates with PI traditional control with fixed gains, varying the speed of the motor-pump assembly, controlled by a pressure sensor downstream to the pumping. However, the variation in the consumption of potable water supplied is very large during the period of one day, being maximum at dusk and minimum during the dawn, and with seasonal characteristics, consumption increases with heat and decreases in the cold, which makes static control inefficient at certain times. The proposal is to adopt the fuzzy control to change the coefficients of the PI controller throughout the day, autonomously, according to the instantaneous consumption and thus achieve a better energy efficiency of the system, appreciating the quality of service provided to the population. That is, ensuring the flow and pressure of water to the consumer. Through MatLab®, simulation tools, Simulink® and SimScape®, two models were created, one with the current control and the other with the intelligent proposal. An abbreviation of the network and the existing pumping system of the lift, the reduction of 4 engine-pump assemblies to only 1 (one) and a single path, making 5.4 km distance, to the socalled critical point location, where it is further, higher and more difficult to keep the pressure at the 10 mwg (1 bar), as a rule. The developed fuzzy controller has 2 inputs, the reservoir level and the downstream pressure of the motor-pump assembly, and 2 outputs, proportional and integral gains for the PI. With the rulesbased framework, 123 inference rules were created for the system to perform favorably. The simulations were carried out with the reference of data – 3 months of historical – of measurements of the reservoir and pressure sensor that is the feedback of the existing PI control. Thus, the energy efficiency of 6.15% per month, in terms of electric power consumed, was achieved, compared to the traditional control model.

Advances in information technology in the past two decades have seen innovations in the field of domestic and industrial computing that led to a paradigm shift in the management and operation of urban water systems by water utility companies. The traditional public management policy that focused on ensuring a minimum quality of service regardless of the costs associated with the processes of catchment, treatment and distribution of water, in many cases even unknown, have evolved towards more efficient cost sensitive models. These new wholly or partly public funded management systems improve not only the quality of service offered to users, but also optimize resources by reducing the cost and causing the minimum environmental impact. The new challenges raised by the European Water Framework1 Directive by imposing cost recovery to improve water efficiency and environmental sustainability have led to a significant change at all levels of water management. Consequently, new priorities have been established in terms of infrastructure management that require the reduction of water losses and the improvement of the water efficiency in urban networks for human consumption. Likewise, in a broader context which includes the water--energy binomial, it is also desirable to improve the energy efficiency and carbon emissions of these systems. Today, network sectoring is the most commonly used strategy to improve management and increase network performance. It basically consists of dividing the network into several smaller hydraulic sectors, where water inlets and outlets are perfectly controlled. This simplifies the task of carrying out periodic water balances in each of the sectors, and allows water loss volume to be assessed for a given period of time. As configuring network sectors is not a trivial task, it is therefore important to have appropriate tools to perform the task efficiently and effectively. Mathematical models can play an important role as decision support tools to help water managers assess the performance of water network distribution systems. This thesis aims to address the current problems of managing urban water networks by combining new information-processing technologies with innovative network modelling techniques. It intends to facilitate the system diagnosis and extend the use of models on the decision-making process to provide better solutions to the management of urban water networks. For this purpose a software extension that works on a geographic information system (GIS) has been developed. It integrates: the hydraulic and water quality simulation program EPANET 2, innovative tools for model analysis and diagnostic, automatic tools for sectoring and computing tools to conduct water balances in the sectors using actual measurements. The work demonstrates the compatibility and complementarity of GIS and hydraulic models as technologies that can be used to support the assessment and diagnosis of water distribution networks. Considering that the majority of information linked to the network system has some geographic reference, it is not surprising that GIS has become a popular tool for dealing with such information. At the same time, the integration of mathematical modelling and simulation tools, offers the GIS a new dimension in the realm of hydraulic study of water networks. Furthermore, if this specific integration is provided with new features aimed not only to facilitate the model building, but also to assist the user in decision-making using powerful algorithms based on the application of the graph theory, the result is a powerful up-to-date analytical tool, which opens up new possibilities in the field of management and efficient operation of urban water supply systems. / Bartolín Ayala, HJ. (2013). Confección de modelos de redes de distribución de agua desde un Sig y desarrollo de herramientas de apoyo a la toma de decisiones [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/33152 / TESIS

LLM / Department of Public Law / Historically, there were enormous differences and inequalities with regard to service delivery in South Africa. Traceable to the apartheid period, these inequalities included, inter alia, supply of inadequate and safe drinking water for black communities in particular those at rural areas. Yet, water is an essential necessity for human beings, regardless of race, disability and social status. As a legislative measure to redress the injustices of the apartheid regime, the right to have access to sufficient water is entrenched in Section 27(1) (b) of the South African Constitution of 1996. Also, several legal instruments such as the National Water Act of 1998 and the Water Service Act of 1997 were enacted to uphold the human right to water. The Constitution bestowed the responsibility of water supply and management to the national, provincial and the local government. Despite its inadequacy, the South African government is addressing the water needs of the most impoverished communities by guaranteeing each household a free minimum quantity of potable water of 25 litres per person per day or 6 kiloliters per household per month. Any person who needs more will come under privatisation model which key provisions on the existing law favors. About 38.4% of the population of South Africa who reside in rural communities are poor and mostly affected by inadequate water service delivery in that they cannot afford payment for water in excess of the minimum for which no fees is charged. As a concept, affirmative action is generally used in the context of work places to ensure that qualified marginalized groups have equal opportunities to get a job, but it is not yet investigated in the context of water service delivery. This study assessed laws governing water service delivery and explored how affirmative action can be used as an instrument to ensure the delivery of potable water to rural population in South Africa.

MENVM / Department of Geography and Geo-Information Science / See the attached abstract below

No description available.

Denna kandidatuppsats i miljöteknik består av en fältundersökning från Norrvatten, ett kommunalförbund ägt av 14 olika kommuner i norra Stockholms län. Uppsatsen innehåller en undersökning av möjliga relationer mellan olika klagomål på dricksvattnet från Görvälnverket, som lagrar och behandlar råvaran för framställning dricksvatten från Mälaren. De uppmätta parametrarna var definierade från litteratur inom ämnet. Indata består av det totala antalet inkomna klagomål, med ett särskilt fokus på dem med en eller flera överskridna parametrar. Vi analyserar kvantitén av klagomål per kommun, per capita och fördelningen av klagomål för olika kategorier och relevanta parametrar såväl som relationen till befolkningstätheten i regionen. Vi hittade att det är signifikanta kopplingar mellan vissa kategorier av klagomål, och framförallt att järn är den vanligaste parametern häri. Vi hittade också att klagomål per capita kan indikera ett samband med befolkningstätheten. Ytterligare ett konstaterande är att spolning är effektivt som åtgärd mot mikrobiologiska problem, medan det för vissa kemiska parametrar förvärrade situationen. / This bachelor thesis in environmental engineering consists of a case study from Norrvatten, a municipal federation owned by 14 different urban municipalities in the northern part of the Stockholm region. The essay contains an investigation of possible relations between the various complaints on the drinking water from Görvälnverket, which is storing and treating the source material for tap water production from Mälaren. The measured parameters were defined from literature in the field. The data sets consisted in the total quantity of the complaints, with a particular focus on the ones where one or several parameters were exceeded. We analyse the quantity of complaints per municipality, per capita and the distribution of complaints for various categories and relevant parameters as well as the relation to the population densities in the region. We found that there are significant connections between some classes of complaints, and in particular that iron is the most common parameter herein. We also found that complaints per capita may indicate a correlation with the population density. A further finding is that flushing is more efficient as a measure against microbiological issues, while it for some chemical parameters rather worsened the situations.