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Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Magister Technologiae: Civil Engineering, Durban University of Technology, 2013. / The urgent need to rehabilitate or replace ageing deteriorated buried potable water pipeline networks is one of the many critical service utility provision challenges faced within the municipalities in South Africa. The majority of these unreliable deteriorated pipeline networks consist of un-dipped (not coated with bitumen) AC piping which have long passed their planned economic and technical lifespan. Traditionally, the open trenching method has been utilised for the replacement of aged and deteriorated piping. However, this traditional open trenching method has shown to be expensive and difficult to implement, particularly in congested high traffic use urban areas. The need to rehabilitate or replace the ageing deteriorated buried potable water pipelines in South Africa, taking into account the above mentioned expensive factors has a solution. This solution is termed ‘trenchless technology’ and sometimes also termed ‘no dig’. Recent advancements in trenchless technologies now include innovative methods such as pipe bursting, close-fit lining and sliplining. Close-fit compact pipe manufactured by Wavin Overseas B.V. was newly introduced in South Africa in 2010 for the rehabilitation of deteriorated pipelines. These trenchless methods require further research into their technical application merits, drawbacks and costs in relation to the traditional open trenching method in order to determine which method is more expensive and also least suitable. Traditionally, the ‘total cost’ associated with pipe rehabilitation or replacement projects consisted only of the direct costs. The indirect and socio-economic inconvenience costs were often ignored and resulted in costly expenses to the municipalities. However, this research will show that these indirect and socio-economic inconvenience costs must form part of the total cost of a project as it assists with the successful completion of the project without expensive unforeseen costs to the municipalities. In addition, this research will provide insight as to which indirect and socio-economic inconveniences are dominantly experienced by the public. To achieve this, a quantitative socio-economic survey questionnaire was developed. This questionnaire was aimed at residents and business owners who were affected during a project of this nature. This research study will serve as a support tool to municipalities of South Africa when selecting a pipe rehabilitation or replacement method. This support tool will provide key technical merits and drawbacks of the traditional open trenching method, pipe bursting method, close-fit compact pipe method and sliplining method. In addition, this research study will compare the ‘total cost’ of the traditional open trenching method against the trenchless pipe bursting method. The decision making process lies in the hands of the municipal technical managers. Therefore, their knowledge and experience of up to date information on trenchless methods (as well as the traditional open trenching method) is vitally important. This research provides insight as to the knowledge and experience of technical municipal staff on trenchless methods, its application and use in South Africa. A quantitative survey questionnaire was developed by the researcher. This questionnaire was aimed at technical staff in the water departments of district and local municipalities of South Africa. The results of the above questionnaire surveys formed part of the eThekwini Water and Sanitation (EWS) Feasibility study funded by the Dutch Government. When comparing the costs of the trenchless pipe bursting method against the traditional open trenching method, the results revealed that trenchless methods are undoubtedly cheaper and far less disruptive to the public. The results of the socio-economic survey revealed that trenchless methods were preferred by the public since it was less disturbing and the hindrances experienced were also far less than the traditional open trenching method. The results of the technical municipal survey questionnaire revealed that at least 50% of municipal technical staff of South Africa are not adequately informed about trenchless methods, its application and technical merits and drawbacks respectively. This survey questionnaire revealed that South Africa may be advancing over the years on the use of trenchless methods, however, more educating in the form of training, seminars and other methods of marketing must be undertaken starting at a municipal level.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The continuous growth in the world’s population together with the increasing scarcity of water resources, especially drinkable water, has cultivated an environmentally-conscious society. As consumers are looking for eco-friendly alternatives or methods, manufacturers are including environmentally-friendly (EF) products in their product mix to address this topic. However, there seems to be a disconnect between manufacturers of EF product solutions and consumers. Consumers are either not aware of EF products or they are still hesitant in adopting environmentally-friendly products as the perception is that they are either too expensive or there is something amiss with the product’s functionality. It is up to suppliers and marketers of EF goods to do a better job of educating consumers about their products. This research study was conducted to understand the domestic consumer’s ecological behaviour and key influencing factors when purchasing water-efficient fittings. The literature review in this study gives us background on the status quo in terms of climate change, the green consumer, and water supply issues. A survey was conducted amongst domestic consumers in the plumbing retail environment to test their willingness to purchase water-efficient fittings based on their profile, habits and key influencing factors. The profile of the respondent showed a consumer who is more affluent. The water-efficient consumer’s primary concern is to save costs by reducing their water bill. Cost saving is the key influencing driver in terms of consumer’s willingness to purchase water-efficient fittings.

Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Presented here is an Eulerian scheme for solving the unsteady pipe-flow equations. It is called the Characteristic Dissipative Petrov-Galerkin finite element algorithm. It is based on Hicks and Steffler's open-channel finite element algorithm [5]. The algorithm features a highly selective dissipative interface, which damps out spurious oscillations in the pressure field while leaving the rest of the field almost unaffected. The dissipative interface is obtained through upwinding of the test shape functions, which is controlled by the characteristic directions of the flow field at a node. The algorithm can be applied to variable grids, since the dissipative interface is locally controlled. The algorithm was applied to waterhammer problems, which included reservoir, deadend, valve and pump boundary conditions. Satisfactory results were obtained using a simple one-dimensional element with linear shape functions. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Euleriese skema word hier beskryf om die onbestendige pypvloei differensiaal vergelykings op te los. Dit word die Karakteristieke Dissiperende Petrov-Galerkin eindige element algoritme genoem. Die algoritme is gebaseer op Hicks en Steffler se oop-kanaal eindige element algoritme [5]. In hierdie algoritme word onrealistiese ossilasies in die drukveld selektief gedissipeer, sonder om die res van die veld te beinvloed. Die dissiperende koppelvlak word verkry deur stroomop weegfunksies, wat beheer word deur die karakteristieke rigtings in die vloeiveld, by 'n node. Die algoritme kan dus gebruik word op veranderbare roosters, omdat die dissiperende koppelvlak lokaal beheer word. Die algoritme was toegepas op waterslag probleme waarvan die grenskondisies reservoirs, entpunte, kleppe en pompe ingesluit het. Bevredigende resultate was verkry vir hierdie probleme, al was die geimplementeerde element een-dimensioneel met lineere vormfunksies.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2003. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 93 p. : ill. (some col.), map (part col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-93).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Texas, May, 2008. / Title from title page display. Includes bibliographical references.

Undertaken in conjunction with JUMP (Joint Universities Masters Programme in Hydrology and Water Resources). Bibliography: leaves 76-83. Establishes a methodology using genetic algorithms to find the optimum operating policy for variable speed pumps in a water supply network over a period of 24 hours.

Orientador: Eugênio José Zoqui / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T10:27:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cicero_RenatodeSouza_M.pdf: 4231594 bytes, checksum: f0889ace44452237f6ef4aac57f6652d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: As tubulações de alumínio de saída de água dos motores diesel estão apresentando cavitação, devido ao seu design. Atualmente a tubulação de alumínio de saída de água recebe a anodização dura, porém a liga Al - Si - 10 Mg não é favorável a anodização por ter o silício. O silício, por sua vez, dificulta a formação da camada de óxido e com isso a camada de anodização não será uniforme, principalmente na região interna da tubulação de água. A camada de anodização está sendo mal depositada devido ao processo ser manual e com isso as tubulações de água que apresentaram cavitação foram analisadas em microscópio eletrônico de varredura, a fim de caracterizar a espessura da camada anodizada. Observou-se comparativamente que a camada de anodização não é uniforme. A pintura KTL é um tratamento superficial que consiste em um processo de três etapas, sendo a primeira de um pré-tratamento: desengraxe, lavagem, decapagem e fosfatização. A segunda é a Pintura Eletroforética Catódica (KTL) e por último a terceira que é a cura acelerada em estufa com temperatura e tempo controlado. A pintura KTL foi realizada pela teoria da eletroquímica que se subdivide em quatro fenômenos: Eletrólise, Eletroforese, Eletrocoagulação e por fim a eletroosmose. Na análise realizada comparativamente a camada de KTL é uniforme em toda a extensão da tubulação de alumínio de saída de água dos motores Diesel. Com este resultado comparativo, a pintura KTL se faz necessária na tubulação de alumínio (Al - Si - 10 Mg) de saída de água dos motores Diesel para que se minimize o efeito da cavitação / Abstract: The pipes aluminum water outlet of the diesel engines is experiencing cavitation, due to its design. currently, aluminum pipe water outlet receives the hard anodized, but the Al - Si - Mg 10 is not favorable to have the anodizing because silicio. The silicio, in turn, hinders the formation of the oxide layer and thus the layer of anodizing is not uniform, especially in the inner water pipe. Water pipes that had cavitation were examined in a scanning electron microscope in order to characterize the thickness of the anodized layer. It was noted that the comparatively anodizing layer is not uniform. KTL painting is a surface treatment that consists of a three-step process, the first being a pre-treatment: degreasing, washing, pickling and phosphating. The second is the Cathodic Electrophoretic Painting (KTL) and finally the third which is accelerated healing in a greenhouse with controlled temperature and time. KTL painting was done by the theory of electrochemistry which is divided into four phenomena: Electrolysis, Electrophoresis, Electro coagulation and finally the electroosmosis. In the analysis performed compared to KTL layer is uniform throughout the length of aluminum pipe water outlet of diesel engines. With this result comparison, KTL painting is needed in the tubing of aluminum (Al - Si - 10 Mg) output of diesel engines for water to minimize the effect of cavitation / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Automobilistica

Detta examensarbete har utförts på uppdrag av Johan Lundberg AB som har haft ett behov av att det tas fram en guide vid åtgärder av vattenledningar. Åtgärder kan innebära nyläggning, utbyte eller renovering av en vattenledning. Syftet med rapporten är att ta reda på om ett visst material eller metod kan användas till vattenledningar, få fram för- och nackdelar med dessa material och metoder, både för installationsfasen och för driftsfasen. Detta görs ur ett långsiktigt tekniskt, ekonomiskt och miljömässigt perspektiv. Rapporten innehåller en faktadel med tänkbara material och schaktfria metoder och sju stycken intervjuer med ledningsägare har genomförts och en sammanställning av dessa intervjuer presenteras i kapitel 5.3. Intervjuerna har utförts för att få reda på flera ledningsägaras erfarenheter av material och metoder och även deras kravställningar på vattenledningar. I slutsatsen konstateras att PE är det material som används mest av de intervjuade ledningsägarna, men också att det finns flera problem med PE som rörmaterial i vattenledningar. När det gäller metoder är det svårt att ge en entydig slutsats för vilken metod som passar bäst för nybyggnad, utbyte eller renovering av vattenledningar. I bilaga 1 sammanställs de fakta och erfarenheter som har framkommit under detta examensarbete. Denna sammanställning kan tillsammans med de flödesscheman som också finns i bilaga 1 ses som en guide med riktlinjer för ledningsägare när de ska åtgärda sina vattenledningar. / This thesis has been carried out on behalf of Johan Lundberg AB, which has had a need to be developed a guide for action by the water that is in need of new water mains, replacement or renovation. The purpose of the report is to find out whether a particular material or method can be used in water supply, obtaining advantages and disadvantages of materials and methods, both for the deployment and operational phases. This is done from a long-term technical, economic and environmental perspective. This report provides a fact based section with possible materials and trenchless methods that can be used for new lines, replacement or refurbishment of water pipes. Seven interviews with tap owners have made and a summary of these interviews are presented in Section 5.3. The interviews have been conducted to find out more water owners experiences and requirements scores on water pipes.  In the conclusion found that PE is the material used in most of the interviewees tap owners, but also that there are several problems with PE as material for water pipes. When it comes to methods, it is difficult to give a clear conclusion to which method is best suited for new construction, replacement or renovation of water pipes. Appendix 1 summarizes the facts and experiences that have emerged during this thesis. This compilation together with the flowcharts also in the appendix 1 can be seen as a guide for tap owners when to fix their water pipes.

Det absolut vanligaste materialet vid nybyggnad av dricksvattenledningar var år 2008 polyeten. Flera VA-huvudmän i Sverige och Norge upptäckte dock att vissa av dessa ledningar gick sönder efter bara några få år i drift, trots det faktum att de skulle ha en drifttid på upp mot 150 år. Flera VA-bolag gick då ihop och skapade en branschorganisation under namnet 4S med syftet att stimulera till utveckling av ledningsmaterialet. Organisationen visste dock inte hur utbrett problemet med läckande PE-ledningar var och hade bara indikationer om bakomliggande orsaker. Det vill säga att PE-ledningar av stora dimensioner gick sönder efter få år i drift på grund av fel på skarven. Uppgiften med detta examensarbete var att ta fram ett statistiskt underlag som påvisar hur omfattande problemet var och kunna hitta samband som visar var och varför problemen uppkom. Ett frågeformulär som beskrev för VA-huvudmännen vilken information som eftersöktes för att kunna göra en bra undersökning sattes ihop och skickades ut. De data som sen inkom sammanställdes i ett dokument i programmet Excel för att få en enhetlig och övergripande bild. Resultaten som kom in visade sig dock ha stora brister och det var svårt att dra några statistiskt säkerställda slutsatser. Det fanns dock antydan till att problemet var på skarvar och i mindre dimensioner, oftast på servisledningar. Problembilden som uppkom under arbetets gång var att de data som tillhandahölls oftast var antingen bristfälligt eller obefintligt, och något VA-huvudmännen måste arbeta mer med. Det gick heller inte att se några ålderssamband, det vill säga att PE-ledningarna skulle gå sönder efter kort eller lång tid i drift. / The most common material used when producing new water pipes in Sweden in 2008 was polyethylene. A couple of pipe owners in Sweden discovered that pipes made out of PE who only had been operating a few years broke, despite the fact they are supposed to have a service life of 150 years. The pipe owners therefore created an organization named 4S with the target to develop the PE pipe system. The problem was that the organization did not know how widespread the problem with leaking PE pipes was and they only had indications of why it is caused. The objective with this project was to collect statistics to show how widespread the problem is and to find where and why the problem arises. A couple of question that described to the pipe owners what kind of data that was needed, on order to make a good examination, was put together and sent out. The data that came in was put together in an Excel document to get a better picture of the problem. The results that came in proved to have major flaws and it was difficult to draw statistically based conclusions. The results, however, showed a hint that the problem mainly was in the joints and in smaller dimensions. The biggest problem was that the received data most often was either inadequate or non-existent, and the pipe owners have to work harder improving the system. The statistics also cannot find any age related problem.