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An investigation of the extent of implementation of EIA regulations towards health hazard prevention at Kwama Thukuza, NewcastleMnguni, Simphiwe Ntokozo Euphoria 18 October 2013 (has links)
Chemical (gaseous) emissions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are
perceived as odour and can generate undesirable health reactions. These could affect
the quality of life to those regularly albeit intermittently exposed, although regular
exposure may result in tolerance and loss of recognition of the odour. Consequently,
research is necessary to establish the role of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
in ensuring that facilities such as WWTP do not pose a threat to local communities,
particularly in relation to housing developments for poor communities.
The aim of this study was to investigate if the EIA regulations were effectively
implemented before building of the Residential Development Proiect (RDP) houses at
KwaMathukuza, in Newcastle South Africa. Furthermore, the study intended to
determine the impact the (WWTP) has on the health of people who reside close to the
site and to establish if the families staying close to the WWTP have any common
ailments such as handicapped babies, early deaths within families. Findings would also
indicate if RDP houses should be built in close proximity to such sites.
Data was collected through a survey of 85 residents living within five kilometers and ten
residing beyond five kilometers from the WWTP. The participants were selected
randomly. Municipality employees who worked with the WWTP were also sampled
together with healthcare givers. Data included information about health of the
community, their perception of the gases released from the WWTP as well as EIA
meetings and processes related to the construction of the RDP houses.
The outcome of this study revealed that EIA regulations were not adequately
implemented and that this residential site was unsuitable for the construction of RDP
houses. It emerged that the residence regularly experience unpleasant odours released
from the WWTP. These could be associated with ill-health of the residents as well as
v
degradation the environment in general. The study also found that the effect of the
WWTP affects even those communities who reside beyond five kilometers from the
WWTP. The researcher argues for more stringent mechanisms to ensure that EIA
regulations are properly implemented to prevent adverse effects on the communities. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)
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Dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction of steroidal hormones and determination in wastewater using high pressure liquid chromatography: charged aerosol detectorOsunmakinde, Cecilia Oluseyi 10 1900 (has links)
Steroid hormones belong to a group of compounds known as endocrine disruptors. They are hydrophobic compounds and are categorized as natural and synthetic estrogens. Some common household products have been implicated as estrogen mimics. Exposure effects of these compounds are felt by human and wildlife, such reproductive alterations in fish and frogs. They mainly introduced into the environment through veterinary medicines administration to animals and the discharges from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).
In this study, a new alternative analytical procedure that is simple, rapid and fast for the determination and quantification of five steroidal hormones: estriol (E3), beta estradiol (β-E2), alpha estradiol (α-E2), testosterone (T), progesterone (P) and bisphenol A (BPA) using the High pressure liquid chromatography coupled to a charged aerosol detector (HPLC-CAD). These compounds were studied because of their strong endocrine-disrupting effects in the environment.
Under optimum conditions, a linear graph was obtained with correlation coefficient (R2) ranging from 0.9952 - 0.9996. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of water samples from a wastewater plant and the results obtained were satisfactory. The limits of detection (LOD) for the target analytes in wastewater influent was between 0.0002 – 0.0004 μg/L and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.001 μg/L respectively for each of the analytes. Enrichment factors of 148- 258, and extraction efficiency 84- 102% were obtained for the target analytes; relative standard deviations (% RSD) for m = 6 were between 2.8 and 7.6%. The concentration of the EDCs in environment sample was between 0.2 - 2.3 μg/L. / Chemistry / M. Sc. (Chemistry)
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The impact of water pollution from formal and informal urban developments along the Plankenbrug River on water quality and health risk / J.M. Barnes.Barnes, J. M. (Johanna Maria) 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Plankenbrug River runs past the dense settlement of Kayamandi, on the outskirts of
Stellenbosch. This site was chosen to study the impact of water pollution from formal and
informal urban developments on water quality and associated health factors.
Aims of the study: (1) To determine some basic epidemiological characteristics of the
exposed population of Kayamandi, their sanitation problems and reasons for poor hygiene;
(2) To determine the microbiological and chemical pollution load patterns in the Plankenbrug
River over time; (3) To investigate the spectrum of organisms present in the river (other than
the indicator E. coli) and their epidemiological implications for health; (4) To establish the
possible presence of organisms resistant to chlorine or to antibiotics in the river below
Kayamandi as indicators of environmental hazard.
Methods: During the period 5 May 1998 to 10 February 2003 microbiological and chemical
analyses have been carried out every 6 weeks on water samples obtained at various points
along the Plankenbrug River. Two large surveys (n=2196 persons and n=3568 persons) of
the community of Kayamandi have been undertaken and door-to-door education campaigns
were carried out with the aid of trained community health workers.
Results: Below Kayamandi the river contains dangerously high levels of faecal
contamination and it constitutes a health hazard to all persons coming into contact with the
water. Up to 13 million Escherichia coli per 100 ml water was recorded (cut-off level as
indicator of human safety is 1000 organisms per 100 ml water). Not all the faecal
contamination originated from Kayamandi. Substantial amounts of faecal contamination
sporadically entered the river at different points below Kayamandi. The pollution load
resulting from these intrusions were sometimes larger than that contributed by the whole of
Kayamandi.
Water samples below Kayamandi were screened to ascertain what other pathogens were
present. Amongst the organisms were 0 haemolytic Streptococcus Group A and B,
Mycobacterium intracellulare, Staphylococcus spp, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp. and
many others. The list of pathogens found had such serious implications that a confidential
health warning was sent out to health care centres and other affected organisations in the
area. |3 haemolytic Streptococcus Group A has never before been reported as isolated in
viable form from free-flowing natural waters. Signs of increased resistance to chorine were found in organisms isolated from the river water. There were also organisms showing signs
of resistance to commonly used antibiotics. The E. coli organisms that survived various
levels of chlorine treatment also showed increased resistance to amoxycillin when compared
to untreated E. coli organisms sampled from the Plankenbrug River.
During the community phase of the project in Kayamandi a reduction in the pollution
levels occurred over the summers of 2000 and 2001 (note that "improved" does not yet mean
"safe" by any means). This can be ascribed to the multi-pronged approach of the project.
Attention was given to service and repair of sanitation facilities, a strong accent on door-todoor
community education about better sanitation behaviour, creation of a central reporting
point for blockages and breakages, and training of artisans (plumbers, bricklayers, etc) from
the community to help with upkeep. The community showed encouraging signs of wanting
better sanitation education. The improvement in pollution levels is however in danger of
reverting back to the previous dangerous situation if better support and co-operation cannot
be obtained from the relevant authorities. There were 16.9% of households who reported
one or more cases of diarrhoea during the survey period (5 weeks) - a very high prevalence
seeing that the survey was carried out during a wet and cold winter period.
Conclusions: Active planning and other steps to cope with the sewage intrusions into the
river should be instituted without delay. The water quality of the Plankenbrug River
downstream from Kayamandi is extremely poor. The water constitutes a serious health
hazard and a threat to downstream economic activities. The settlement of Kayamandi
demonstrated that education, when coupled with maintenance and repairs of existing toilet
facilities, can bring about a reduction in pollution loads, but that this should be an ongoing
process and not be reduced to sporadic attempts. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Plankenbrug Rivier vloei verby die digbewoonde nedersetting van Kayamandi aan die
buitewyke van Stellenbosch. Hierdie plek is gekies as studie-area om die impak te
bestudeer van waterbesoedeling wat van formele en informele dorpsontwikkeling afkomstig
is, asook die geassosieerde gesondheidsfaktore.
Doel van die studie: (1) Om sommige basiese epidemiologiese eienskappe van die
blootgestelde populasie, hulle sanitasieprobleme en redes vir die swak higiene te bepaal; (2)
Om die mikrobiologiese en chemiese besoedelingspatrone in die Plankenbrug Rivier oor tyd
te bepaal; (3) Om die spektrum van organismes teenwoordig in die rivier (anders as E. coli)
te bepaal asook hulle epidemiologiese implikasies op gesondheid; (4) Om vas te stel, as
indikatore van omgewingsgevaar, of daar moontlik organismes teenwoordig is wat
weerstandig is teen chloriene en antibiotika in die rivier onder Kayamandi.
Metodes: Gedurende die afgelope vier jaar is mikrobiologiese en chemiese ontledings elke
6 weke uitgevoer van watermonsters wat van verskeie punte op die Palnkenbrug Rivier
verkry is. Twee groot opnames is in die gemeenskap van Kayamandi ondemeem (n=2196
persone en n=3568 persone) en deur-tot-deur opvoedingsveldtogte is uitgevoer met die hulp
van plaaslik opgeleide gemeenskapsgesondheidswerkers.
Resultate: Onder Kayamandi bevat die rivier gevaarlike vlakke van fekale besoedeling en
dit hou gesondheidsgevare in vir alle persone war daarmee in aanraking kom. Op tot 13
miljoen Escherichia coli per 100 ml water is genoteer (boonste grens van veiligheid vir die
mens is 1000 organismes per 100 ml water). Nie al die fekale kontaminasie is afkomstig van
Kayamandi nie. Substansiele hoeveelhede kontaminasie dring die rivier binne op
verskillende punte ver onder Kayamandi. Hierdie besoedelingslading is soms groter as wat
van die hele Kayamandi afkomstig is.
Watermonsters geneem onder Kayamandi is ondersoek om vas te stel watter ander
siekteveroorsakende organismes ook teenwoordig was. Onder die organismes gevind was
(3 hemolitiese Streptococcus Groep A en B, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Staphylococcus
spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp. en baie ander. Die lys van patogene wat gevind is,
het sulke emstige implikasies dat 'n vertroulike gesondheidswaarskuwing uitgestuur is na
gesondheidsdienspunte en ander geaffekteerde organisasies in die gebied. (3 hemolitiese
Streptococcus Groep B is nog nie vantevore aangemeld as lewensvatbaar geisoleer uit vryvloeiende natuurlike waters nie. Tekens is gevind dat daar organismes in die rivier
voorkom wat weerstandig is teen chloorbehandeling en ook teen algemeen gebruikte
antibiotika. Die E. coli organisme wat verskillende konsentrasies van chloorbehandeling
oorleeef het, het ook verhoogde weerstand teen amoksisilien getoon wanneer hulle vergelyk
was met onbehandelde E. coli organisme wat van die Plankenbrug Rivier gemonster was.
Gedurende die gemeenskapsfase van die projek is daar 'n verlaging van
besoedelingsvlakke in die rivier gevind gedurende die somers van 2000 en 2001 (let op dat
"verbetering" hier nog glad nie "veilig" beteken nie). Dit kan toegeskryf word aan die
veelvlakkige benadering wat die projek gevolg het. Aandag is geskenk aan diens en herstel
van sanitasiegeriewe met 'n sterk klem op deur-tot-deur opvoedingsveldtogte met die oog op
beter sanitasiegedrag, skepping van 'n sentrale aanmeldpunt vir blokkasies en brekasies, en
opleiding van ambagslui (loodgieters, messelaars, ens) uit die gemeenskap om te help met
onderhoud. Die gemeenskap het bemoedigende tekens getoon dat hulle beter sanitasie
opvoeding verlang. Die verbetering in die besoedelingsvlakke in die rivier loop egter gevaar
om terug te val na die vorige gevaarlike vlakke as daar nie beter ondersteuning en
samewerking van die onderhawige owerhede verkry kan word nie. Daar was 16.9% van
huishoudings wat een of meer gevalle van diarree aangemeld het gedurende die 5 weke van
die opnameperiode - 'n baie hoe prevalensie siende dat die opname uitgevoer was
gedurende 'n nat en koue winterperiode.
Gevolgtrekkings: Aktiewe beplanning en ander stappe om die riool-indringing in die rivier
die hoof te bied is gebiedend noodsaaklik en behoort sonder versuim ingestel te word. Die
waterkwaliteit van die Plankenbrug Rivier stroomaf van Kayamandi is baie swak. Die water
hou emstige gesondheidsgevare in en is ook 'n bedreiging vir die ekonomiese aktiwiteite
stroomaf. Die nedersetting van Kayamandi demonstreer ook dat opvoeding, wanneer
gekoppel aan onderhoud en herstel van bestaande toiletgeriewe in verlaging teweeg kan
bring van besoedelingsvlakke, maar dat dit 'n voortgesette program moet wees en nie net
sporadiese pogings nie.
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A survey of inorganic chemical pollution in the Bottelary River, Cape Town.Feng, Xiao Yi January 2005 (has links)
Chemical pollution of freshwater is a worldwide environmental problem / eutrophication, heavy metals and salinity are amongst the most widely used indicators of pollution. The aim of this study was to assess the status of nutrients, heavy metals and salinity, and the seasonal variation int he Bottelary River.
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Monitoring of heavy metals in the Bottelary River using Typha capensis and Phragmites australis.Ma, Ying January 2005 (has links)
The aim of this study was to use plants to determine the degree of heavy metal contamination in water and sediments in order to effectively monitor and provide possible recommendation to improve the water quality in the aquatic ecosystem of the Bottelary River.
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A critical investigation into the effectiveness of soil and water remediation efforts in Steel Valley, VanderbijlparkAhenkorah, Emmanuel 08 1900 (has links)
Post-remediation soil, ground and surface water monitoring is essential to assess the effectiveness of remediation efforts undertaken to eliminate or minimize the risk of pollution to human health and valuable ecosystems. In that regard, comparison of pollution levels pre- and post-remediation is an effective way of evaluating the effectiveness of the remediation techniques used. Thus, this study sought to measure concentrations of pollutants in the soil, ground and surface water post remediation in Steel Valley, Vanderbijlpark and compare them to concentration levels prior to remediation, as well as compare them to internationally accepted standards with respect to risk to humans and the environment. Water samples were collected from three locations within the study site, in both the dry and rainy seasons and their physio-chemical and organic properties were tested. Soil samples were collected from six different locations within the study site and analysed for metal concentrations. The data was compared against that of the Iron and Steel Corporation (ISCOR) Vanderbijlpark Environmental Master Plan (EMP), water and soil guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) as well as South African water and soil guidelines. The study found that groundwater is generally safe for domestic use but Aluminium (Al), Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) concentrations were above South African water quality guideline levels – with their concentrations ranging from 0.54 to 0.91 mg/L, 1.01 to 1.86 mg/L and 0.24 to 0.53 mg/L respectively. There were no traces of organic pollution in the water samples. Soil samples had levels of Al ranging from 1106 mg/kg to 1 3621 mg/kg, Mn concentrations in the range of 202.8 to 966.4 mg/kg and Fe ranging from 1 1587 to 23 201 mg/kg. Thus, water and soil at the selected sites are safe in terms of physico-chemical and organic quality. Natural attenuation should be able, over time, to further reduce the levels of parameters that are currently above the target range. Thus, there has been considerable reduction in pollutant concentrations, but as this study was limited in scope, additional research is needed to verify the results. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)
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A study of the impact of anthropogenic activities in the Crocodile River, MpumalangaSoko, Mthobisi Innocent 25 November 2014 (has links)
In South Africa water is recognized as a crucial element in the battle against poverty, the cornerstone of prosperity, and a limiting factor to growth. The National Water Act 36 of 1998 recognizes that basic human and environmental needs should be met and that the use of water in all aspects must be sustainable. The Crocodile River (East) is situated in the north east of the Republic of South Africa and it is recognized as a stressed catchment in South Africa. The main impacts are domestic, industrial, agricultural, mining and afforestation activities. These activities pollute the river by discharging effluent as well as seepage from areas that support mining and intensive agriculture in to the river. The river catchment has been a center of research studies for many scientists either focusing on water quality or biological indicators separately. The aim of study was to determine the present ecological condition and the health of the Crocodile River. The objectives were to determine water quality status, identify possible sources of pollution and assess the spatial and temporal trends in ecological state. Fourteen monitoring sites were selected from the Crocodile River and its tributaries. The macro-invertebrates data were collected using the SASS 5 protocol and fish were collected using an electroshocker- catch and release method during high and low flow conditions of the year 2013. Water quality data was obtained by sampling using a polyethylene bottle from different sites within the Crocodile River and its tributaries from September 2012 until August 2013. The samples were analyzed by Mpumamanzi laboratory in Nelspruit and Waterlab in Pretoria. Additional water quality data was obtained from the Department of Water Affairs. Multivariate statistical methods were used to analyze all the data obtained. The multivariate statistical methods indicated that fish and macro-invertebrates species abundance, richness and evenness increase with the river flow distance downstream. Water temperature was one of the leading environmental variables for the structuring of fish and macro-invertebrates assemblage in the Crocodile River and its tributaries. A group formation of site during high and low flow condition by the Bray Curtis similarity and NMDS ordination indicated that many sites share similar macro-invertebrates or fish species. The one way ANOVA analysis indicated that there was no significance difference between macro-invertebrates richness and abundance during both flow conditions but there was a significance difference in fish richness and abundance between the two flow conditions. The PCA indicated that sodium has the highest physico-chemical impact amongst the physico-chemical parameters in the bi-plot followed by ammonium and nitrate. A correlation of physico-chemical parameters such as chlorine, total dissolved solid, electrical conductivity, sulphate and pH was observed. The levels of total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity were found to increase longitudinally as the river flows downstream. The dominance of single species within the macro-invertebrates and fish communities was an indication of imbalance of the communities within the sites. The presence of the macro-invertebrate family Beatidae and the fish species Chiloglanis pretoriae at sites CR3 and CR4 indicates a good water quality in the upper reaches during low flow condition as these species are sensitive to changes in water quality, while the presence of the macro-invertebrate family Pleidea and fish species Barbus viviparus at sites CR10 and KR1 during low flow condition indicated possible water pollution as these species tolerate changes in water quality and this was linked to the discharge of effluent from industrial, abandoned mines and run-offs from agricultural activities in the downstream reaches of the river. The low flow condition was dominated by sensitive species especially in the upper reaches than during high flow condition. The macro-invertebrates assessment index indicated that during low flow condition the Crocodile River was mostly at ecological class B (largely natural with few modification) above the Kwena dam, but from downstream of the dam the ecological category was in C class (moderately modified), while its tributaries are in ecological category B (largely natural with few modification). The fish response assessment index indicated that the ecological category for fish was mostly at C class (moderately modified) in the Crocodile River. The changes in macro-invertebrates communities and fish in the Crocodile River were believed to be associated with change of water quality and habitat modification due to flow modification. Agricultural activities in the upper reaches and a combination of industrial and mining activities in the middle and lower reaches of the Crocodile River were believed to be the sources of pollution that results in the change of water quality, fish and macro-invertebrates assemblage in the Crocodile River. Investing in the health of the Crocodile River is important for many Mbombela citizens and river
dwellers as they rely on the functioning of the river for survival. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)
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Dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction of steroidal hormones and determination in wastewater using high pressure liquid chromatography: charged aerosol detectorOsunmakinde, Cecilia Oluseyi 10 1900 (has links)
Steroid hormones belong to a group of compounds known as endocrine disruptors. They are hydrophobic compounds and are categorized as natural and synthetic estrogens. Some common household products have been implicated as estrogen mimics. Exposure effects of these compounds are felt by human and wildlife, such reproductive alterations in fish and frogs. They mainly introduced into the environment through veterinary medicines administration to animals and the discharges from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).
In this study, a new alternative analytical procedure that is simple, rapid and fast for the determination and quantification of five steroidal hormones: estriol (E3), beta estradiol (β-E2), alpha estradiol (α-E2), testosterone (T), progesterone (P) and bisphenol A (BPA) using the High pressure liquid chromatography coupled to a charged aerosol detector (HPLC-CAD). These compounds were studied because of their strong endocrine-disrupting effects in the environment.
Under optimum conditions, a linear graph was obtained with correlation coefficient (R2) ranging from 0.9952 - 0.9996. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of water samples from a wastewater plant and the results obtained were satisfactory. The limits of detection (LOD) for the target analytes in wastewater influent was between 0.0002 – 0.0004 μg/L and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.001 μg/L respectively for each of the analytes. Enrichment factors of 148- 258, and extraction efficiency 84- 102% were obtained for the target analytes; relative standard deviations (% RSD) for m = 6 were between 2.8 and 7.6%. The concentration of the EDCs in environment sample was between 0.2 - 2.3 μg/L. / Chemistry / M. Sc. (Chemistry)
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A survey of inorganic chemical pollution in the Bottelary River, Cape Town.Feng, Xiao Yi January 2005 (has links)
Chemical pollution of freshwater is a worldwide environmental problem / eutrophication, heavy metals and salinity are amongst the most widely used indicators of pollution. The aim of this study was to assess the status of nutrients, heavy metals and salinity, and the seasonal variation int he Bottelary River.
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Monitoring of heavy metals in the Bottelary River using Typha capensis and Phragmites australis.Ma, Ying January 2005 (has links)
The aim of this study was to use plants to determine the degree of heavy metal contamination in water and sediments in order to effectively monitor and provide possible recommendation to improve the water quality in the aquatic ecosystem of the Bottelary River.
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