A estrutura do solo está relacionada com o arranjo das partículas, agregados e poros que constituem este meio poroso. As influências estruturais do solo atuam em diversas escalas tanto macroscópicas como microscópicas. Mudanças estruturais em escala microscópica são importantes porque causam alterações no arranjo das partículas do solo e, conseqüentemente, mudanças na distribuição de poros. A qualidade das amostras de solo está diretamente relacionada a sua estrutura, a qual é extremamente importante devido à influência que exerce no desenvolvimento das raízes, fauna do solo, movimento e retenção de água e gases, etc. As alterações que ocorrem na estrutura do solo podem ser induzidas tanto por forças naturais quanto pela ação humana. Ciclos de umedecimento e secamento (U-S) causam grandes modificações na estrutura do solo, especialmente na distribuição do tamanho de poros, a qual reflete a distribuição espacial e temporal da umidade do solo. Conseqüentemente, estes processos podem afetar a retenção e o movimento de água e nutrientes no solo, tendo importantes conseqüências práticas em determinações de armazenamento e potencial mátrico da água no solo, amplamente usados em irrigação. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi aplicar as técnicas de tomografia computadorizada, atenuação de raios gama e análise micromorfológica como ferramentas na compreensão de como a estrutura do solo pode ser afetada por procedimentos de amostragem e ciclos de umedecimento e secamento. Foi feita uma análise crítica sobre o comportamento da estrutura do solo quando submetido a sucessivos ciclos de U-S e qual o impacto que possíveis alterações estruturais podem ocasionar na retenção de água pelo solo. Foram usadas amostras de três diferentes solos coletadas em anéis volumétricos. Cada amostra foi submetida à aplicação de três e nove ciclos de U-S. As amostras controle não foram submetidas a nenhum ciclo de U-S. O tomógrafo usado é de primeira geração equipado com uma fonte radioativa de 241Am e permitiu a obtenção de perfis de unidades tomográficas e imagens em 2-D das amostras de solo. O sistema de atenuação de raios gama é equipado com a mesma fonte radioativa do tomógrafo e possibilitou medidas de densidade e umidade do solo. A análise micromorfológica tornou possível quantificar a distribuição do formato, tamanho e arranjo dos poros dos solos. As análises realizadas através da técnica não invasiva de atenuação de raios gama permitiram determinar curvas de retenção usando um único umedecimento da amostra. Obteve-se também uma maior exatidão na definição do tempo de equilíbrio e redução do tempo requerido para obtenção da curva no intervalo de potencial mátrico de 0 a ?100 kPa. As análises usando-se a técnica de tomografia computadorizada tornaram possível mostrar o impacto de diferentes procedimentos de amostragem na estrutura do solo, alterações ocorridas nesta estrutura oriundas dos ciclos de U-S e investigar a qualidade de amostras de solo usadas em medidas de densidade. A partir da análise das imagens tomográficas ficou evidenciado que procedimentos de amostragem causam compactações próximo às bordas em amostras coletadas com anéis volumétricos e que quanto menor a dimensão do anel, maior é a deformação sofrida pela amostra. Com relação aos ciclos de U-S, a tomografia tornou possível acompanhar as modificações na estrutura com a evolução dos ciclos e permitiu identificar aumentos na porosidade do solo e desenvolvimento de grandes macroporos. A análise micromorfológica permitiu uma investigação da estrutura do solo em escala micrométrica. Através desta técnica foi possível a realização de um exame minucioso das modificações no arranjo, formato e distribuição dos poros das amostras de solos submetidas aos ciclos de U-S e procedimentos de amostragem. Os resultados mostraram que a estrutura do solo sofre mudanças importantes tanto no formato como na distribuição de tamanho dos poros, corroborando os resultados obtidos pela técnica tomográfica. Finalmente, foram realizadas ainda análises do impacto das mudanças na estrutura do solo na retenção de água. Os resultados permitiram mostrar que todos os solos apresentam variações na curva de retenção à medida que sofrem a aplicação de sucessivos ciclos de U-S. Esta informação é importante pelo fato de que os dados da curva são usados em simulações do transporte de água e produtos químicos ao longo do solo, em estimativas da quantidade de água a ser usada para irrigação e na predição de taxas de infiltração / Soil structure is related to the arrangement of soil particles, aggregates, and pores, which makes part of this porous media. The influence of structure on soil physical phenomena ranges from macro to microscope scale. Structure changes in microscope scale are important because affect the soil particle arrangement and, consequently, the pores distribution. Soil sample quality is directly related to soil structure, which is one of the most important properties that influences root development, water and gas movement and retention, soil fauna, etc. Natural forces and human action are the main factors that affect soil structure. Wetting and drying (W-D) cycles cause strong modifications on soil structure, especially in the pore size distribution, which reflects the temporal and spatial distribution of soil water and, consequently, these processes can affect soil water and nutrient retention and movement; having important practical consequences when calculating soil water storages and matric potentials, widely used in irrigation management. The main objective of this work was to use computed tomography (CT), gamma-ray attenuation, and micromorphologic analysis techniques as tools to investigate how soil structure can be affected by soil sampling procedures and wetting and drying cycles. A critical analysis about the behavior of soil structure when submitted to W-D cycles and the impact of possible structure changes on water retention was made. Core samples were collected from profiles of three soils with volumetric rings. Each soil sample was submitted to the application of three and nine W-D cycles. For the soil samples called control, none W-D cycle was applied. The CT scanner used is a first-generation system with a fixed source-detector arrangement and translation/rotational movements of the samples, equipped with a radioactive gamma-ray source of 241Am. The CT system permitted to obtain 2-D soil sample images and tomographic unit profiles. The gamma-ray attenuation system is equipped with the same radioactive source of the tomograph and it was used to evaluate soil density and water content. The pore size distribution, arrangement, and size of pores were analyzed through the micromorphologic analysis technique. By the analyses carried out through the non-invasive gamma-ray attenuation technique it was possible to evaluate soil water retention curves using a unique wetting cycle. The results allow to conclude that the nuclear method presents some advantages in relation to the traditional method (Richards method), like the higher accuracy in the determination of time of equilibrium, and reduction in the time required for the retention curve determination at the matric potential range of 0 to -100 kPa. The analyses using the CT technique allowed to confirm that soil compaction near the volumetric ring wall occur and that the effects of sampling procedures on soil structure need to be taken into account. It was showed that the size of the volumetric rings is very important and that small ones cause strong modifications on soil structure. Regarding the wetting and drying cycles, on the one hand, the technique allowed following the modifications on soil structure induced by these cycles, on the other, it makes possible to identify increases in soil porosity and development of some large macropores with the cycles. The micromorphologic analysis allowed an investigation of soil structure in a micrometric scale. This technique was particularly valuable because it was possible to analyze the changes in soil particle arrangement, shape, and pore distribution of samples submitted to W-D cycles and different sampling procedures. The results showed that soil structure is a dynamic property, suffering important changes on shape and pore size distributions, confirming the results obtained by the CT technique. Finally, analyses of soil structure changes during water retention curve determinations were made. By the results it was possible to conclude that the soil water retention curve is affected by sequences of W-D cycles. This sort of information is valuable because the water retention curve data are used in simulations of water and chemical products transport through the soil, and evaluations of soil water storages and matric potentials, widely used in irrigation management

Les éthers de cellulose (EC) sont des adjuvants couramment introduits dans les mortiers pour améliorer leurs propriétés. Malgré le retard d’hydratation du ciment engendré par ces polysaccharides, ils sont capables d’améliorer la maniabilité et la rétention d’eau des matériaux cimentaires.Cette étude a été initiée afin d’accroître les connaissances sur l’effet des EC sur la rétention d’eau des mortiers à l’état frais. L’objectif est double : identifier les paramètres physico-chimiques jouant un rôle clé et clarifier les mécanismes d’action de dérivés cellulosiques dans les matériaux cimentaires.Pour ce faire, grâce à un large panel d’EC, l’influence des paramètres structuraux des molécules a été élucidée. Les résultats ont démontré que la masse moléculaire était un paramètre primordial alors que les degrés de substitution des groupements greffés sur la molécule ont un impact négligeable sur la rétention d’eau des mortiers. Pour comprendre les mécanismes d’action des EC dans les phénomènes de rétention d’eau, deux pistes ont été explorées. La première a consisté à savoir s’il existait une relation entre le comportement rhéologique des mortiers et leur capacité à retenir l’eau lors d’un contact avec un substrat. L’étude rhéologique a montré que les EC sont des agents viscosants et que pour des EC ayant des degrés de substitution identiques, la viscosité et la rétention d’eau du mortier semblent aller de paire. Cependant, cette relation n’est pas aussi simple. En effet, des propriétés de rétention d’eau différentes ont été mesurées pour des mortiers ayant des consistances voisines. La capacité des mortiers à retenir l’eau ne peut donc pas être déterminée uniquement à partir de son comportement rhéologique. Par ailleurs, d’autres molécules telles que les dérivés de l’amidon, ont mis en évidence une évolution opposée de la rétention d’eau avec les propriétés rhéologiques. Ainsi, la consistance d’un mortier ne peut pas à elle seule expliquer les phénomènes de rétention d’eau des mortiers adjuvantés avec les éthers de cellulose.La seconde hypothèse souvent avancée pour expliquer les propriétés de rétention d’eau est que les dérivés cellulosiques forment une barrière de diffusion à l’eau dans le mortier. La capacité des polymères à former des films a été étudiée à l’aide de deux techniques de résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) : la RMN à gradients de champ et la relaxométrie RMN. A l’aide de ces deux techniques, il a été montré que les EC n’ont aucun effet sur le coefficient de diffusion de l’eau dans le volume et à la surface des solides. Une étude temporelle menée par relaxométrie a mis en avant l’importance de la quantité d’eau piégée transitoirement à la surface des solides. / Cellulose ethers (CE) are commonly used as additives to improve the quality of cement-based materials. As admixtures, they improve the properties of mortars such as workability, open time and water retention. This study is devoted to improve the knowledge on the influence of cellulose ethers on the freshly-mixed mortars water retention. The aims of this thesis are to identify they key structural parameters of the CE which influence the water retention and to clarify the water retention mechanisms of CE in freshly mixed mortars.In this frame, the influence of cellulose ethers molecular parameters was explored. The results demonstrated that molecular weight is the key parameter concerning the water retention capacity of mortars. On the contrary, the substitution degrees seem to have a lower impact on this property. To understand water retention mechanisms, two ways were investigated. The first hypothesis is that there is a relationship between the rheological behavior of mortars and their ability to retain water upon contact with a substrate. The rheological study showed that CE are viscosity modifiers. Moreover, for CE with the same substitution parameters, mortar’s viscosity and its water retention seem to go hand in hand. However, this relationship is not so simple. Indeed, the water retention properties were measured for different mortars with close consistencies. This comparison demonstrated that the ability of mortars to retain water cannot be determined from its rheological behavior. In addition, other molecules such as starch derivatives, showed an opposite trend: the higher the consistency, the lower the water retention. Thus, mortar’s consistency is not the only parameter which can explain water retention capacities of CE-admixed mortars.The second hypothesis proposed to explain water retention properties is that cellulose derivatives form a diffusion barrier to water into the fresh mortar, because CE used to form film. The ability of polymers to reduce water mobility was investigated using two techniques of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR): NMR field gradient and relaxometry NMR. Using these two techniques, it was shown that the EC have no effect on the diffusion coefficient of water in the volume and surface of solids. A study conducted by relaxometry NMR highlighted the importance of the amount of water trapped temporarily at the surface of solids.

I evaluated the effectiveness of plant roots to increase infiltration rates within stormwater bioretention facilities (SBFs), roadside planter compartments that filter stormwater. SBFs attenuate harmful effects of stormwater by reducing peak flow and retaining pollutants, with increased infiltration that improves both these functions. Researchers have shown that roots can increase infiltration within greenhouse, lab, field, and test SBF settings. However, no researchers have yet measured either the extent to which different root characteristics can increase infiltration or the variation in root characteristics and their effect on infiltration rates among plant assemblages within currently functioning SBFs. To determine if root-enhanced infiltration was occurring within SBFs, I hypothesized 1) there is a relationship between root characteristics and infiltration during late spring, and 2) seasonal root growth increases infiltration rates. Within Portland, OR, I measured infiltration rate from January 2014 to February 2015 and root characteristics from January-February (J-F) and May-June (M-J) 2014 in ten SBFs with "Elk Blue" rush (Juncus patens) and 1 or 2 trees of less than 8.4 cm stem diameter. During M-J, four root characteristics showed a positive relationship with infiltration rate, and two root characteristics showed a strong positive relationship with infiltration rate within the topsoil. Also, a relationship was shown between the increase (J-F to M-J 2014) in three root characteristics and the increase in infiltration rate. To determine if root morphology and infiltration rates differed among SBFs with two different dominant vegetation taxa (small and large root biomass), I hypothesized 3) Juncus patens and tree dominant assemblage (greater root biomass) exhibits greater infiltration compared to the Carex dominant assemblage, 4) the increase in infiltration rate and root characteristics from J-F to M-J is greater in the Juncus compared to the Carex assemblage, and 5) root surface area density (RSAD) within Juncus SBFs shows a positive relationship with infiltration rate in late spring. I measured infiltration rate from January 2014 to February 2015 and root characteristics from January-February (J-F) and May-June (M-J) 2014 among five large-root (Juncus and tree) and five small-root biomass (Carex sp) SBFs. Juncus SBFs showed greater values for three root characteristics during J-F and five root characteristics during M-J 2014 compared to Carex SBFs. Also, Juncus SBFs showed an increase from J-F to M-J 2014 for five root characteristics while Carex SBFs showed no root increase. Juncus SBFs showed a relationship with four root characteristics and Carex SBFs a showed relationship with one root characteristic and infiltration rate. This work strongly suggests plant roots increase infiltration, and thus the primary functions of SBFs. Different root characteristics appear to increase infiltration rate at different depths. Data also show larger-root biomass plants increase infiltration rate to a greater degree than smaller-root biomass plants. I recommend considering several site and facility characteristics when determining the potential for root-enhanced infiltration. When selecting plant species to enhance infiltration, I recommend using several criteria, determining root characteristic values at certain depths, considering installation approaches, and accounting for regional climate changes.

Prediction of contaminant transport in concrete subjected to short cyclical wetting and drying processes is integrally bound to prediction of the moisture flux. The concrete is unsaturated and the non-linear contaminant and moisture fluxes are not described by simple constant diffusion methods. This thesis presents, and partially justifies, a thermodynamic model for prediction of moisture movement in concrete, at all moisture contents commonly encountered. The wetting process is examined with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) images during a simple absorption (sorptivity) experiment. Diffusivity functions are derived via a novel analytical approach and a universal diffusivity is suggested. Water sorption and desorption isotherms are measured on large concrete samples. van Genuchten’s retention function is successfully used to model the results. The unrelia-bility of the water sorption method at high moisture contents is illustrated by comparison with Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP). The BJH method is exploited to provide a methodology for estimating the water sorption isotherm from MIP. Mualem’s conductivity model is assessed with the water retention and NMR results. This thorough validation of the model yields a tortuosity parameter that is different to that commonly assumed. An analytical relationship between the sorptivity and the saturated permeability suggests the experimental the long-term unsaturated permeability overesti-mates the unsaturated conductivity function, and as such should be used judiciously when predicting unsaturated flow processes. Mualem’s conductivity model is further exploited to provide unsaturated air and vapour functions that are experimentally justified. The thermodynamic description of water movement and the hydraulic functions that are developed in the thesis are incorporated into T r inCet , a transient heat and mass trans-fer model based on the Finite Element Method (FEM). The complex coupled behaviour of air, liquid, vapour and temperature are well handled under a variety of common cyclical boundary conditions. The thesis presents all necessary experimental results required for validation of a com-plex, but easily described, model for moisture movement. It covers disparate ground to provide a powerful numerical model of unsaturated moisture movement in concrete under short-term cyclical processes.

Prediction of contaminant transport in concrete subjected to short cyclical wetting and drying processes is integrally bound to prediction of the moisture flux. The concrete is unsaturated and the non-linear contaminant and moisture fluxes are not described by simple constant diffusion methods. This thesis presents, and partially justifies, a thermodynamic model for prediction of moisture movement in concrete, at all moisture contents commonly encountered. The wetting process is examined with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) images during a simple absorption (sorptivity) experiment. Diffusivity functions are derived via a novel analytical approach and a universal diffusivity is suggested. Water sorption and desorption isotherms are measured on large concrete samples. van Genuchten’s retention function is successfully used to model the results. The unrelia-bility of the water sorption method at high moisture contents is illustrated by comparison with Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP). The BJH method is exploited to provide a methodology for estimating the water sorption isotherm from MIP. Mualem’s conductivity model is assessed with the water retention and NMR results. This thorough validation of the model yields a tortuosity parameter that is different to that commonly assumed. An analytical relationship between the sorptivity and the saturated permeability suggests the experimental the long-term unsaturated permeability overesti-mates the unsaturated conductivity function, and as such should be used judiciously when predicting unsaturated flow processes. Mualem’s conductivity model is further exploited to provide unsaturated air and vapour functions that are experimentally justified. The thermodynamic description of water movement and the hydraulic functions that are developed in the thesis are incorporated into T r inCet , a transient heat and mass trans-fer model based on the Finite Element Method (FEM). The complex coupled behaviour of air, liquid, vapour and temperature are well handled under a variety of common cyclical boundary conditions. The thesis presents all necessary experimental results required for validation of a com-plex, but easily described, model for moisture movement. It covers disparate ground to provide a powerful numerical model of unsaturated moisture movement in concrete under short-term cyclical processes.

Over the past 10 years, growing concerns over the modification of fibers have led researchers to focus on enriching the carboxyl group content of fibers by chemical oxidation and topochemical grafting. The current series of experiments continues this line of research by investigating the carboxyl group content of fibers during kraft pulping, alkaline peroxide bleaching, and 2,2,6,6-tetrametyl-1-piperidinyloxy radical (TEMPO)-KBr-NaClO oxidation system. The first experiment characterizes changes in the carboxyl group content of fibers for two sets of kraft pulps: 1) conventional laboratory cooked loblolly pine kraft pulps, and 2) conventional pulping (CK) versus Lo-Solids pulping (LS) pulps. The results indicate that effective alkali (EA), temperature, and H-factor are the primary factors controlling fiber charge during kraft pulping. Another set of kraft pulps distinguished by conventional pulping and Lo-Solids pulping were investigated to determine the effect of H-factor and pulping protocol on fiber charge. The second experiment examines the influence of alkaline peroxide treatment on elementally chlorine-free (ECF) bleached softwood kraft pulp. The effect of increased fiber charge on refining, cationic starch adsorption, and hornification was examined. The final experiment investigates the effect of TEMPO-mediated oxidation of an ECF bleached softwood kraft pulp on carboxyl group content, carbonyl group contents, degree of polymerization, and water retention value of fibers. The results show that TEMPO-mediated oxidation is useful in enriching the carboxyl and carbonyl groups to fibers, as well as enhancing the property of water adsorption of fibers. These findings suggest that: (1) kraft pulping process can be modified to obtain the target carboxyl group content, (2) terminal peroxide bleaching provides higher fiber charge which can save energy and chemical charge of subsequent refining and wet-end processes, respectively, as well as reduce hornification during drying, (3) TEMPO-mediated oxidation of fibers is capable of improving the properties of fibers, including fiber charge and water adsorption, and enhancing final paper strength.

Modeling the seedling recruitment microsite involves characterization of the soil environment of the shallow profile from which weed seedlings recruit. Understanding the environment of the seedling recruitment microsite is the prelude to weed emergence studies. Because of spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the recruitment microsite, sufficient measurements are often not feasible. An experiment was established in 2003 and 2004 across topography within an annually cropped field in south-central Manitoba to determine the effect that hillslope aspect and position, and soil residue and depth would have on microsite environment within the shallow seedling recruitment zone. Microclimatic, topographic, soil surface and soil properties were assessed in the context of the weed recruitment microsite. The soil water retention characteristic was measured by pressure plate to determine water availability to germinating seeds at the various topographic positions. The soil water characteristic was evaluated across topography and soil depth. Evaluation of the soil water characteristic by pedotransfer function indicated that a single soil water characteristic is representative of the recruitment zone. Field and laboratory experimental measurements were used as parameterization for the simultaneous heat and water (SHAW) model to generate continuous water and temperature profiles for the recruitment zone. Soil temperature and temperature fluctuation decreased with depth in the recruitment zone. Despite differences of texture, bulk density, and organic matter across topography and soil depth, the soil water characteristic differed only across topography. Soil water potential fluctuated considerably at the soil surface due to numerous precipitation events and direct evaporation. Implications for germinating seeds is that the seedling recruitment zone is influenced by spatial effects of topography and the vertical location of the seed microsite. Physical process based modeling used in this study to predict temperature and water within the seedling recruitment zone enables better understanding of interactions between above-ground microclimate and the recruitment microsite. Such interactions enable linkage between atmospheric models and recruitment models that can enhance our ability to evaluate crop management decisions.

Modeling the seedling recruitment microsite involves characterization of the soil environment of the shallow profile from which weed seedlings recruit. Understanding the environment of the seedling recruitment microsite is the prelude to weed emergence studies. Because of spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the recruitment microsite, sufficient measurements are often not feasible. An experiment was established in 2003 and 2004 across topography within an annually cropped field in south-central Manitoba to determine the effect that hillslope aspect and position, and soil residue and depth would have on microsite environment within the shallow seedling recruitment zone. Microclimatic, topographic, soil surface and soil properties were assessed in the context of the weed recruitment microsite. The soil water retention characteristic was measured by pressure plate to determine water availability to germinating seeds at the various topographic positions. The soil water characteristic was evaluated across topography and soil depth. Evaluation of the soil water characteristic by pedotransfer function indicated that a single soil water characteristic is representative of the recruitment zone. Field and laboratory experimental measurements were used as parameterization for the simultaneous heat and water (SHAW) model to generate continuous water and temperature profiles for the recruitment zone. Soil temperature and temperature fluctuation decreased with depth in the recruitment zone. Despite differences of texture, bulk density, and organic matter across topography and soil depth, the soil water characteristic differed only across topography. Soil water potential fluctuated considerably at the soil surface due to numerous precipitation events and direct evaporation. Implications for germinating seeds is that the seedling recruitment zone is influenced by spatial effects of topography and the vertical location of the seed microsite. Physical process based modeling used in this study to predict temperature and water within the seedling recruitment zone enables better understanding of interactions between above-ground microclimate and the recruitment microsite. Such interactions enable linkage between atmospheric models and recruitment models that can enhance our ability to evaluate crop management decisions.

Prediction of contaminant transport in concrete subjected to short cyclical wetting and drying processes is integrally bound to prediction of the moisture flux. The concrete is unsaturated and the non-linear contaminant and moisture fluxes are not described by simple constant diffusion methods. This thesis presents, and partially justifies, a thermodynamic model for prediction of moisture movement in concrete, at all moisture contents commonly encountered. The wetting process is examined with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) images during a simple absorption (sorptivity) experiment. Diffusivity functions are derived via a novel analytical approach and a universal diffusivity is suggested. Water sorption and desorption isotherms are measured on large concrete samples. van Genuchten’s retention function is successfully used to model the results. The unrelia-bility of the water sorption method at high moisture contents is illustrated by comparison with Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP). The BJH method is exploited to provide a methodology for estimating the water sorption isotherm from MIP. Mualem’s conductivity model is assessed with the water retention and NMR results. This thorough validation of the model yields a tortuosity parameter that is different to that commonly assumed. An analytical relationship between the sorptivity and the saturated permeability suggests the experimental the long-term unsaturated permeability overesti-mates the unsaturated conductivity function, and as such should be used judiciously when predicting unsaturated flow processes. Mualem’s conductivity model is further exploited to provide unsaturated air and vapour functions that are experimentally justified. The thermodynamic description of water movement and the hydraulic functions that are developed in the thesis are incorporated into T r inCet , a transient heat and mass trans-fer model based on the Finite Element Method (FEM). The complex coupled behaviour of air, liquid, vapour and temperature are well handled under a variety of common cyclical boundary conditions. The thesis presents all necessary experimental results required for validation of a com-plex, but easily described, model for moisture movement. It covers disparate ground to provide a powerful numerical model of unsaturated moisture movement in concrete under short-term cyclical processes.

Prediction of contaminant transport in concrete subjected to short cyclical wetting and drying processes is integrally bound to prediction of the moisture flux. The concrete is unsaturated and the non-linear contaminant and moisture fluxes are not described by simple constant diffusion methods. This thesis presents, and partially justifies, a thermodynamic model for prediction of moisture movement in concrete, at all moisture contents commonly encountered. The wetting process is examined with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) images during a simple absorption (sorptivity) experiment. Diffusivity functions are derived via a novel analytical approach and a universal diffusivity is suggested. Water sorption and desorption isotherms are measured on large concrete samples. van Genuchten’s retention function is successfully used to model the results. The unrelia-bility of the water sorption method at high moisture contents is illustrated by comparison with Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP). The BJH method is exploited to provide a methodology for estimating the water sorption isotherm from MIP. Mualem’s conductivity model is assessed with the water retention and NMR results. This thorough validation of the model yields a tortuosity parameter that is different to that commonly assumed. An analytical relationship between the sorptivity and the saturated permeability suggests the experimental the long-term unsaturated permeability overesti-mates the unsaturated conductivity function, and as such should be used judiciously when predicting unsaturated flow processes. Mualem’s conductivity model is further exploited to provide unsaturated air and vapour functions that are experimentally justified. The thermodynamic description of water movement and the hydraulic functions that are developed in the thesis are incorporated into T r inCet , a transient heat and mass trans-fer model based on the Finite Element Method (FEM). The complex coupled behaviour of air, liquid, vapour and temperature are well handled under a variety of common cyclical boundary conditions. The thesis presents all necessary experimental results required for validation of a com-plex, but easily described, model for moisture movement. It covers disparate ground to provide a powerful numerical model of unsaturated moisture movement in concrete under short-term cyclical processes.