La pollution des eaux est particulièrement problématique pour les pays industrialisés et les pays en développement. Des suivis environnementaux se sont alors avérés nécessaires afin de progresser dans la compréhension des origines et des conséquences de la présence de ces polluants. Parmi les polluants organiques les plus dangereux, les Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques (HAP) et les pesticides qui peuvent se retrouver à l’état de traces dans les milieux aquatiques. Leur analyse nécessite des méthodes analytiques à la fois spécifiques et sensibles. L’Extraction sur Phase Solide (SPE) suivi d’une analyse par la Chromatographie Gazeuse couplée à la Spectrométrie de Masse (GC-MS) est la méthode la plus couramment employée. Les travaux de thèse s’inscrivent ainsi dans l’optique généralevisant à développer des nouvelles méthodes analytiques pour l’extraction et l’analyse de cesdeux familles de polluants organiques présents dans l’eau. Afin de pallier les contraintes classiques de la SPE, une nouvelle approche a été développée qui consiste à introduire latechnique de centrifugation dans certaines étapes de la procédure SPE. La nouvelle méthodeélaborée a permis de réduire considérablement le temps de préparation et d’économiserl’utilisation et le rejet des solvants organiques, en réduisant presque 10 fois les volumes nécessaires à l’obtention des rendements de récupération satisfaisants. Une méthoded’analyse par injection à température programmable (PTV) a été optimisée afin d’améliorerles seuils de détection des HAP. Cette étude a permis également d’avoir les informations surla qualité des eaux de pluie, eaux souterraines et eaux de surface au Liban quant au niveau deleur contamination pour les HAP et les pesticides. / Water pollution presents a very critical problem facing industrial and developping countries. The environmental monitoring of the contaminants seems necessary to understand their sources and impacts. Among a wide variety of organic pollutants present in water,polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pesticides are of particular importance as widespread, persistent, and toxic contaminants. They are usually present at trace levels in theacquatic surfaces; therefore their detection and control require selective and sensitiveanalytical procedures. The Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) followed by the Gas-Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) are the most commonly usedtechniques for their analysis in water. Thesis objectives are focused on the development of new analytical methods for the extraction and analysis of these two families of pollutants present in water. To overcone the contraints of the traditional SPE, a new approach was developed consisting on the introduction of the centrifugation in several steps of the procedure. The new method showed practical environmental and economical advantages interms of sample preparation time, simplicity, reduction in solvent use, and cost and isparticularly suitable for routine applications requiring a high sample throughput. Aprogrammed temeperature vaporizing (PTV) injection method was also optimized and validated in order to improve the detection limits for the GC-MS analysis of PAHs. The evaluation of the quality of different water systems in Lebanon including rainwater,groundwater, drinking water and surface water was accomplished in this study.

The submitted thesis deals within the sensitive fluorimetric determination of scandium with a new reagent 8-Hydroxyquinoline-5-sulphonic acid. All important factors such as time, pH, reagent concentration, buffers, surfactants and selected interferents have been studied with respect to the selectivity, sensitivity, precision and detection limit on the determination by using classic fluorescence spectra and their first derivation. This reagent was also used for the determination of scandium in real waters. The new reagent was shortly compared to morin and lumogallion when used for scandium.

This master thesis is focused on waste waters from cosmetics industry and basic indicators of these waters. The pollution of the environment caused by increase industrial development has a negative effect on ecosystem. Waste waters are part of the pollution. In theoretical part a basic indicators of waters (its definition and way of determination) have been described. Membrane processes for water purification have been mentioned as well – particularly the ultrafiltration. The experimental part of thesis deals with practical determination of indicators mentioned in methods described in the theoretical part. Results are discussed at the close. The discussion is focused on evaluation of efficiency of the device for waste waters adjustment, which is in use in the Dermacol company, which produces cosmetics products.

This work covers the topic of metals and semimetals in water. It is divided into three parts. First, each element is characterized by its properties and behavior in water. Incidence in the environment, utilization and effects of intake on human body are described for each element. Second, means of elimination from water are introduced. Different chemical, mechanical and biological methods are discussed. In greater detail, precipitate method, cementation, electrochemical processes, sorption and biosorption are reviewed. Third, hands-on filtration experiment of polluted water with the help of different filtration materials is included. This experiment was done in a laboratory belonging to the Institute of Municipal Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology.

Thesis (M. Tech. (Agriculture)) -- Central University of Technology, Free state, 2011 / Quality assessment of agricultural water used for fertigation in the Boland district. The study was undertaken to determine the influence of seasonal changes on the water quality (chemical and microbial analyses) of five different rivers in the Boland. The data was collected in the five most important water sources that are used for irrigation purposes in the district, i.e. Berg river, Eerste river, Klapmuts River, Klippies river and Krom river. The samples were collected from all sites once every three weeks for a period of six months. The sampling was carried out during specific periods in summer (December, 2006 to February, 2007) and winter (June to August, 2007). The results of the study showed that Klapmuts river recorded the highest levels of chloride and iron, especially in summer. However, chloride levels were far below the levels set by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Results obtained from this study show the presence of pathogens in some of the rivers assessed which may have resulted from the leaching of these pathogens from nearby agricultural land, livestock watering or informal settlements in the catchment areas. The bigger rivers recorded low levels of micro-elements and this might have been affected by winter rainfall. In the Berg River, many sources of nitrate pollution seem to be present in the catchment area. The levels of iron in all the rivers assessed were far more than the levels set by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry in all rivers assessed and these might be due to the pH levels and interaction between the rivers and seasons. Iron and manganese levels should be kept low as this may cause production problems by blocking irrigation drippers. The water samples tested for bacterial and fungal density showed Klapmuts and Eerste rivers were positive for Phytophthora cinnamomi during winter. Phytophthora citricola and Phytophthora cactorum were detected in the Klapmuts and Klippies rivers in summer. The Berg-, Klapmuts-, Krom- and Eerste rivers tested positive for species of the genera Pythium and Fusarium. Similar organisms were detected in the Eerste river mainly during summer on the fourth sampling date, while Krom river only tested positive for Pythium during summer. The total bacterial and algal density differed significantly between the seasons and was highest in winter. This might be due to high rain water influx and efflux and/or moist and aerobic conditions and air temperature. There is an increased need for farmers to sterilize feeding water (chlorination) due to high microbial count.

Thesis (M. Tech. (Environmental Health)) -- Central University of technology, Free State, 2013 / Introduction: Drinking water of poor quality can cause a variety of diseases and may even result in death. The impact of poor drinking water is a course for concern even in South Africa. Therefore, the physical, chemical and microbiological drinking water quality was investigated in the peri-urban area of Bainsvlei and the Woodlands Hills Estate in Bloemfontein, Free State. Materials and Methods: The water quality was assessed in 20 identified sampling sites for three series with ten weeks apart. These sites use treated municipal and untreated borehole water for drinking. The determinants analysed for were pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, temperature, Ca, Mg, Na, F, Cl, N, SO₄,N, Free chlorine, Al, As, CN, Fe, Mn, Pb, Hg, total coliforms and E. coli. The water samples were collected and analysed on site and in the laboratory. Both the physical and chemical determinants were measured using standard methods whereas the microbiological determinants were measured using the Defined Substrate Technology (DST) method. The measurements were first compared to the SANS 241 (2011) for compliance. The ANOVA tests were used to investigate if any seasonal variations existed in the water quality as well as to compare the levels of the determinants between borehole and municipal water. In the assessment of the overall drinking water quality of different water sampling sites the water quality index (WQI) was used. Results and Discussions: Significant effects were believed to exist if the p-values of the ANOVA and Scheffe tests were at a significance level of 5% (p < 0.05). The study results revealed that of the four physical determinants that were measured turbidity exceeded the standard in many sampling sites in the three series. Of all the chemical determinants, nitrates exceeded the standard. In the same way coliforms exceeded the standard in a number of sampling sites while E. coli was found in a few sampling sites in the first series. ANOVA tests revealed that seasonal variations existed between pH, EC, temperature, cyanide and iron at a significant level of 5% (p < 0.05) while the Post-hoc Scheffe test further revealed the series in which the effect existed. Similarly, the ANOVA tests revealed that the levels of the determinants between municipal versus borehole varied in pH, EC, Ca, Mg, Na, F, Cl, N, and SO₄ at a significant level of 5% (p < 0.05). The WQI showed that in all the series when combining the good and excellent category season 2 had the highest percentage of 80%, followed by season 3 with 79% and season 1 with 70%. Only borehole sampling sites were found in the poor, very poor and unsuitable categories. Similarly all the highest WQI values were found in borehole sampling sites. Conclusion: This study revealed that the water quality is of good quality in the Bainsvlei and Woodlands Hills Estate of the Mangaung metropolitan municipality in Bloemfontein, in the Free State, South Africa. The presence of E. coli, though found in a few sampling sites and the high levels of turbidity, nitrates and coliforms are of concern to public health.

O tratamento de esgotos é essencial à manutenção de suprimento de água nos centros urbanos em condições desejáveis à saúde pública. A carência de saneamento em nosso país mostra a necessidade de alternativas tecnológicas para o tratamento de esgotos. Na busca de novas opções, iniciou-se na CETESB em 1983, o estudo de sistemas compactos para tratamento direto de esgotos pela via anaeróbia. O reator anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente e manto de lodo (reator UASB) foi estudado em escala piloto e mostrou-se viável e eficiente, levando à necessidade de se efetuar o aumento de escala para o completo desenvolvimento da tecnologia. Um reator UASB de 120 m3 foi construído. Durante sete anos (de 1987 a 1993) funcionou sob observação, o que possibilitou o domínio da tecnologia. O sistema operou à temperatura ambiente em três períodos distintos. No primeiro período estudou-se as eficiências de remoção de matéria orgânica e a produção de gás e de lodo. Com tempo de retenção hidráulica médio de 6,5 horas, obteve-se efluente com 113 mg DQO/L, 48 mg DBO/L e 39 mg SST/L. As eficiências de remoção de DQO, DBO e SST foram respectivamente de 59, 65 e 76 por cento. A remoção de Coliformes totais e fecais ficou entre 70 e 90 por cento. Sua desinfecção através de métodos convencionais como cloração, ozonização ou radiação ultravioleta mostrou-se eficiente, a exemplo da maioria dos sistemas secundários de tratamento de efluentes. Obteve-se como fator de produção de lodo 0,2 kg ST/kg DQO da alimentação, sendo esta baixa produção de lodo uma das grandes vantagens do processo anaeróbio tendo em vista o custo e o trabalho que representam o tratamento e disposição do lodo no tratamento de esgotos. A produção de gás foi de 120 NL/kg de DQO alimentado. Efetuou-se também o acompanhamento microbiológico do lodo através de metodologia específica de acompanhamento de biomassa de biodigestores, o que possibilitou o aprimoramento dos conhecimentos da formação da biomassa no decorrer do processo. No segundo período de operação comprovou-se os resultados obtidos no primeiro período. No terceiro período de operação, apoiando-se nas técnicas de análise microbiológica da biomassa, estudou-se a partida a fim de diminuir o tempo para se atingir o regime estacionário. A utilização de inóculo não adaptado, como o lodo de esgoto de reator convencional, requer três a quatro meses para atingir o estado estacionário, com as eficiências relatadas. A partir da experiência adquirida são efetuadas recomendações e considerações para dimensionamento, partida, operação, manutenção e monitoramento para servir como guia aqueles que forem utilizar esta nova tecnologia. Após a partida o sistema apresenta reprodutibilidade, confiabilidade e estabilidade de operação. O controle do sistema, quando se trata de esgoto doméstico, é bastante simples, necessitando apenas remoção periódica de lodo, além da manutenção e limpeza. Há necessidade de remoção periódica de escuma. O dimensionamento do reator sofreu aperfeiçoamentos para melhorar a separação das três fases sólida, líquida e gasosa. Além dos critérios adotados anteriormente a partir do reator piloto de 106 L que possibilitou o estabelecimento de critérios como velocidade superficial no decantador de O,7 m3/m2/h, velocidade do líquido através da abertura inferior do decantador de 5 m3/m2/h e inclinação das paredes do decantador de 50°, observou-se que o transpasse entre a parede do decantador e do defletor de gases deve ter no mínimo 15 em para assegurar que o gás não desvie para dentro do decantador. O limite de velocidade no corpo do reator não deve ultrapassar 1 m3/m2h para garantir o acúmulo de lodo no reator. O lodo apresentou granulação com diâmetros de até 2 mm. Os processos de pós tratamento que vem sendo testados dão os polimentos necessários e adequados às diversas condições de reuso ou descarte do efluente. O sistema é hoje relativamente bastante utilizado, quando se leva em conta os parcos investimentos havidos no setor nos últimos anos. No Estado de São Paulo, a aplicação desta tecnologia foi efetuada através de um convênio entre a CETESB e o DAE-Sumaré, no Jardim Santa Maria, um loteamento de 1500 habitantes. Esse trabalho, mostrou a viabilidade de sua aplicação e comprovou os resultados obtidos, assim como várias experiências realizadas por outras instituições com processo anaeróbio também o demonstraram. No Estado do Paraná, o processo anaeróbio tem sido empregado sistematicamente para o tratamento de esgotos pela Companhia de Saneamento daquele Estado, a SANEPAR. A divulgação dessas experiências e de tantas outras existentes, deve proporcionar a confiança na tecnologia possibilitando sua expansão e a melhoria da qualidade de nossas águas. / Sewage treatment is essential to water supplying in urban nuclei with desirable conditions of public health. The lack of sanitation in our country shows the necessity of sewage treatment technologies compatible to our reality. Searching for new technologies, CETESB has started in 1983, the study of new compact anaerobic treatment systems for sewage. The UASB reactor was studied in pilot scale showing the need of scaling up for it\'s complete technological development. For this purpose a 120m3 UASB reactor was built. During seven years (from 1987 to 1993) the system worked with methodological observation, which made possible the mastering of the technology. The system operated at ambient temperature in three distinct periods. In the first one the performance of organic matter removal and the gas and sludge production were studied. The results showed effluent with 113 mg COD/L, 48 mg BOD/L and 39 mg SST/L with 6.5 hours of hydraulic retention time. The COD, BOD and SST removal performances were respectively 59, 65 and 76 per cent. The faecal and total Coliform removal showed values between 70 and 90 per cent. The effluent disinfection by conventional methods as chlorination, ozonation and ultra violet radiation has showed to be efficient, as the majority of effluent secondary treatment systems. The sludge production was 0.2 kg ST/kg COD in the feed. This low sludge production is one of the biggest advantages of the anaerobic process, in view of the costly and great disturbances that represent the sludge treatment and disposal in the sewage treatment. The gas production was 120 NL/kg COD of the feed. The biomass growth was followed by means of a microbilogical analysis specially developed for biodigesters sludge. In the second operation period the results were confirmed. In the third operation period, also followed by means of microbiological technical analysis, the shortening of the start up time was studied. It was found that starting up with unacclimatized inoculum, the stationary condition takes three to four months to be achieved, with the performances related. Based on the experience gathered, recommendations are made for system design, start up, operation, maintenance and monitoring. After the start up, the system shows reproducibility, reliability and stable operation. For essentially domestic sewage, the control system is very simple, necessitating only periodical sludge removal in addition to the maintenance activities. There is necessity of periodically scum removal. The design of the reactor was changed to improve the separation of solid, liquid and gaseous phases. Besides the design criteria described before, based on pilot scale experience, such as surface velocity in the settler area of O.7 m3/m2.h, liquid velocity in the lower aperture of the settling chamber 5 m3/m2.h with minimum HRT of four hours and slope of settling chamber walls of 50°, it was observed that it needs 15 cm in the crossing between the settler wall and the gas deflector to assure no gas deviation to the settler compartment. The maximum upflow velocity in the reactor body is 1 m3/m2.h to warrant retention of sludge in the reactor. Pellets in sludge presented up to 2 mm in diameter. Post-treatments may be necessary to give the effluent the appropriated conditions for its reuse or discharge. Today, the system is quite used in Brazil, taking in account the low investments in the sector. In the State of Sao Paulo, an example of this technology transfer is the agreement signed by CETESB and DAE-Sumaré, at \"Jardim Sta. Maria\", a small community of 1500 inhabitants. This work confirmed the results obtained and showed the feasibility of its application. Other experiences made by other institutions with anaerobic process confirmed them as well. In the State of Parana, the anaerobic process has been employed systematically for sewage treatment by the State Sanitation Company. The diffusion of this experiences and of many others existing might provide the confidence in the technology, enabling its expansion and the improvement of the quality of our waters.

O tratamento de esgotos é essencial à manutenção de suprimento de água nos centros urbanos em condições desejáveis à saúde pública. A carência de saneamento em nosso país mostra a necessidade de alternativas tecnológicas para o tratamento de esgotos. Na busca de novas opções, iniciou-se na CETESB em 1983, o estudo de sistemas compactos para tratamento direto de esgotos pela via anaeróbia. O reator anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente e manto de lodo (reator UASB) foi estudado em escala piloto e mostrou-se viável e eficiente, levando à necessidade de se efetuar o aumento de escala para o completo desenvolvimento da tecnologia. Um reator UASB de 120 m3 foi construído. Durante sete anos (de 1987 a 1993) funcionou sob observação, o que possibilitou o domínio da tecnologia. O sistema operou à temperatura ambiente em três períodos distintos. No primeiro período estudou-se as eficiências de remoção de matéria orgânica e a produção de gás e de lodo. Com tempo de retenção hidráulica médio de 6,5 horas, obteve-se efluente com 113 mg DQO/L, 48 mg DBO/L e 39 mg SST/L. As eficiências de remoção de DQO, DBO e SST foram respectivamente de 59, 65 e 76 por cento. A remoção de Coliformes totais e fecais ficou entre 70 e 90 por cento. Sua desinfecção através de métodos convencionais como cloração, ozonização ou radiação ultravioleta mostrou-se eficiente, a exemplo da maioria dos sistemas secundários de tratamento de efluentes. Obteve-se como fator de produção de lodo 0,2 kg ST/kg DQO da alimentação, sendo esta baixa produção de lodo uma das grandes vantagens do processo anaeróbio tendo em vista o custo e o trabalho que representam o tratamento e disposição do lodo no tratamento de esgotos. A produção de gás foi de 120 NL/kg de DQO alimentado. Efetuou-se também o acompanhamento microbiológico do lodo através de metodologia específica de acompanhamento de biomassa de biodigestores, o que possibilitou o aprimoramento dos conhecimentos da formação da biomassa no decorrer do processo. No segundo período de operação comprovou-se os resultados obtidos no primeiro período. No terceiro período de operação, apoiando-se nas técnicas de análise microbiológica da biomassa, estudou-se a partida a fim de diminuir o tempo para se atingir o regime estacionário. A utilização de inóculo não adaptado, como o lodo de esgoto de reator convencional, requer três a quatro meses para atingir o estado estacionário, com as eficiências relatadas. A partir da experiência adquirida são efetuadas recomendações e considerações para dimensionamento, partida, operação, manutenção e monitoramento para servir como guia aqueles que forem utilizar esta nova tecnologia. Após a partida o sistema apresenta reprodutibilidade, confiabilidade e estabilidade de operação. O controle do sistema, quando se trata de esgoto doméstico, é bastante simples, necessitando apenas remoção periódica de lodo, além da manutenção e limpeza. Há necessidade de remoção periódica de escuma. O dimensionamento do reator sofreu aperfeiçoamentos para melhorar a separação das três fases sólida, líquida e gasosa. Além dos critérios adotados anteriormente a partir do reator piloto de 106 L que possibilitou o estabelecimento de critérios como velocidade superficial no decantador de O,7 m3/m2/h, velocidade do líquido através da abertura inferior do decantador de 5 m3/m2/h e inclinação das paredes do decantador de 50°, observou-se que o transpasse entre a parede do decantador e do defletor de gases deve ter no mínimo 15 em para assegurar que o gás não desvie para dentro do decantador. O limite de velocidade no corpo do reator não deve ultrapassar 1 m3/m2h para garantir o acúmulo de lodo no reator. O lodo apresentou granulação com diâmetros de até 2 mm. Os processos de pós tratamento que vem sendo testados dão os polimentos necessários e adequados às diversas condições de reuso ou descarte do efluente. O sistema é hoje relativamente bastante utilizado, quando se leva em conta os parcos investimentos havidos no setor nos últimos anos. No Estado de São Paulo, a aplicação desta tecnologia foi efetuada através de um convênio entre a CETESB e o DAE-Sumaré, no Jardim Santa Maria, um loteamento de 1500 habitantes. Esse trabalho, mostrou a viabilidade de sua aplicação e comprovou os resultados obtidos, assim como várias experiências realizadas por outras instituições com processo anaeróbio também o demonstraram. No Estado do Paraná, o processo anaeróbio tem sido empregado sistematicamente para o tratamento de esgotos pela Companhia de Saneamento daquele Estado, a SANEPAR. A divulgação dessas experiências e de tantas outras existentes, deve proporcionar a confiança na tecnologia possibilitando sua expansão e a melhoria da qualidade de nossas águas. / Sewage treatment is essential to water supplying in urban nuclei with desirable conditions of public health. The lack of sanitation in our country shows the necessity of sewage treatment technologies compatible to our reality. Searching for new technologies, CETESB has started in 1983, the study of new compact anaerobic treatment systems for sewage. The UASB reactor was studied in pilot scale showing the need of scaling up for it\'s complete technological development. For this purpose a 120m3 UASB reactor was built. During seven years (from 1987 to 1993) the system worked with methodological observation, which made possible the mastering of the technology. The system operated at ambient temperature in three distinct periods. In the first one the performance of organic matter removal and the gas and sludge production were studied. The results showed effluent with 113 mg COD/L, 48 mg BOD/L and 39 mg SST/L with 6.5 hours of hydraulic retention time. The COD, BOD and SST removal performances were respectively 59, 65 and 76 per cent. The faecal and total Coliform removal showed values between 70 and 90 per cent. The effluent disinfection by conventional methods as chlorination, ozonation and ultra violet radiation has showed to be efficient, as the majority of effluent secondary treatment systems. The sludge production was 0.2 kg ST/kg COD in the feed. This low sludge production is one of the biggest advantages of the anaerobic process, in view of the costly and great disturbances that represent the sludge treatment and disposal in the sewage treatment. The gas production was 120 NL/kg COD of the feed. The biomass growth was followed by means of a microbilogical analysis specially developed for biodigesters sludge. In the second operation period the results were confirmed. In the third operation period, also followed by means of microbiological technical analysis, the shortening of the start up time was studied. It was found that starting up with unacclimatized inoculum, the stationary condition takes three to four months to be achieved, with the performances related. Based on the experience gathered, recommendations are made for system design, start up, operation, maintenance and monitoring. After the start up, the system shows reproducibility, reliability and stable operation. For essentially domestic sewage, the control system is very simple, necessitating only periodical sludge removal in addition to the maintenance activities. There is necessity of periodically scum removal. The design of the reactor was changed to improve the separation of solid, liquid and gaseous phases. Besides the design criteria described before, based on pilot scale experience, such as surface velocity in the settler area of O.7 m3/m2.h, liquid velocity in the lower aperture of the settling chamber 5 m3/m2.h with minimum HRT of four hours and slope of settling chamber walls of 50°, it was observed that it needs 15 cm in the crossing between the settler wall and the gas deflector to assure no gas deviation to the settler compartment. The maximum upflow velocity in the reactor body is 1 m3/m2.h to warrant retention of sludge in the reactor. Pellets in sludge presented up to 2 mm in diameter. Post-treatments may be necessary to give the effluent the appropriated conditions for its reuse or discharge. Today, the system is quite used in Brazil, taking in account the low investments in the sector. In the State of Sao Paulo, an example of this technology transfer is the agreement signed by CETESB and DAE-Sumaré, at \"Jardim Sta. Maria\", a small community of 1500 inhabitants. This work confirmed the results obtained and showed the feasibility of its application. Other experiences made by other institutions with anaerobic process confirmed them as well. In the State of Parana, the anaerobic process has been employed systematically for sewage treatment by the State Sanitation Company. The diffusion of this experiences and of many others existing might provide the confidence in the technology, enabling its expansion and the improvement of the quality of our waters.

From the Proceedings of the 1973 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - May 4-5, 1973, Tucson, Arizona / Development of better instruments for analysis and automation have greatly increased the available information on quality of water during the past decade. There remains a need for further research on relationships between dissolved material and the solids in contact with water in order to cope with existing or potential problems in water quality such as the extent to which lead from automobile exhausts may contaminate water supplies, or the safety of disposal of toxic wastes into deep saline aquifers.

From the Proceedings of the 1977 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 15-16, 1977, Las Vegas, Nevada / Bottom sediment quality of the upper four miles of Sabino Creek in the Santa Catalina mountains near Tucson, Arizona was examined from September, 1975 through August, 1976. Two primary bottom sediment parameters were examined: 1) sediment fecal bacterial concentrations, and 2) sediment particle size distribution. Analyses of bottom sediment parameters and selected surface water parameters were conducted to ascertain interrelationships between bottom sediment quality and surface water quality. Results indicate the importance of bottom sediments in the overall quality of the Creek. Bottom sediment fecal bacterial concentrations have a significant influence on surface water fecal bacterial concentrations through suspension of sediment stored bacteria into the overlying water. Significantly higher bacterial concentrations were observed during highest recreational use periods.