Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 36-41).

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:58:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6113.pdf: 14480974 bytes, checksum: cca2a2f995c38bc760cbc592a2cee898 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-06 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This study analyzes the microclimate effects caused by a water body in São José do Rio Preto city, which is located at an Altitute Tropical Climate region in the São Paulo State, Brazil. The main hypothesis stems from the conjunction among the air masses action in the region combined with the evaporative cooling by the water body in the built environment. The study methodology is based on the physical characterization of different environments that make up the urban environment, in determining procedures of gathering data field, in the analysis of macro and meso climatic characteristics of the region, in the treatment of microclimate data by mapping information and the formulation of guide lines for urban space occupation. The monitoring field data campaigns used meteorological measurements at fixed points to record the behavior of temperature, humidity, solar radiation, evapotranspiration, the wind speed and direction in the urban area, both in the rural environment, in the bank of the dam, in the inner city and in the suburbs. Climate general information of the region were collected by Automatic Weather Station of CIIAGRO Center for Integrated Agricultural Weather Information and the CETESB Station Environmental Company of São Paulo State - which were crossed with the data and the satellite images of INPE-CPTEC Prediction Center of Weather and Climate Research. After the field campaigns, climatic data and physical characteristics of the urban environment were processed using geostatistical methods for mapping the microclimate behavior of the studied urban areas. We concluded that the wind action over the water mass may influence the immediate surroundings, reaching approximately 1.000m depending of the topographical characteristics, of the urban occupation and the atmospheric conditions. Humidification of urban air through the water body can reduce the daily temperature peaks at approximately 3°C, however, the significant difference found in the rates of temperature and humidity in the urban canopy layer clarifies that the 9 km² of the water surface are insufficient to influence the farthest outlying areas of the dam under any climatic conditions. The low penetration of humidified air masses suggests that urban space should favor the passive action of evaporative cooling to cause microclimatic effects to mitigate the temperature amplitude in low vegetated areas and in a highly waterproofed city. / Este estudo analisa os efeitos microclimáticos provocados por corpo d´água sobre a cidade de São José do Rio Preto, localizada em uma região de clima Tropical de Altitude no Estado de São Paulo. A principal hipótese decorre da conjunção entre a atuação das massas de ar da região, com o resfriamento evaporativo provocado pelo corpo d água e com o ambiente construído. A metodologia do estudo se baseia na caracterização física dos diversos ambientes que compõem o espaço urbano, na determinação dos procedimentos de coleta de dados de campo, na análise das características macro e meso climáticas da região, no tratamento de dados microclimáticos através do mapeamento de informações e na formulação de diretrizes para a ocupação do espaço urbano. As campanhas de coleta de dados micrometeorológicos utilizaram medições em pontos fixos para registrar o comportamento da temperatura, da umidade, da irradiância global horizontal, da evaporação, da direção e da velocidade do vento na malha urbana, tanto na área rural como nas margens da represa, no centro urbano e nos bairros periféricos. Os dados climáticos da região foram coletados pela Estação Meteorológica automática do CIIAGRO - Centro Integrado de Informações Agro Meteorológicas e pela estação da CETESB Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo as quais foram cruzadas com os dados e Imagens de Satélite do Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos CPTEC INPE. Após as coletas de campo, os dados climáticos e as informações das características físicas do ambiente urbano foram processados através de métodos geoestatísticos para mapear o comportamento microclimático das áreas urbanas estudadas. Conclui-se que a ação do vento sobre a massa d água pode influenciar no entorno imediato, chegando a influenciar até aproximadamente 1.000m de raio de distância, dependendo das características topográficas, de ocupação e das condições atmosféricas. A umidificação do ar urbano através do corpo d água pode reduzir os picos diários de temperatura em aproximadamente 3°C, no entanto, a expressiva diferença detectada nos índices de temperatura e umidade nas camadas intraurbanas esclarece que os 9 km² da represa municipal são insuficientes para influenciar as zonas periféricas mais distantes dela, sob quaisquer condições climáticas. A pouca penetração das massas umidificadas de ar sugere que o espaço urbano deve favorecer a ação passiva do resfriamento evaporativo para provocar efeitos microclimáticos que amenizem a amplitude térmica nos espaços pouco vegetados e muito impermeabilizados da cidade.

Dans ce travail de thèse, certaines étendues d’eaux continentales regroupant plusieurs types de système de dépôt comme les lacs, mers intérieures et lagunes ont été regroupées au sein d'un nouveau groupe de système sédimentaire mentionnés sous l'appellation de Wind-driven Water Body (WWB).Afin de caractériser l'évolution et l'enregistrement sédimentaire d'un exemple de WWB, une étude sédimentologique intégrée du bassin quaternaire du Lac Saint-Jean (Québec, Canada) a été menée à partir d'une approche intégrant géologie de terrain et imagerie géophysique très haute résolution (CHIRP 2D). A l'échelle du cortège sédimentaire, le régime glaciaire à paraglaciaire de la sédimentation et le rebond glacio-isostatique ont contrôlé au premier ordre, à la fois la succession lithologique et les architectures grandes échelles du bassin pour générer un Cortège de Régression Forcée (CRF) atypique. Au sein de ce cortège de régression forcée fini-glaciaire, une dynamique de système WWB s'est progressivement affirmée à partir de 8,5 cal. ka BP. Elle s'est exprimée par la mise en place d'une dynamique littorale importante occasionnellement associée à une circulation interne générant des courants de fonds lors d'épisodes de vents forts.Finalement, l'analyse sédimentologique du bassin du Lac Saint-Jean a permis de dégager plusieurs interprétations ayant attrait (1) à l'évolution des systèmes WWB et (2) aux séquences de déglaciation en domaine précédemment englacé. De plus, ce travail représente une contribution à l'échelle régionale pour les modalités de la dernière déglaciation du Sud-Est du Québec. / In this study, a certain number of continental enclosed basins including several depositional systems such as lakes, inland seas or lagoons have been grouped in a new sort of sedimentary system referred to as Wind driven Water Body. To characterize the sedimentary evolution and record of a WWB basin, an integrated sedimentological study has been carried out on the quaternary Saint-Jean basin (Québec, Canada) based on field onshore geology and offshore geophysics (CHIRP 2D).At the system-tract scale, the glacial to paraglacial sedimentation and the glacio-isostatic rebound controlled at first-order the lithofacies succession and large-scale architectures to generate an original Falling Stage System Tract (FSST). Within this FSST, since 8.5 cal. ka BP a WWB related sedimentary evolution overprinted the glacial to paraglacial evolution. This expressed in the form of the emplacement of an important coastal dynamics, occasionally accompanied by a lake-scale hydrodynamics at the origins of bottom currents during strong wind to storm events.Finally, the sedimentological analysis of the Saint-Jean basin brought numerous interpretations related to (1) the sedimentary evolution of WWB systems and (2) deglaciation sequences in previously glaciated domains. In addition, this work supplements the regional quaternary framework concerning the latest deglaciation evolution in southeast Quebec.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-04-11T20:48:07Z No. of bitstreams: 5 Dissertação - Wesley da Silva Belizário - 2015 - Parte 1.pdf: 20170707 bytes, checksum: 18ed9a0a2a6bc9018810ab499df1e59e (MD5) Dissertação - Wesley da Silva Belizário - 2015 - Parte 2.pdf: 20333477 bytes, checksum: 7a0cfdf1b457ad2a41243662271a7fcc (MD5) Dissertação - Wesley da Silva Belizário - 2015 - Parte 3.pdf: 18808347 bytes, checksum: 8b7058ca5916d57c17296b49842021e0 (MD5) Dissertação - Wesley da Silva Belizário - 2015 - Parte 4.pdf: 10334335 bytes, checksum: da6b4312064471fc84e68aa54c95976c (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-04-15T15:34:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 5 Dissertação - Wesley da Silva Belizário - 2015 - Parte 1.pdf: 20170707 bytes, checksum: 18ed9a0a2a6bc9018810ab499df1e59e (MD5) Dissertação - Wesley da Silva Belizário - 2015 - Parte 2.pdf: 20333477 bytes, checksum: 7a0cfdf1b457ad2a41243662271a7fcc (MD5) Dissertação - Wesley da Silva Belizário - 2015 - Parte 3.pdf: 18808347 bytes, checksum: 8b7058ca5916d57c17296b49842021e0 (MD5) Dissertação - Wesley da Silva Belizário - 2015 - Parte 4.pdf: 10334335 bytes, checksum: da6b4312064471fc84e68aa54c95976c (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-15T15:34:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 5 Dissertação - Wesley da Silva Belizário - 2015 - Parte 1.pdf: 20170707 bytes, checksum: 18ed9a0a2a6bc9018810ab499df1e59e (MD5) Dissertação - Wesley da Silva Belizário - 2015 - Parte 2.pdf: 20333477 bytes, checksum: 7a0cfdf1b457ad2a41243662271a7fcc (MD5) Dissertação - Wesley da Silva Belizário - 2015 - Parte 3.pdf: 18808347 bytes, checksum: 8b7058ca5916d57c17296b49842021e0 (MD5) Dissertação - Wesley da Silva Belizário - 2015 - Parte 4.pdf: 10334335 bytes, checksum: da6b4312064471fc84e68aa54c95976c (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-17 / The urban dynamics combined with the rapid growth of cities, in many cases poorly planned, generates a range of social and environmental problems that end up negatively impact natural systems and counterproductive way to affect water resources. Therefore, this research was developed that aimed to analyze the environmental condition of watersheds in urban areas, having as object specific the watersheds of streams Almeida and Santa Rita in Aparecida de Goiânia/GO. To achieve the goal were followed four basic steps, namely (1) the analysis of the environmental quality of springs, (2) environmental analysis of river basins, (3) the analysis of the environmental condition of critical parts of basins and (4) the physicochemical and microbiological analysis of water from river basins. To analyze the environmental quality of the springs was developed and implemented a Rapid Assessment Protocol, where were established some parameters for checking the quality of the springs as water color, odor, waste, floating materials, foams, oils, the sewer, the preservation of vegetation use by animals, for human use, site protection, the proximity to residences or establishments and type of each spring insertion area. It was found that among the sources analyzed only 33% have positive environmental quality and 67% of springs suffer from impacts that compromise their systems. In environmental analysis they were identified the most intense environmental impacts as siltation, erosion, pollution and contamination of soil and water by solid waste and liquid resulting from domestic and industrial sources, and other processes which lead to degradation of the environment. To assess the environmental condition of the water body eight were selected excerpts and it was developed and implemented a Rapid Assessment Protocol composed by analysis of parameters such as the type of occupation of the banks of the water body, erosions nearby and/or the banks, silting up of the bed, anthropogenic change, vegetation cover on the bed, the smell of water, water oiliness, water transparency, the odor of the sediment (background), the oiliness of the fund, the fund type, the type of bottom habitats, types of substrate, the deposition of mud, changes in the river channel, the characteristics of the water flows, the presence of riparian vegetation, the stability of margins, riparian forest extension, presence of aquatic plants and the extent and frequency of rapids. In this analysis, only two stretches had good environmental condition, being considered preserved environments. For physical-chemical analysis of water quality were chosen three sampling points: one in the stream basin Almeida (point 1), another in the creek watershed Santa Rita (point 2) and the third at the meeting of the two basins (point 3). This analysis considered the following parameters: turbidity, color, pH, iron, hardness, chloride, alkalinity, oxygen consumption, CO2 free, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. From these, we found the level of pollution and water contamination, and the basin of the stream Almeida possessing more polluted and contaminated water and the basin of the stream Santa Rita with the highest level of quality water. It was also made microbiological analysis of water in the same spots. In all of them the count of heterotrophic bacteria, the amount of total coliforms and E. coli exceeded the limit allowed by law. Thus, from these four steps we believe we have developed a survey that can bring to light the problems environmental existing in urban watersheds of the municipality and thus provide subsidies for the construction of social and environmental policies in Aparecida de Goiânia/GO, given that that these problems permeate also the breakdown of social structures. Similarly, we consider relevant the contribution of this work to new academic researches in watersheds situated in urban areas. / A dinâmica urbana aliada ao rápido crescimento das cidades, em muitos casos mal planejado, gera uma série de problemas sociais e ambientais que terminam por impactar negativamente os sistemas naturais e afetar de forma contraproducente os recursos hídricos. Diante disso, foi desenvolvida esta pesquisa que teve como objetivo analisar a situação ambiental de bacias hidrográficas em espaços urbanos, tendo como objeto específico as bacias hidrográficas dos córregos Almeida e Santa Rita em Aparecida de Goiânia/GO. Para alcançar o objetivo foram seguidos quatro passos fundamentais, a saber: (1) análise da qualidade ambiental das nascentes, (2) identificação dos impactos ambientais existentes nessas bacias de drenagem, (3) análise da condição ambiental do corpo hídrico, e (4) análise físico-química e microbiológica da água das bacias hidrográficas. Para a análise da qualidade ambiental das nascentes foi elaborado e aplicado um Protocolo de Avaliação Rápida, onde foram estabelecidos alguns parâmetros para verificação da qualidade das nascentes como: cor da água, odor, presença de lixo e materiais flutuantes, existência de espumas ou óleos na água, esgoto, preservação da vegetação, uso por animais, uso por humanos, proteção do local, proximidade com residências ou estabelecimentos e tipo de área de inserção de cada nascente. Foi constatado que, dentre as nascentes analisadas, somente 33% tem qualidade ambiental positiva, e 67% das nascentes sofrem com impactos que comprometem, de forma significativa, seus sistemas. Na análise ambiental foram identificados os impactos ambientais mais expressivos como: assoreamento, erosões, poluição e contaminação do solo e da água por resíduos sólidos e líquidos, decorrentes de fontes domésticas e industriais, além de outros processos que levam à degradação do meio. Para a avaliação da condição ambiental do corpo hídrico foram selecionados oito trechos e elaborado e aplicado um Protocolo de Avaliação Rápida composto por parâmetros de análise como: tipo de ocupação das margens, erosões próximas e/ou nas margens, assoreamento do leito, alterações antrópicas, cobertura vegetal no leito, odor da água, oleosidade da água, transparência da água, odor do sedimento do fundo, oleosidade do fundo, tipo de fundo, tipo de habitats do fundo, tipos de substrato, deposição de lama, alterações no canal do rio, características dos fluxos das águas, presença de mata ciliar, estabilidade das margens, extensão de mata ciliar, presença de plantas aquáticas e extensão/frequência dos rápidos. Nesta análise, somente dois trechos tinham condição ambiental boa, sendo considerados ambientes preservados. Para análise físico-química da qualidade da água foram escolhidos três pontos de amostragem: um na bacia do córrego Almeida (ponto 1), outro na bacia do córrego Santa Rita (ponto 2) e o terceiro na confluência das duas bacias de drenagem (ponto 3). Esta análise considerou os seguintes parâmetros: turbidez, cor, pH, ferro, dureza, cloretos, alcalinidade, oxigênio consumido, CO2 livre, condutividade elétrica e sólidos totais dissolvidos. A partir destes, foi possível verificar o nível de poluição e contaminação da água, sendo a bacia do córrego Almeida possuidora de águas mais poluídas e contaminadas e a bacia do córrego Santa Rita com águas de maior nível de qualidade. Foi também feita análise microbiológica da água nos mesmos pontos. Em todos eles a contagem de bactérias heterotróficas, a quantidade de coliformes totais e Escherichia Coli ultrapassou o limite permitido pela legislação. A partir dessas quatro etapas acreditamos ter desenvolvido uma pesquisa que possa trazer à tona os problemas ambientais existentes nas bacias hidrográficas urbanas do município e, assim, fornecer subsídios para a construção de políticas socioambientais em Aparecida de Goiânia/GO, tendo em vista que estes problemas perpassam, também, pelo desarranjo das estruturas sociais. Da mesma forma, consideramos relevante a contribuição deste trabalho para novas pesquisas acadêmicas em bacias hidrográficas situadas em áreas citadinas.

Submitted by Adriana Martinez (amartinez@unoeste.br) on 2017-06-01T14:42:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Isamara.pdf: 1900151 bytes, checksum: bf2306ee5b36c025c99dadb0b3ed1c84 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T14:42:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Isamara.pdf: 1900151 bytes, checksum: bf2306ee5b36c025c99dadb0b3ed1c84 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-17 / The objective of this study was to study the influence of magnetized water intake on body weight gain, body morphometry and reproductive system, semen characteristics and body and scrotal area temperatures with digital infrared thermography in young Nellore bulls in extensive management and In confinement. Twenty bulls with initial age of 14 months were used, divided into two groups: Treated - water ingestion treated by magnetic field; And Control - drinking water intake. Four collections were made, 2 in extensive management (14 and 18 months of age) and 2 in confinement (20 and 21 months of age), in which they were measured: climatic factors, rectal temperature, body weight, wither height, Length, width and height of the testicles, semen collection and infrared digital thermography of the eyeball, mufla, flank, ischium and scrotum. It was concluded that the intake of water treated by magnetic field was not efficient in relation to weight gain in pasture and in confinement, as well as for body morphometry and reproductive system. In confinement, there was also no influence of water treated by magnetic field on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the semen. Digital infrared thermography proved to be effective for measuring body and scrotal areas, where the grazing group treated with magnetic field water showed higher temperatures for the ocular globe, mufla, flank and ischium. For the scrotal pouch, the pasture, the temperature of the spermatic cord and testis were higher in the treated group; And in confinement, the temperature of the testes and tail of the epididymis were higher in the group with drinking water intake. / Objetivou-se estudar a influência da ingestão da água magnetizada no ganho de peso corpóreo, morfometria corpórea e do aparelho reprodutor, características do sêmen e temperaturas de áreas do corpo e escroto com termografia digital de infravermelho em touros jovens da raça Nelore em manejo extensivo e em confinamento. Foram utilizados 20 touros com idade inicial de 14 meses, divididos em dois grupos: Tratado - ingestão de água tratada por campo magnético; e Controle - ingestão de água potável. Foram realizadas 4 coletas sendo 2 em manejo extensivo (14 e 18 meses de idade) e 2 em confinamento (20 e 21 meses de idade), nas quais foram aferidos: fatores climáticos, temperatura retal, peso corpóreo, altura de cernelha, mensuração do comprimento, largura e altura dos testículos, colheita de sêmen e termografia digital por infravermelho do globo ocular, mufla, flanco, ísquio e escroto. Conclui-se que a ingestão da água tratada por campo magnético não se apresentou eficiente em relação ao ganho de peso a pasto e em confinamento, assim como para morfometria corpórea e do aparelho reprodutor. Em confinamento, também não houve influência da água tratada por campo magnético sobre as características quantitativas e qualitativas do sêmen. A termografia digital por infravermelho se mostrou eficaz para mensuração das áreas do corpo e da bolsa escrotal, onde a pasto o grupo com ingestão de água tratada por campo magnético apresentou temperaturas superiores para globo ocular, mufla, flanco e ísquios. Para bolsa escrotal, a pasto, a temperatura do cordão espermático e testículo foram superiores no grupo tratado; e em confinamento, a temperatura do testículo e cauda dos epidídimos foram superiores no grupo com ingestão de água potável.

Urban runoff continues to impair water quality and there is an increasing need for stormwater management within the limited confines of urban spaces. We propose a system of structural soil and trees that can be incorporated beneath pavement. Structural soil has a high load-bearing capacity yet is engineered to support tree root growth. Stormwater is directed into a structural soil reservoir below the pavement where tree roots can also thrive. Two container experiments evaluated tree function in this system. We examined whether tree roots can grow into compacted subsoils and if root penetration increases soil infiltration rate. Quercus velutina, Acer rubrum, and a no-tree variant were planted in 26.5 L (7 gal) containers and the rootballs surrounded by compacted clay loam. Roots grew into all layers of the compacted soil. Infiltration rate increased by 63% (+/-2%) compared to no-tree containers. A second experiment evaluated water uptake and tree development in fluctuating water tables. Quercus bicolor and Fraxinus pennsylvanica were planted in 94.6 L (25 gal) containers with structural soils (either Stalite or CU® Structural Soil). Trees were subjected to fluctuating water tables simulating infiltration rates of 2, 1, and 0.1 cm/hr for two growing seasons. Trees thrived in all infiltration regimes but roots were shallower in slowly drained treatments. Trees grew best and transpired the highest water volume with moderate infiltration. Even if trees uptake only small volumes of water, increased canopy size compared to conventional plantings (because of greater penetrable soil volume) allows greater rainfall interception thus decreasing runoff. / Master of Science

Title: Body composition in children with different movement programm Objectives: The main objektive of this work is analysis of body composition while using BIA method children of younger school age and consired differences in physical components with regard to different movement programm. Methodes: Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis device Bodystat 1500. Data was processed in Microsoft Excel. Followed parameters are the percentage of body fat, the absolute amount of fat-free mass in kg, the proportion of total body water. The research participated in total 75 probands agend 10-11 years of average height 147,7 cm and weight 42,1 kg. The research includes regularly training 25 children from RC Mountfield Říčany (training 3 times a week + 2x physical education) with a medium to hight intensity exersice of 360 minutes per week, regularly training 25 children from Říčany Fight Club (2x weekly training + 2x physical education) with a medium to hight intensity exersice of 270 minutes per week and 25 children from the Nemo Říčany Elementary School where the physical education 90 minutes per week. The research group is made up of boys only, because girl with a higher percentage of total body fat have a higher BFM then boys. Results: The average proportion of body fat in boys...

Cette thèse s’est déroulée dans le cadre du projet EPEC (Epuration en Eau Courante) soutenu par le programme ECOTECH 2010 de l’ANR. Ce projet doit permettre d’aider à répondre aux exigences de la Directive Cadre sur l’Eau pour les petits cours d’eau en zone rurale. Deux voies ont été explorées i) la première vise à étudier et à proposer des moyens d’améliorer la capacité d’épuration au sein de systèmes naturels, en s’appuyant sur des observations réalisées sur deux cours d’eau en Lorraine (Brénon et St-Oger) ii) la seconde concerne la réduction des impacts sur le milieu récepteur des rejets de stations d’épuration en milieu rural par l’étude du fonctionnement de zones de rejet végétalisées (ou ZRV) à la sortie de ces stations. A l’échelle de la rivière, la caractérisation sur tout son cours permet de distinguer les zones les plus susceptibles de présenter des phénomènes d’autoépuration marqués. Cela a permis, en combinaison avec des caractérisations hydromorphologiques, de sélectionner pour chacun tronçon de taille plus réduite. Ces tronçons sont localisés en aval de zones urbanisées et présentent une succession de parties rectifiées et de parties naturelles. La réponse du tronçon naturel face aux polluants domestiques est différente selon le cours d’eau. Le tronçon naturel du Brénon, d’une longueur d’environ 6 km était efficace en termes d’abattement des matières organiques, de l’azote ammoniacal et des nitrates. Quant au St-Oger, les polluants ont été beaucoup moins influencés dans le tronçon naturel dont la longueur n’était que de 0.5 km. La troisième échelle s’est intéressée au compartiment hyporhéique dont le comportement est déterminé par les caractéristiques hydromorphologiques du cours d’eau, la composition du substrat et notamment sa porosité, et les conditions hydrologiques qui varient en fonction des aléas climatiques. A partir de prélèvements dans la zone hyporhéique (- 30 et -50 cm pour le Brénon et -20 et -30 cm pour le St-Oger), quatre types de fonctionnement ont été distingués en fonction de la disponibilité en oxygène dissous et des échanges possibles entre la zone hyporhéique et l’eau de surface : (1) les zones aérobies à échange hyporhéique important contribuent à la dégradation des matières organiques et à l’oxydation de l’azote ammoniacal ; (2) les zones anoxiques à échange hyporhéique moindre caractérisées par une épuisement rapide de l’oxygène dissous par le biais de métabolismes microbiens aérobies et par une réduction des nitrates ; (3) les zones anoxiques à faible échange hyporhéique caractérisées par une accumulation des sels en profondeur et une réduction des nitrates et sulfates et (4) les zones fermées caractérisées soit par présence du colmatage soit par une très faible conductivité hydraulique. Ces fonctionnements ont pu partiellement être reproduits au laboratoire dans un réacteur à lit poreux permettant de simuler la zone hyporhéique. Le terme de ZRV est utilisé pour décrire des espaces aménagés entre le point de rejet de station d'épuration en amont et le milieu récepteur en aval, dans le but de réaliser un traitement de finition des eaux résiduaires traitées. Ces ZRV ont montré une forte capacité à éliminer les nitrates et les phosphates en période estivale, mais une production de carbone organique dissous a aussi été notée lié à la décomposition des macrophytes (phragmites, lentilles d’eau, algues, etc). En plus, une forte production d’oxygène par la photosynthèse des algues a été observée au printemps. Cependant, cette production s’atténuait progressivement avec la vitesse de recouvrement de l’eau libre par de lentilles d’eau. Deux tests biologiques sur le potentiel de la dénitrification et de méthanisation des sédiments des zones humides ont été effectués en laboratoire pour corroborer les observations de terrain / The present PhD work was carried out within the project EPEC (Epuration en Eau Courante) funded by an ANR program, ECOTECH, in order to meet the requirements of Water Framework Directive for small streams, in particular in rural areas where domestic wastewater could be directly discharged by reason of lack of sewerage network and contribute to water quality degradation. Two study directions have been taken: i) the first aimed to study natural purification in stream systems and find out the way to improve water quality, and 2) the second concerned the reduction of the impact of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) discharge to receiving water bodies by installation of a free-surface constructed wetland between them. Three study scales were investigated within two rural streams of Lorraine, Brénon and St-Oger. At stream scale, characterization of water quality along its course allowed us to distinguish some segments where occurred naturel purification processes. The second study scale was on relevant stream sections presenting interesting hydromorphologic features. These sections were located at the downstream of urban areas and present a succession of rectified and naturel segments. The response of naturel sections to domestic pollutants was different for the two streams. The Brénon section length of about 6 km was efficient for organic matter, ammonium nitrogen and nitrates removal. Concerning the St-Oger stream, the pollutants were less influenced in the natural section long of only 0.5 km. The last study scale focused on the hyporheic zone where system function depends on hydromorphologic features of the stream, composition of streambed, especially its porosity, and hydrologic conditions which depends on climate. According to analysis on hyporheic waters sampled at -30 and -50 cm for Brénon and -20 and -30 cm for St-Oger, four functional zones were distinguished in relation with dissolved oxygen availability and possible water exchange between hyporheic zone and surface water: (1) aerobic zones at high hyporheic exchange showing contribution to organic matter degradation and oxidation of ammonium nitrogen; (2) Anoxic zones with less hyporheic exchange characterized by fast dissolved oxygen depletion by aerobic microbial metabolism and reduction of nitrates; (3) Anoxic zones with low hyporheic exchange characterized by accumulation of salts in deep layers and reduction of nitrates and sulfates and (4) “closed” zones characterized by clogged spaces or very low hydraulic conductivity. These functions could be partially reproduced in laboratory within a porous bed reactor simulating an hyporheic zone. Free-surface wetlands are spaces constructed between the discharge point of the WWTP and the receiving watercourse, here small streams in rural areas, with the aim to finish the waste water treatment. The wetlands had shown high capacity to remove nitrates and phosphates in summer periods. However a production of dissolved organic carbon was noticed and results from plant decomposition (reed, duckweed, algae, etc.). Algae contributed to high oxygen production through photosynthesis in spring. This production progressively decreased with the proliferation of duckweed on the water surface. Two biological tests on sediment's potentiality for denitrification and methane production were carried out at laboratory scale in order to corroborate the field observations

The diversity of habitats in water bodies like rivers is characterised by the status of morphological and hydrological conditions. The good ecological status of water bodies is claimed in the EuropeanWater Framework Directive. For the assessment of this status the hydro-morphology is one of the most important supporting components for the classification of the ecological status of water bodies. Therefore the periodical monitoring is a mandatory measure in the scope of the European Water Framework Directive. Regarding the so called overview-method of the LAWA (German Working Group on water issues of the Federal States and the Federal Government represented by the Federal Environment Ministry) the use of remote sensing data and remote sensing methodologies becomes more important. Therefore remote sensing data on different scales (satellite, aerial photographs) as well as other topographic information (ATKIS) and a high resolution DTM are merged into an integrative process of analysis using remote sensing and GIS methodology. The analyses ared focused on two parameters. First, a detailed landuse classification based on LANDSAT satellite data is performed for whole catchment of a small river. The results show significant increase of urban areas close to the river. The second analyses deals with the determination of river curvature and introduces the use of a quasi-continously representation of the river. An additional challenge is the chosen study area of a low mountain range river. While large rivers are clear visible in remote sensing data, the usability and transformation of the well-established algorithms and work ows to small rivers need a further substantial research.