Analisam-se a variação de parâmetros obtidos da curva tensão-deformação dos solos, interpretada como uma hipérbole, em função dos parâmetros de compactação obtidos da curva de compactação Proctor Normal. Esta análise é feita em três solos típicos. / The variation of the parameters obtained by the stress-strain curve of the soils, understood as a hyperbola is analysed in function of the compactation parameters obtained from the Proctor Compactation Curve. This analysis is made with three typical soils.

Analisam-se a variação de parâmetros obtidos da curva tensão-deformação dos solos, interpretada como uma hipérbole, em função dos parâmetros de compactação obtidos da curva de compactação Proctor Normal. Esta análise é feita em três solos típicos. / The variation of the parameters obtained by the stress-strain curve of the soils, understood as a hyperbola is analysed in function of the compactation parameters obtained from the Proctor Compactation Curve. This analysis is made with three typical soils.

The importance of applying unsaturated soil mechanics concepts to geotechnical engineering design has been widely recognized. Soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) and hydraulic conductivity function (HCF) are vital soil properties that govern engineering behavior of unsaturated soils. In this study, a transient water release and imbibitions method (TRIM) is used to measure the SWCC and HCF under drying and wetting states, which accommodates integrated experimental and modeling techniques. The results of saturated hydraulic conductivity tests through flexible wall method are then used as input parameters for simulating experimental data. In general, the model provides a satisfactory fit to experimental data. Soil water characteristic curves (SWCCs) and hydraulic conductivity functions (HCFs) are presented for a variety of soils that were prepared at different molding water contents and compactive efforts. The influences of dry density, molding water content, and hysteresis have been investigated. Dry density affects soil-water characteristic in terms of its air-entry value (AEV), rate of drying, and size of the hysteresis loop. The test results indicate that the SWCC and HCF obtained in terms of volumetric water content is more sensitive to the changes in dry density than molding water content. Based on cohesive soil results, some statistical relations are proposed to estimate wetting-path SWCC and HCF parameters from more easily measured drying curves. Changes in the van Genuchten's fitting parameters and residual volumetric water content are investigated for both drying and wetting conditions, with changes in the kaolin clay content. / Master of Science / Traditional soil mechanics practice has experienced considerable changes during the past few decades. Within that period, the necessity of unsaturated soil mechanics has gradually emerged and become a part of geotechnical engineering practice. Soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) and hydraulic conductivity function (HCF) are very important properties in the assessment of unsaturated soil behaviors. A transient water release and imbibitions method (TRIM) is used to investigate unsaturated soil properties of a variety of test soils under laboratory conditions. TRIM integrates a testing program and a modeling technique to measure SWCC and HCF concurrently for both drying (water release upon matric suction increase) and wetting (water imbibition upon matric suction decrease) conditions. Compaction, which is a classical application involving unsaturated soil, has the preferred practice for improving the mechanical and hydraulic properties of a soil. The structure and fabric of compacted material is very dependent on the compacted conditions, including compactive effort and molding water content. This paper evaluates the influence of such mentioned factors on the SWCC and HCF. The test results indicate that the SWCC and HCF obtained in terms of volumetric water content is more sensitive to the changes in compactive effort than molding water content. Hysteresis phenomena, the difference in the relationship between the water content of the soil and the corresponding water potential under drying and wetting path, is investigated. Based on cohesive soil results, some statistical relations are proposed to estimate wetting-path SWCC and HCF parameters from more easily measured drying curves.

Orientador: Miriam Gonçalves Miguel / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T02:43:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leme_MarianeAlvesdeGodoy_M.pdf: 3780913 bytes, checksum: 46059021b9d22c4aa2a0858bb94151e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A geração dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) é uma ocorrência diária que deve ser gerenciada. Os aterros sanitários são os empreendimentos para disposição adequada desses resíduos. Dentre os constituintes estruturais dos aterros sanitários, há as barreiras impermeabilizantes de base, que podem ser de vários tipos, sendo as constituídas por solo argiloso compactado amplamente utilizadas. Este trabalho objetivou-se caracterizar o solo utilizado como camada mineral compactada no sistema de barreira impermeabilizante de base de uma célula experimental de RSU, no Aterro Delta A, em Campinas/SP. As amostras de solo foram coletadas em uma jazida localizada nas proximidades do aterro e caracterizadas por ensaios físicos, químicos, mineralógicos, geotécnicos e papel filtro para determinação das curvas de retenção do solo à água e ao lixiviado. Acompanhou-se a execução da camada mineral compactada em campo, obtendo-se grau de compactação de 100% e desvio de umidade de -3,8%. O solo apresentou resultados potenciais para ser utilizado como camada mineral compactada do sistema de barreira impermeabilizante de base de aterros sanitários, visto sua classificação pelo SUCS como CL, porcentagem de fração de finos maior que 30% e IP entre 10 e 30%, os quais atendem aos valores sugeridos pela literatura como requisitos a proporcionar valores de coeficientes de permeabilidade inferiores a 10-9 m/s, exigidos para solos utilizados com esta finalidade. Além da predominância à adsorção de cátions devido seu pH em estado natural encontrar-se acima do valor de Ponto de Carga Zero e sua fração sólida mineral apresentar argilominerais que oferecem propriedades coloidais como afinidade pelo lixiviado e elementos químicos nele dissolvidos. Da análise comparativa das curvas de retenção à água destilada e ao lixiviado, tem-se que o lixiviado provoca uma redução do valor da sucção para a umidade de campo, aumentando o coeficiente de permeabilidade da barreira impermeabilizante de base. Assim, a sucção osmótica foi um fator importante nas diferenças de comportamento dessas curvas / Abstract: The generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a daily occurrence that must be managed. Sanitary landfills are the enterprises for proper disposal of MSW. Among the structural constituents of sanitary landfill, are the liners, which can be made of different kinds, being the compacted clay liner widely used. This study aimed to characterize the soil used as mineral compacted layer at a liner of an experimental cell of MSW, located in Sanitary Landfill called Delta A, in Campinas city, São Paulo, Brazil. Soil samples were collected in a field reservoir located near the sanitary landfill, previously prepared and characterized by physic, chemical, mineralogical, geotechnical and filter paper tests, this latter test to determinate soil water (and leachate too) retention curves. The liner construction in field was followed, obtaining 100% of compaction degree of the soil and gravimetric moisture content of 3.8% below optimum. The soil presented potential to use as mineral compacted layer of sanitary landfill, since it was classified as CL by USCS, fine fraction percentage value greater than 30% and PI value between 10 and 30%, fitting with the values suggested by literature technical, as requirements to provide coefficient permeability values less than 10-9 m/s, which are required for soils used as sanitary landfill liners. Inn addition to the cations adsorption the soil presented predominance because of the natural pH value above the Load Point Zero value and the presence of clay minerals on solid fraction of the soil, showing colloidal properties that offer affinity for leachate and chemical elements dissolved in it. A comparative analysis of the retention curve to distilled water and leachate showed that leachate causes a reduction of the amount of suction at moisture field, increasing the permeability coefficient of the liner for leachate. Thus, the osmotic suction was one of the main factors responsible for the retention curves differences behavior / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestra em Engenharia Civil

Cincos solos compactados do estado de São Paulo foram estudados para uso como barreira impermeável de aterros sanitários. Foram realizados ensaios em permeâmetro de parede flexível com utilização do sistema de controle hidráulico de volume constante (sistema fechado), ensaios em permeâmetro de parede rígida e ensaios de contração. Verificou-se que menores valores de condutividade hidráulica estão associados a teores de umidade de moldagem igual ou acima do teor de umidade ótimo fornecida no ensaio de Proctor normal. Teores de umidade acima do ótimo e graus de compactação superiores a 100% não causaram significativas reduções na condutividade hidráulica, que tende a se estabilizar a partir destes parâmetros. Foram sugeridas condições de compactação para quatro dos cinco solos analisados, de forma que a condutividade hidráulica não excedesse 1.'10 POT.-7' cm/s, valor sugerido para barreiras impermeáveis. A contração axial e volumétrica não foi influenciada pelo teor de umidade de moldagem e grau de compactação, para corpos-de-prova compactados nas condições de compactação sugeridas. Os resultados de condutividade hidráulica em ensaios com permeâmetros de parede rígida se mostraram, aproximadamente, uma ordem de grandeza menor se comparados aos resultados obtidos com permeâmetro de parede flexível, porém essa diferença diminuiu com o aumento do grau de compactação dos corpos-de-prova / The hydraulic conductivity of five compacted soils from São Paulo state is studied aiming at their use in lining systems. Permeability tests were performed in flexible wall permeameters with constant volume hydraulic control system (closed system), rigid wall permeameters and contraction tests. It was verified that lower values of hydraulic conductivity are associated to molding water content equal or larger than optimum water content of soil as measured in standard Proctor. Molding water content beyond optimum and compaction degree lager than 100% did not cause significant reduction on hydraulic conductivity, which tends to stabilize when those parameters are reached. It is proposed ideal conditions of compaction for four of five compacted soils studied with hydraulic conductivity not lager than '10 POT.-7' cm/s, suggested value for lining systems. The axial and volumetric shrinkage was not influenced by water content and compaction degree, for specimen compacted on ideal conditions suggested here. The hydraulic conductivity results of greatness lower when compared to the results of the flexible wall permeameter, although that difference gets smaller with the rise of compaction degree

Les géostructures énergétiques sont des ouvrages de génie civil qui intègrent un circuit de fluide caloporteur. Dans cette étude l’installation de circuits géothermiques dans des remblais est envisagé afin d’injecter ou d’extraire de la chaleur. Lors de la construction de ces remblais, deux paramètres sont à contrôler : la teneur en eau w (%) et la masse volumique sèche rd (Mg/m3). Ces deux paramètres ainsi que la nature du sol, le chargement appliqué et la variation cyclique de la température pourraient influencer la capacité de stockage et la stabilité du système. Après une partie synthétisant l’état de l’art sur ces thématiques, cette thèse comprend une partie expérimentale puis une partie numérique appliquée à un cas test de stockage. Dans la partie expérimentale, l’influence de la variation de température induite par l’échange thermique sur les propriétés thermiques et mécaniques du sol est étudiée. Pour cela des essais sont réalisés en laboratoire sur un limon du bassin parisien compacté et soumis à une gamme de variation de température de 20° à 50°C. Les effets de ces variations sur les paramètres mécaniques et les paramètres thermiques sont mesurés. Les résultats obtenus montrent une évolution des paramètres thermiques du matériau du côté sec de la courbe de compactage, particulièrement visible pour les températures importantes. La réversibilité de l’effet du chauffage est obtenue après plusieurs cycles de chauffage-refroidissement. Les propriétés mécaniques mesurées sont la résistance à la compression simple et les paramètres pressiométriques. Pour cela, des essais en laboratoire, à l’échelle métrique, sont réalisés. Un ramollissement du sol sous l’effet du chauffage et une rigidification sous l’effet des cycles thermiques sont constatés. Pour optimiser le système du stockage, une modélisation thermo-hydrique d’un remblai modèle réalisé avec le limon de Plaisir compacté légèrement du côté humide de l’optimum Proctor est effectuée. La comparaison des cas tests a permis de déterminer l’entraxe qui minimise l’interaction entre les sondes thermiques, ainsi que la distance optimale entre les dernières sondes et le pied de remblai. Les scenarii d’injection/extraction étudiés ont montré que le stockage de chaleur dans le remblai est faisable en choisissant un programme thermique adéquat pour l’exploitation du stockage. La mise en place de plusieurs lits de sondes thermiques et d’une isolation thermique sur la partie supérieure du remblai de stockage permet d’augmenter la capacité du remblai à accumuler de la chaleur dans le noyau à la fin de la période de relaxation. La simulation de ce scénario sur 10 ans avec la prise en compte des cycles de température, montre un réchauffement du remblai sur plusieurs années jusqu’à atteindre une évolution équilibrée au bout de la 7 ème année. Arrivé à cet état d’équilibre, l’évolution des températures est reproductible d’une année sur l’autre / Energy geostructures are civil engineering structures equipped with energy exchanger elements in order to store heat seasonally. The aim of this study is the use of compacted soil to store energy through installation of horizontal exchangers in an embankment. During the soil compaction, two parameters were controlled: the water content w and the dry density ρd. This parameters as well as the soil nature, the mechanical load path and the cyclic temperature variation may affect the storage capacity and the system stability. This work includes an experimental part and a modeling part. In the experimental part, the impact of the temperature variation is studied on the thermal and mechanical properties of the compacted soil. The Plaisir loam (PL) extracted from the Paris region was investigated through laboratory tests at a temperatures range of 20 to 50°C. The results showed that the thermal properties of the compacted soils increased on the dry side of the compaction curve. This evolution was clearly confirmed for higher temperatures. The application of cyclic temperature variations showed reversible evolutions in the thermal properties after one cycle. The results of unconfined compressive tests and pressuremeter tests showed that heating induces a softening of the material whereas several temperature cycles induce a stiffening of the material. Thereafter, a coupled thermo-hydraulic modeling of an embankment made of the compacted Plaisir loam is performed in order to optimize the storage system. The comparison of different modelling results, fixed the temperature sensors spacing that minimizes the interactions between them, and the optimal distance between the last sensors and the bottom of the slope. It is shown that if an appropriate thermal program is chosen, the heat storage in the embankment could be possible. A better efficiency of the storage capacity can be reached by introducing 3 temperature sensors rows in the storage and by covering the storage with a thermal insulation. The simulation of this scenario over 10 years including temperature cycles shows a heating of the embankment for several years, until to reach an equilibrium state after the 7th year

Cincos solos compactados do estado de São Paulo foram estudados para uso como barreira impermeável de aterros sanitários. Foram realizados ensaios em permeâmetro de parede flexível com utilização do sistema de controle hidráulico de volume constante (sistema fechado), ensaios em permeâmetro de parede rígida e ensaios de contração. Verificou-se que menores valores de condutividade hidráulica estão associados a teores de umidade de moldagem igual ou acima do teor de umidade ótimo fornecida no ensaio de Proctor normal. Teores de umidade acima do ótimo e graus de compactação superiores a 100% não causaram significativas reduções na condutividade hidráulica, que tende a se estabilizar a partir destes parâmetros. Foram sugeridas condições de compactação para quatro dos cinco solos analisados, de forma que a condutividade hidráulica não excedesse 1.'10 POT.-7' cm/s, valor sugerido para barreiras impermeáveis. A contração axial e volumétrica não foi influenciada pelo teor de umidade de moldagem e grau de compactação, para corpos-de-prova compactados nas condições de compactação sugeridas. Os resultados de condutividade hidráulica em ensaios com permeâmetros de parede rígida se mostraram, aproximadamente, uma ordem de grandeza menor se comparados aos resultados obtidos com permeâmetro de parede flexível, porém essa diferença diminuiu com o aumento do grau de compactação dos corpos-de-prova / The hydraulic conductivity of five compacted soils from São Paulo state is studied aiming at their use in lining systems. Permeability tests were performed in flexible wall permeameters with constant volume hydraulic control system (closed system), rigid wall permeameters and contraction tests. It was verified that lower values of hydraulic conductivity are associated to molding water content equal or larger than optimum water content of soil as measured in standard Proctor. Molding water content beyond optimum and compaction degree lager than 100% did not cause significant reduction on hydraulic conductivity, which tends to stabilize when those parameters are reached. It is proposed ideal conditions of compaction for four of five compacted soils studied with hydraulic conductivity not lager than '10 POT.-7' cm/s, suggested value for lining systems. The axial and volumetric shrinkage was not influenced by water content and compaction degree, for specimen compacted on ideal conditions suggested here. The hydraulic conductivity results of greatness lower when compared to the results of the flexible wall permeameter, although that difference gets smaller with the rise of compaction degree

Urban runoff continues to impair water quality and there is an increasing need for stormwater management within the limited confines of urban spaces. We propose a system of structural soil and trees that can be incorporated beneath pavement. Structural soil has a high load-bearing capacity yet is engineered to support tree root growth. Stormwater is directed into a structural soil reservoir below the pavement where tree roots can also thrive. Two container experiments evaluated tree function in this system. We examined whether tree roots can grow into compacted subsoils and if root penetration increases soil infiltration rate. Quercus velutina, Acer rubrum, and a no-tree variant were planted in 26.5 L (7 gal) containers and the rootballs surrounded by compacted clay loam. Roots grew into all layers of the compacted soil. Infiltration rate increased by 63% (+/-2%) compared to no-tree containers. A second experiment evaluated water uptake and tree development in fluctuating water tables. Quercus bicolor and Fraxinus pennsylvanica were planted in 94.6 L (25 gal) containers with structural soils (either Stalite or CU® Structural Soil). Trees were subjected to fluctuating water tables simulating infiltration rates of 2, 1, and 0.1 cm/hr for two growing seasons. Trees thrived in all infiltration regimes but roots were shallower in slowly drained treatments. Trees grew best and transpired the highest water volume with moderate infiltration. Even if trees uptake only small volumes of water, increased canopy size compared to conventional plantings (because of greater penetrable soil volume) allows greater rainfall interception thus decreasing runoff. / Master of Science