[Truncated abstract] This thesis explores the risk factors and perinatal outcomes associated with prelabour rupture of membranes, with a particular focus on the environmental context. Prelabour rupture of membranes is defined as the rupture of fetal membranes before the onset of labour. It is a relatively common obstetric endpoint, occurring in approximately 8-10% of pregnant women at term (PROM) and in up to 40% of all preterm deliveries (pPROM). Despite the high prevalence of the condition, the biological mechanisms and risk factors, and in particular the role of environmental predictors, behind the development of PROM and pPROM remain largely unclear. A record-based prevalence design was used to analyse a population of 16,229 nulliparous, Caucasian women residing in Perth, Western Australia who gave birth to a single newborn during 2002-2004. Maternal age, socioeconomic status and threatened preterm labour during pregnancy were identified as risk factors for prelabour rupture of membranes. Term PROM was significantly associated with fetal distress (OR 1.19; 95%CI 1.00-1.43) and post-partum haemorrhage (OR 1.99; 95%CI 1.60-2.48). A number of perinatal complications were observed to be associated with the presentation of preterm PROM, including prolapsed cord (OR 13.95; 95%CI 4.57-42.61), ante-partum haemorrhage (OR 3.29; 95%CI 2.20-4.91), post-partum haemorrhage (OR 2.12; 95%CI 1.54-2.91), low birth weight (OR 17.79; 95%CI 13.87-22.82), very low birth weight (OR 20.01; 95%CI 14.12-28.35) and stillbirth (OR 5.42; 95%CI 2.87-10.21). However, the outcomes were similar between pPROM patients and other preterm deliveries, indicating that the complications arose due to the timing of the delivery. In contrast though, the risk factors between the two outcomes varied which may suggest that a different aetiological pathway exists between preterm PROM and other preterm deliveries. The frequency of complications decreased with increasing gestational age at delivery until the pregnancy reached full-term, whereupon an increase in gestational age at delivery resulted in an increased risk of fetal distress and post-partum haemorrhage. This finding is novel and may have important implications for the management of prelabour rupture of membranes, specifically with regard to the relative risks and benefits of expectant management (that is, the patient is admitted to an obstetric facility or hospital and closely monitored) versus planned delivery. ... This study represents the first attempt to investigate the potential associations between environmental risk factors and prelabour rupture of membranes. The results of the thesis provide a substantial contribution to our knowledge on prelabour rupture of membranes, including findings of direct relevance to clinical practice as well as a potentially contributing environmental exposure pathway. These original findings suggest a possible preventative approach to reducing the occurrence and associated morbidity of prelabour rupture of membranes may be feasible, and should be pursued if future research confirms the preliminary findings of this thesis.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 soldera_bc_dr_rcla.pdf: 1339538 bytes, checksum: f6e8c82c512ffcd9256c246fffb800fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Este trabalho apresenta um novo conceito, denominado Água Compensável (AC), que permite mensurar o uso da água a partir da alteração de sua qualidade e quantidade, abrindo as portas para a criação de instrumentos econômicos para sua gestão. O conceito baseia-se em um princípio simples, inovador e abrangente, para que possa ser utilizado de forma ampla por governos, empresas e cidadãos para quaisquer atividades humanas que envolvam o uso de água. A AC é um conceito ao qual pode ser atribuído valores obtidos por uma equação proposta e seguindo uma metodologia também proposta. A AC apoia-se no conceito denominado Pegada Hídrica Cinza ou Água Cinza, que por sua vez está inserido dentro do conceito Pegada Hídrica (Water Footprint). Para exemplificação do uso do conceito, utilizou-se a área de estudo das Bacias Hidrográficas dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí (PCJ). Esta escolha deveu-se ao fato desta ser uma área que apresenta importante desenvolvimento econômico, muitas vezes com urbanização mal planejada e indústrias de grande porte estabelecidas, gerando impactos na qualidade e quantidade dos recursos hídricos, que indicam a necessidade de melhores planejamento e gestão do uso da água. O trabalho consistiu em levantamentos, compilações, elaboração de bancos de dados, interpretações e análises para determinação da AC para uma gama de solutos potencialmente contaminantes, oriundos de atividades antrópicas. Os solutos selecionados foram: nitrogênio, fósforo, Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio (DBO), Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO) e gorduras totais. Foram efetuados os cálculos e análises das AC para solutos gerados por diversas atividades realizadas nas Bacias PCJ e por dois estudos de casos específicos, indústria de bebidas (cerveja e refrigerante) e indústria de alimentos (laticínios e abate animal). É importante salientar que o conceito AC deve ser estimado mesmo para valores de concentrações para solutos que estejam abaixo do padrão de lançamento em corpos d’água, cujo efluente ao qual se incorporam tenha sido previamente tratado. Este raciocínio é suportado pela lógica de que, para alcançar um padrão sustentável a responsabilidade sobre qualquer alteração da qualidade da água, pela adição de massa de soluto, deve ser extensiva à sua remoção ou pela compensação por esta remoção, quer ela venha a ser realizada natural ou artificialmente, quer por diluição ou eventual degradação natural, ou por tratamento da água. Em todos os cálculos realizados neste trabalho pôde-se verificar o elevado volume de AC e o quanto isto pode colocar em risco a qualidade e quantidade da água. É evidente que massas de solutos sempre serão lançadas nos corpos hídricos, porém pode-se fazer com que estas massas não sejam suficientes para elevar a AC e contribuir com a má qualidade do rio. O conceito de AC é simples e poderoso, permite a mensuração do impacto antrópico ao recurso hídrico e abre a possibilidade de valoração da água por meio de compensações realizadas pelos diversos usuários. / This work presents a new method, called Compensable Water (CW), that allows to measure the water use by altering its quality and quantity, opening the doors for the creation of economic instruments for its management. The concept is based on a simple, innovative and comprehensive principle, so it can be widely used by governments, businesses, citizens and any human activities involving the use of water. CW is a concept that can be attributed values obtained by a proposed equation and following a methodology also proposed. The CW concept is based on Water Footprint and Grey Water Footprint concept. To exemplify the use of the SW method, we used the study area of the Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí (PCJ) Hydrographic Basins. The choice of the area was due to the area presents an important economic development, often with poorly planned urbanization and large industries, generating impacts on the quality and quantity of water resources, and these factors indicate the need to improve the water use management. The work consisted of surveys, compilations, databases, interpretations and analyses to determine the SW for a range of potential contaminants from anthropic activities. The selected solutes were: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and total fats. Calculations and analyses were carried out for the CW generated by several human activities in the PCJ Basins and for two case studies, beverage industry (beer and soft drink) and food industry (dairy and animal slaughter). It is important to emphasize that the CW must be estimated even for concentration values of solutes that are below the discharge pattern in water bodies whose effluent to which they are incorporated has been previously treated. This reasoning is supported by the logic that to achieve a sustainable standard, the responsibility for any change in water quality, by the addition of solute mass, must extend to its removal or compensation, whether it comes to be carried out naturally or artificially, either by dilution or eventual natural degradation, or by treatment of the water. The results show there is a high volume of CW and it is posing in risk the quality and quantity of water. It is evident that masses of solutes will always be released into the water body, but these masses cannot be enough to raise the CW volumes and contribute to the poor quality of the river. The CW concept is a simple and powerful tool for the measurement of the anthropic impact on water resource and allows the valuation of the water through compensations made by water users. / 165799/2014-5

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-12-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:13:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 montero_rc_me_bauru.pdf: 2401420 bytes, checksum: edf8873c33a227bcb3f0d5bb72554719 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A crescente demanda por recursos subterrâneos nas Bacias Hidrográficas dos Rios Aguapaí e Peixe, localizadas no oeste do Estado de São Paulo e a presença cada vez maior de substâncias em condições de acesso e contaminação das águas em subsuperfície têm pressionado de forma negativa a disponibilidade hídrica nessas bacias. Neste contexto de degradação, esta Dissertação objetiva a caracterização e avaliação da vulnerabilidade natural e dos perigos de contanimação das unidades aquíferas aflorantes nas subunidades de gestão de recursos hídricos denominados Alto Aguapeí e Alto Peixe. A caracterização da Vulnerabilidade foi realizada com aplicação do método GOD (Foster & Hirata, 1988). O perigo de contaminação dos aquíferos foi avaliado mediante a interpolação da vulnerabilidade natural com as fontes potencias de contaminação, identificadas e classificadas quanto o seu potencial de gerar carga contaminante, a partir da aplicação do método POSH (FOSTER et al, 2006). Os procedimentos de geoprocessamento foram realizados com auxílio do SIG ArcMap TM 9.3. Os resultados demonstraram que vulnerabilidades de classificação Extrema estão restritas as planícies fluviais dos rios Aguapeí e Tibiriça, ocupando cerca de 2% da área de estudos, as classes de vulnerabilidade Alta e Alta Baixa ocupam 41,5% e 23,7% respectivamente, enquanto 28,4% da área correspondem à vulnerabilidade Média. Para o restante da área obteve-se a classificação Média e Média Baixa Vulnerabilidade. A correlação das vulnerabilidades com as fontes potenciais de contaminação demonstraram que independente da localização, os postos de combustível e os locais de disposição de resíduos sólidos apresentam Alto perigo de contaminação. As atividades da indústria, por sua vez, apresentam Alto perigo de contaminação para os distritos... / The increasing demand for groundwater resources in the Watersheds of Aguapeí and Peixe Rivers, located in the western part of São Paulo province, and also the increasing presence of substances in access condition and water contamination in the subsurface have been pressuring negatively the water availability in both basins. In this degradation context, this dissertation aims to characterize and evaluate the natural vulnerability and contamination risks of aquifers outcropping units in the sub water resources management units called. Alto Aguapeí and Alto Peixe. The vulnerability characterization was made applying the GOD method (Foster & Hirata, 1988). The aquifers contamination risk was estimated by interpolation of the natural vulnerability and the potential contamination sources that was identified and classified by their potential to generate contaminant load, using the POSH method (Foster et al, 2006). The geoprocessing producers were performed with assisting of some tools from the GLS ArcMap TM 9.3. The results evidenced that extreme classification vulnerability are restricted just for river plaints of Aguapeí and Tibiriça rivers, occupying around 2% of the studied area. The High and High Low vulnerability classes occupy 41.5% and 23.7% respectively and average vulnerability 28.4%. For the rest of the area was obtained medium and low vulnerability classification. The correlation of vulnerabilities and potential sources of contamination demonstrated that regardless of location, gas stations and solid waste disposal spots have high risks of contamination. The industrial activities have a high risk of contamination due the industrial district of Garça and Marilia and moderate for units in the food sector, located outside these districts. Furthermore, it is evident the importance of introducing the territory management policies... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Hélio Grassi Filho / Banca: Raimundo Leite Cruz / Banca: Ivana Fúrio Batista / Resumo: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar a qualidade de água ao longo do Rio Capivara analisando parâmetros que definam seus aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos em diferentes pontos, desde a nascente até a foz para poder contribuir com a preservação e proteção do manancial. A escolha da área estudada levou em consideração a possibilidade futura do uso da água do Rio Capivara para abastecimento urbano, já que a população cresce a cada dia. Para isso houve a necessidade de um levantamento das características ao longo do rio, considerando pontos pré-estabelecidos por visitas aos locais e pela facilidade de acesso. Para verificar as variações dos parâmetros analisados durante as diferentes estações do ano, as coletas foram realizadas nos meses de novembro e dezembro de 2005 referentes à estação da primavera, janeiro e fevereiro de 2006 referente ao verão, abril e maio de 2006 referente ao outono, finalizando com julho e agosto de 2006 referente ao inverno. Analisando os resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que as águas do Rio Capivara mostraram-se satisfatórias durante grande parte do ano. Portanto, o Rio Capivara pode ser enquadrado na Classe I, de acordo com Conama, Resolução nº 357, de 17 de Março de 2005. No entanto vale lembrar que pelo fato de ser um manancial de grande importância e torna-se necessário a adoção de práticas conservacionistas mais adequadas na área do Rio Capivara e também promover a recomposição da mata ciliar em toda a sua extensão, buscando melhorar seu estado ecológico. / Abstract: This study intended to characterize the water quality across the Capivara River to analyzed parameters that define its quantitative and qualitative aspects in different points, since the nascent until the estuary to be able to contribute with their preservation and protection. The choice of the studied area considered the future possibility of the Capivara River water used for urban supplying, since the population grows to each day. To this there was necessity of a survey of its characteristics across the river, considering 5 points already established for visits to the places and access easiness. The collections had been carried in the months November and December of 2005 referring ones to the spring station, January and February of 2006 referring to summer, April and May of 2006 referring to autumn, finishing July and August referring to winter; to verify the variations of analyzed parameters during the different stations of the year. Analyzing the gotten results, it can be concluded that the Capivara River waters had shown satisfactory during great part of the year. Therefore the Capivara River can be in accordance with the Conama Class I, Resolution nº 357, of March of 17th of 2005. However itþs important remember that is a great importance source and becomes necessary the adoption of soil conservation practicals adjusted in the area of Capivara River and also to promote the vegetation bush implantation in all its extension searching, to improve its ecological state. / Mestre

Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MAGISTER TECHNOLOGIAE: CHEMICAL ENGINEERING in the FACULTY OF ENGINEERING at the CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 2013 / This study focused on quantifying two types of internationally regulated contaminants found in drinking water: 1) Trihalomethanes (THMs) and 2) Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). The first contaminants monitored were THMs, classified as a group of chemicals that are formed along with others during the disinfection of water using liquid chlorine, chlorine dioxide or chlorine gas. Hence, the resulting compounds are called disinfection by-products (DBPs). The disinfectant reacts with natural organic matter in water to form common THMs, which include chloroform (CHCl3 or CF), bromodichloromethane (CHCl2Br or BDCM), dibromochloromethane (CHClBr2 or DBCM) and bromoform (CHBr3 or BF), with chloroform being the most common in chlorinated water systems. The current study has focused on THMs for two primary reasons: 1) THMs have raised significant concern as a result of evidence that associate their presence in drinking water with potential adverse human health effects, including cancer and 2) the levels of THMs in drinking water post-treatment is not monitored regularly in South Africa and thus far, there is inadequate and limited information about their concentration levels for drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) and distribution stations (DWDSs) of the Western Cape, South Africa before, distribution to various suburbs, including townships. THMs normally occur at higher levels than any other known DBPs and their presence in treated water is a representative of the occurrence of many other DBPs. THMs were quantified in chlorinated drinking water obtained from seven (7) DWTPs, namely; Atlantis, Blackheath, Faure, Brooklands, Steenbras, Voelvlei and Wemmershoek, and one DWDS in Plattekloof. This included determining THMs concentration in tap water collected from various suburbs including townships, to assist local authorities in obtaining information on their concentration and whether or not the presence of residual chlorine and organic matter on post-treatment results has increased THMs at the point of use. THM analysis was performed using liquid-liquid extraction/gas chromatography with electron capture detector (LLE-GC-ECD) analytical process according to the EPA method 501.2, which was used with minor modifications. The instrument operational conditions were as follows: Column → DB5-26, 30 mm, 0.53 mm, 1.0 μm df HP-1 (Agilent Technologies, USA); Carrier gas → Helium at a constant inlet pressure of 15 kPa; Make-up gas → 99.9% Nitrogen gas at 60 L/min; Injector temperature → 40°C; Oven temperature → 270°C and Detector temperature → 300°C. Since natural organic matter (NOM) in raw water is a precursor for THM formation, NOM analysis was performed as total organic carbon (TOC) using Spectroquant TOC test kits. Other drinking water quality parameters analysed were pH, residual free chlorine, conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS). The average Total THM concentrations detected from seven of the DWTPs, including the DWDS, ranged from 26.52 μg/L (for Plattekloof) to 32.82 μg/L (for Brooklands), with the observed concentrations being comparable. The average chloroform concentrations were the highest in all the water samples, ranging from 11.74 μg/L (for Plattekloof) to 22.29 μg/L (for Voelvlei), while DBCM had the lowest concentration. The only DWTP that was not comparable with the seven DWTPs was Atlantis, with the highest average TTHM concentration of 83.48 μg/L and a chloroform concentration of 46.06 μg/L. From the tap water samples collected from 14 Western Cape suburbs, the average TTHM concentrations ranged from 5.30 ug/L (for Mandalay) to 13.12 μg/L (for Browns Farm, Philippi), and all these concentrations were lower than the TTHM concentrations detected in the water samples from the DWTP. Overall, the average total THM and individual THM species concentrations were below the recommended SANS 241:2011 and WHO drinking water guideline limits. This included the observed pH (6.39 to 7.73), residual free chlorine (0.22 to 1.06 mg/L), conductivity (121 to 444 μS/cm), TDS (93.93 to 344.35 mg/L) and TOC (0.38 to 1.20 mg/L). All these water quality parameters were within the specification limits stipulated in SANS 241. However, the average residual free chlorine concentration for Atlantis was very low (0.06 mg/L), which was below the WHO minimum residual free chlorine concentration guideline value of 0.2 mg/L for a distribution network – an indication that suggested the need for a re-chlorination station prior to distribution to households. Low chlorine content might result in the formation of unwanted biofilms in the distribution network, thus reducing the organoleptic properties of the water. Additionally, there was no direct link between several water quality parameters quantified (i.e. pH, TOC and water temperature) to TTHM formation. However, a high chlorine dose was observed to result directly in a higher concentration of chloroform in treated water prior to distribution. The second contaminants monitored were Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), which are non-biodegradable, persistent and toxic organic chemicals known for their ability to contaminate environmental matrices, including drinking water sources. In recent years, many researchers considered it essential to identify and quantify PFC levels in drinking water worldwide with the main focus being on the two most abundant PFCs; namely Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Their toxic effects to human health, plants and wildlife were also evaluated, classifying them as possible carcinogens. We know from the literature reviewed that, although the presence of PFCs in drinking water has been documented worldwide, there is limited information about their presence specifically in South African drinking water sources, even about less studied PFCs such as Perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), Perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA), Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), Perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUA), Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDeA) and the well-known PFOA including PFOS. Although several other PFCs have been detected in water sources and reported in various studies, the USEPA only issued drinking water guideline limits for Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) of 400 ng/L and 200 ng/L, respectively, with no mention of the other PFCs. However, these PFCs have similar properties to those of PFOA and PFOS as they have been shown to impose similar detrimental health effects on human health. This study thus focused on the detection of PFCs in both raw and treated drinking water in the Western Cape DWTPs such as Atlantis, Blackheath, Faure, Brooklands, Steenbras, Voelvlei and Wemmershoek, and one DWDS in Plattekloof. Water samples (raw and treated water) used in this study for PFC analysis were collected in 2L polypropylene screw capped bottles. PFC analysis was performed in four sample batches for each location collected through the period of October to December 2012 (summer). PFCs were analysed in accordance with a modified EPA method 537, which entails solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by analysis using a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometer (LC/MS/MS). The slight modification was with the water sample volume used for extraction, which was increased from 250 mL to 500 mL. The instrument used was an HPLC - Ultimate 3000 Dionex HPLC system and MS model - Amazon SL Ion Trap, with the following MS/MS operational conditions and Ion mode: MS Interface → ESI; Dry temp → 350C; Nebulizing pressure → 60 psi; Dry gas flow → 10 L/min; Ionisation mode → negative; capillary voltage → +4500V; End plate offset → −500V while the separation column was a Waters Sunfire C18, 5 μm, 4.6 × 150 mm column (Supplier: Waters, Dublin, Ireland) with an operational temperature of 30C. From the results obtained in this study, seven different PFCs (i.e. PFHpA, PFDoA, PFNA, PFUA, PFDeA, PFOA and PFOS), were detected in raw and treated water with PFOA and PFOS being the least detected PFCs as they were detected only in raw water (PFOA) from Faure, as well as raw and treated water (PFOS) from Brooklands. The highest concentration observed in treated water was for PFHpA, which was quantified at a maximum average concentration of 43.80 ng/L (Plattekloof). The maximum average concentrations of other PFCs detected were as follows: PFDoA - 4.415 ng/L for Faure raw water; PFNA - 2.922 ng/L for Plattekloof outlet; PFUA - 7.965 ng/L for Brooklands treated water and PFDeA - 2.744 ng/L for Faure raw water. Another observation from the results was that the concentration of the majority of the PFCs detected in treated water was higher than that quantified in raw water, suggesting possible contamination by materials used during water treatment. In conclusion, THMs detected in treated water from various DWTPs and one DWDS in the Western Cape met the required local and international drinking water quality guidelines, while the presence of PFOS, PFOA, PFHpA, PFDoA, PFNA, PFUA and PFDeA in treated water requires that local water professionals continue to monitor their presence to ensure that measures for their reduction are in place. Furthermore, the National standards (SANS 241) for municipal drinking water guidelines must be updated to include the monitoring of PFCs, including the lesser known and less studied PFCs such as PFHpA, PFDoA, PFNA, PFUA and PFDeA.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:55:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MycarlaNRS_DISSERT.pdf: 3216830 bytes, checksum: 07e1141d9905a390774485aa58ed8641 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-25 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / For many decades the problematic raised about the indiscriminate use of pesticides in modern agriculture has incited the interest of many researchers to discover the effects caused by such products in the environment and consequently in the life of the ones which use that products (farmers) and those people who live in places next to the agricultural areas. Facing these facts, this research had the intention of comprehend the environmental perception of habitants of the Distrito Irrigado do Baixo-A?u (DIBA), located in the semiarid of Rio Grande do Norte, by using agro toxics and its possible environmental effects, as well as evaluate the levels of toxicity of waters from agricultural runoff in this region by using eco-toxicological exams with Ceriodaphnia silvestii. Were done 86 interviews with dwellers and farmers from DIBA. With the results reached in the evaluation of the interviews it was possible to identify that one of major problems is the inappropriate discard of empty packs of the pesticides used at that place. The samples collected for eco-toxicological evaluation showed a variation in its toxicity, once that the point of collect which receives waters from different cultures presented in four out of five samples toxicity for the tested species. Therefore, it concludes that the indiscriminate use of pesticides agricultural practice presented a potential to pollute to the irrigation waters, and the absence of elucidation by the farmers about the manipulation of these products contribute to the risk of environmental contamination and the possible decrease of the quality of life of the dwellers of the region / H? d?cadas a problem?tica levantada sobre o uso indiscriminado de pesticidas pela agricultura moderna tem despertado o interesse de muitos pesquisadores na busca dos efeitos causados por tais produtos no meio ambiente e, consequentemente na vida tanto daqueles que fazem uso destes produtos (agricultores) quanto aqueles indiv?duos que residem em regi?es pr?ximas a ?reas agr?colas. Diante disto, esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de compreender a percep??o ambiental de moradores do Distrito Irrigado do Baixo-A?u (DIBA), localizado no semi?rido norteriogradense, frente ao uso de agrot?xicos e seus poss?veis efeitos ambientais, bem como avaliar o grau de toxicidade de ?guas do escoamento agr?cola nesta regi?o atrav?s de testes ecotoxicolol?gicos com Ceriodaphnia silvestii. Um total de 86 entrevistas foi realizado com moradores e agricultores do DIBA. Com os resultados obtidos na avalia??o das entrevistas foi poss?vel identificar que um dos maiores problemas ? o descarte inadequado das embalagens vazias dos pesticidas utilizados no local. J? as amostras coletadas para avalia??o ecotoxicol?gica mostraram varia??o em sua toxicidade, sendo visto que o ponto de coleta que recebe ?guas de diferentes culturas apresentou em quatro das cinco amostras toxicidade para a esp?cie testada. Diante disto conclui-se que a utiliza??o indiscriminada de agrot?xicos pela pr?tica agr?cola apresentou potencial poluidor para ?guas de irriga??o, e que a falta de esclarecimento dos agricultores sobre a manipula??o destes produtos contribuem para o riso de contamina??o ambiental e poss?vel diminui??o da qualidade de vida dos moradores da regi?o

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-06-13T13:26:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana Ghinato.pdf: 629302 bytes, checksum: 02a62afbcd511099f103c660d71ff183 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-13T13:26:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana Ghinato.pdf: 629302 bytes, checksum: 02a62afbcd511099f103c660d71ff183 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Brazil is a country which has five important biomes and the largest river system in the world. In addition, it has the richest continental biota of the planet which earned him the title of mega-diverse country. The various species of aquatic mammals, the manatee (Trichechus manatus) has constantly suffered the effects of anthropogenic factors. In this context, the sewage waste dumps and heavy metal waste, are related to the degradation of aquatic environments and animal species which live in this biome. The aims of this study was to evaluate the quality of surface water from the river Mamanguape, located in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. This place is featured by an Environmental Protection area, where manatees occur. From September 2013 to July 2014, water samples were collected in triplicate of five distinct points of the river. In order to determine the Most Probable Number of fecal coliform the technique of multiple tubes was used. The reading of the samples for the research of mercury metal was performed through the System of Flow Injection Analysis, whereas for the other metals was performed, by Optical Emission Spectrometry with Inductively Coupled Plasma. In the research of thermotolerant coliforms, the contamination of some points, but always, values below to that recommended by the legislation was observed. Mercury, cadmium and chromium metals, were not detected, conversely copper, nickel, manganese, zinc and iron were detected, in low concentrations. On the other hand, aluminum and lead were found in concentrations above that allowed by the legislation. In conclusion, the water of the Mamanguape River presenting levels of salinity and pH within the limits previously established and low levels of contamination by fecal coliforms. The water samples of the Mamanguape River herein evaluated presented contamination by heavy metals, demonstrating the need of implementation of programs to monitor the collection sites. This measure could identify the likely source of contamination, considering that they are bioconcentrated in marine biota and may cause alterations in the food chain and consequently on the manatee. / O Brasil é um país que tem cinco biomas importantes e o maior sistema fluvial do mundo. Além disso, ele tem a mais rica biota continental do planeta, que lhe valeu o título de país mega-diverso. Dentre as várias espécies de mamíferos aquáticos, o peixe-boi (Trichechus manatus) tem constantemente sofrendo os efeitos de fatores antropogênicos. Neste contexto, os depósitos de resíduos de esgoto e resíduos de metais pesados, estão relacionados com a degradação dos ambientes aquáticos e espécies animais que vivem nesse bioma. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a qualidade das águas superficiais do rio Mamanguape, localizada no estado da Paraíba, Brasil. Este lugar é caracterizado por uma Área de Proteção Ambiental, onde ocorrem peixes-bois marinhos. De setembro de 2013 a julho de 2014, amostras de água foram coletadas em triplicata de cinco pontos distintos do rio. A fim de determinar o Número Mais Provável de coliformes fecais foi utilizada a técnica de tubos múltiplos. A leitura das amostras para a pesquisa do metal mercúrio foi realizada por meio do Sistema de análise em fluxo, enquanto que para os outros metais foram realizadas, por Espectrometria de Emissão Óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado. Na pesquisa de coliformes termotolerantes, houve contaminação de alguns pontos, mas sempre valores abaixo do recomendado pela legislação. Os metais mercúrio, cádmio e crómio, não foram detectados, pelo contrário foram detectados cobre, níquel, manganês, zinco e ferro, em concentrações baixas. Por outro lado, o alumínio e chumbo foram encontrados em concentrações superiores que permitidas pela legislação. Em conclusão, a água do rio Mamanguape apresenta níveis de salinidade e pH dentro dos limites previamente estabelecidos e baixos níveis de contaminação por coliformes termotolerantes. As amostras de água do rio Mamanguape aqui avaliados apresentaram contaminação por metais pesados, o que demonstra a necessidade de implementação de programas para monitorar os locais de coleta. Esta medida poderia identificar a provável fonte de contaminação, considerando que eles são bioacumulados na biota marinha e podem causar alterações na cadeia alimentar e, consequentemente, sobre o peixe-boimarinho.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-12T12:35:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Narciso Silva Leite Junior.pdf: 964909 bytes, checksum: d234d1169d74d0400bfd6c1088a39c58 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T12:35:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Narciso Silva Leite Junior.pdf: 964909 bytes, checksum: d234d1169d74d0400bfd6c1088a39c58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Atlantic forest is the biome with the greatest concentration of endemic species in the world and is under severe threat of extinction. In the group of vertebrates amphibians occupy a prominent place in the number of endemism, with more than half of all species as being unique to that biome. The study was conducted in the Reserva Estadual de Gurjaú (RESG), which is located south of the city of Recife, within the limits of three municipalities (Jaboatão dos Guararapes, Cabo de Santo Agostinho and Moreno). The RESG has a total area of 1,077.10 ha, of which 400 ha are made up of forest areas. Since its inception Pernambuco is administered by the Company of Water and Sanitation (COMPESA), which has a treatment plant installed in the reserve while eliminating its chemical waste downstream of water intake. The frogs during their life cycle are subject to exposure in various types of environment, opposite as important bioindicators of polluted areas and environmentally abused. In order to confirm the harmful effect of disposing of waste in the environment, between January and December 2004 were collected weekly by active search in a 1km stretch of the River Gurjaú, 500m and 500m upstream and downstream of the point of eliminating pollutants. The results show that the 25 species listed for the RESG, six were seen near the river, namely: Hypsiboas semilineatus (Spix, 1824), Leptodactylus gr. marmoratus (Steindachner, 1867), Scinax x-signatus (Spix, 1824), Lithobates palmipes (Spix, 1824), Leptodactylus vastus (Spix, 1824) and Pseudopaludicola gr. falcipes (Hensel, 1867). Comparing the frequency of species in sampling sites with data from biochemical analysis of the water, we can conclude that the discharge of waste made COMPESA characterized by a potentially harmful action to the environment. / Os anfíbios anuros durante seu ciclo de vida estão sujeitos a exposição em diversos tipos de ambientes, contracenando como importantes bioindicadores de áreas poluídas e ambientalmente agredidas. No grupo dos vertebrados, os anfíbios ocupam lugar de destaque em relação ao número de endemismo, apresentando mais de metade do total de espécies como sendo exclusivas do bioma brasileiro mata atlântica. Objetivando confirmar o efeito nocivo da eliminação dos dejetos no ambiente, entre janeiro e dezembro de 2004 foram realizadas coletas semanais por busca ativa, em uma extensão de um (1) km à margem do Rio Gurjaú, sendo 500m a montante e 500m a jusante do ponto de eliminação dos poluentes. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Reserva Estadual de Gurjaú (RESG), que está localizada ao sul da cidade do Recife, dentro dos limites de três municípios (Jaboatão dos Guararapes, Cabo de Santo Agostinho e Moreno). A RESG possui uma área total de 1.077,10 ha, dos quais 400 ha são compostos por áreas de floresta. Desde a sua criação é administrada pela Companhia Pernambucana de Saneamento e Águas (COMPESA), a qual possui uma estação de tratamento instalada na reserva, que elimina seus dejetos químicos a jusante da captação de água. Os resultados mostram que das 25 espécies listadas para a RESG, seis foram observadas nas proximidades do rio, a saber: Hypsiboas semilineatus (Spix, 1824), Leptodactylus gr. marmoratus (Steindachner, 1867), Scinax x-signatus (Spix, 1824), Lithobates palmipes (Spix, 1824), Leptodactylus vastus (Spix, 1824) e Pseudopaludicola gr. falcipes (Hensel,1867). Comparando a frequência das espécies nos pontos amostrados com os dados de análises bioquímicas da água, podemos concluir que a descarga de resíduos efetuada pela COMPESA caracteriza-se uma ação potencialmente danosa ao ambiente.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-16T11:56:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiana Alves da Silva.pdf: 904681 bytes, checksum: 8949fca1f89143c821e20fec71ff008b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-16T11:56:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiana Alves da Silva.pdf: 904681 bytes, checksum: 8949fca1f89143c821e20fec71ff008b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study aimed to evaluate the impact of environmental pollution of diesel on behavioral aspects, as well as lethal toxic effects of fish, using the teleost fish Poecilia vivipara as test organism. For this, we used the diesel oil S-50, and the experiments were conducted with raw diesel oil and its water soluble fraction (FSD). Fish were exposed to concentrations of 2.5, 5 and 10% of diesel and FSD in glass aquariums with aeration and room temperature for 96 hours. Ten animals were used per tank in a volume corresponding to a density of 1g / L in triplicate for all treatments and control. The experiment was conducted in a semi-static system, with daily renewal of 20% of water content. ach water exchange, the FSD was renewed, but the diesel fuel, which forms a layer at the air / water interface, was not renewed. During the experimental period, the animals did not receive food and the aquariums were covered with a film sheet of paper. The behavioral changes were monitored for the periods of 2, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h exposure, and each experimental unit (tank) was observed for a total period of 10 minutes to analyze the behavioral patterns of each organism, quantifying the animals thar showed each behavioral change. The results showed that both diesel oil as FSD induced behavioral changes and mortality. With regard to diesel oil, 100% mortality was observed after 72 hours at concentrations of 5 and 10%. At the highest concentration of FSD, mortality reached 50% after 96 h exposure. In this study, the main changes were related to the movement (irritability, lethargy and underactivity), respiratory (hypoxia and erratic swimming near the aquarium surface) and natatory disorders. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto causado pela contaminação ambiental do óleo diesel em aspectos comportamentais de peixes, além de efeitos tóxicos letais, utilizando como organismo teste o peixe teleósteo Poecilia vivipara. Para tal, foi utilizado óleo diesel S-50 , tendo os experimentos sido conduzidos com óleo diesel bruto e com a sua fração solúvel em água (FSD). Os peixes foram expostos às concentrações de 2,5, 5 e 10% do diesel e da FSD, em aquários de vidro com aeração e temperatura ambiente por 96h. Foram utilizados 10 animais por aquário, numa densidade correspondente ao volume de 1g/L, em triplicata para todos os tratamentos e controle. O experimento foi conduzido em sistema semi-estático, com renovação diária de 20% do conteúdo de água. A cada troca de água, a FSD foi renovada, porém o diesel, que forma uma camada na interface ar/água, não foi renovado. Durante o período experimental, os animais não receberam alimentação e os aquários foram cobertos com folha de papel filme. As alterações comportamentais foram monitoradas nos períodos de 2, 24, 48, 72 e 96 h de exposição, sendo que cada unidade experimental (aquário) foi observada por um período total de 10 minutos para análise dos padrões comportamentais de cada organismo, com a quantificação dos animais que apresentavam cada alteração comportamental. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que tanto o óleo diesel quanto a FSD induziram mudanças comportamentais e mortalidade. Com relação ao óleo diesel, foi observada uma mortalidade de 100% após 72 horas nas concentrações de 5 e 10%. Na maior concentração da FSD, a mortalidade chegou a 50% após 96 h de exposição. Nesse estudo, as principais alterações foram relacionadas à movimentação (irritabilidade, hipoatividade e letargia), aos distúrbios respiratórios (hipóxia e natação na superfície do aquário) e natatórios.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T15:00:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lorena Mendes Carreiro.pdf: 2755956 bytes, checksum: 6882b0f4c199c14ab0ebf1c7bf21c1bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Test of risk of contamination of soil and groundwater in Maranhão by organochlorines. Analysis of the susceptibility of ecological interest areas of the state. / Trabalho sobre o risco de contaminação de solos e águas subterrâneas no Maranhão por substâncias organocloradas. Análise da suscetibilidade de áreas de relevante interesse ecológico do Estado.