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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Atomic Scale Design of Clean Energy Materials : Efficient Solar Energy Conversion and Gas Sensing

Nisar, Jawad January 2012 (has links)
The focus of this doctoral thesis is the atomic level design of photocatalysts and gas sensing materials. The band gap narrowing in the metal oxides for the visible-light driven photocatalyst as well as the interaction of water and gas molecules on the reactive surfaces of metal oxides and the electronic structure of kaolinite has been studied by the state-of-art calculations. Present thesis is organized into three sections. The first section discusses the possibility of converting UV active photocatalysts (such as Sr2Nb2O7, NaTaO3, SrTiO3, BiTaO4 and BiNbO4) into a visible active photocatalysts by their band gap engineering. Foreign elements doping in wide band gap semiconductors is an important strategy to reduce their band gap. Therefore, we have investigated the importance of mono- and co-anionic/cationic doping on UV active photocatalysts. The semiconductor's band edge position is calculated with respect to the water oxidation/reduction potential for various doping. Moreover, the tuning of valence and conduction band edge position is discussed on the basis of dopant's p/d orbital energy. In the second section of thesis the energetic, electronic and optical properties of TiO2, NiO and β-Si3N4 have been discussed to describe the adsorption mechanism of gas molecules at the surfaces. The dissociation of water into H+ or OH- occurs on the O-vacancy site of the (001)-surface of rutile TiO2 nanowire, which is due to the charge transfer from Ti atom to water molecule. The dissociation of water into OH- and imino (NH) groups is also observed on the β-Si3N4 (0001)-surface due to the dangling bonds of the lower coordinated N and Si surface atoms. Fixation of the SO2 molecules on the anatase TiO2 surfaces with O-deficiency have been investigated by Density Functional Theory (DFT) simulation and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. DFT calculations have been employed to explore the gas-sensing mechanism of NiO (100)-surface on the basis of energetic and electronic properties. In the final section the focus is to describe the optical band gap of pristine kaolinite using the hybrid functional method and GW approach. Different possible intrinsic defects in the kaolinite (001) basal surface have been studied and their effect on the electronic structure has been explained. The detailed electronic structure of natural kaolinite has been determined by the combined efforts of first principles calculations and Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS).
2

Engineering water dissociation sites in MoS2 nanosheets for accelerated electrocatalytic hydrogen production

Feng, Xinliang, Zhang, Jian, Wang, Tao, Liu, Pan, Liu, Shaohua, Dong, Renhao, Zhuang, Xiaodong, Chen, Mingwei 21 July 2017 (has links) (PDF)
Earth-abundant MoS2 is widely reported as a promising HER electrocatalyst in acidic solutions, but it exhibits extremely poor HER activities in alkaline media due to the slow water dissociation process. Here we present a combined theoretical and experimental approach to improve the sluggish HER kinetics of MoS2 electrocatalysts through engineering the water dissociation sites by doping Ni atoms into MoS2 nanosheets. The Ni sites thus introduced can effectively reduce the kinetic energy barrier of the initial water-dissociation step and facilitate the desorption of the −OH that are formed. As a result, the developed Ni-doped MoS2 nanosheets (Ni-MoS2) show an extremely low HER overpotential of ∼98 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in 1 M KOH aqueous solution, which is superior to those (>220 mV at 10 mA cm−2) of reported MoS2 electrocatalysts.
3

Electropermutation assisted by ion-exchange textile : removal of nitrate from drinking water

Danielsson, Carl-Ola January 2006 (has links)
Increased levels of nitrate in ground water have made many wells unsuitable as sources for drinking water. In this thesis an ion-exchang eassisted electromembrane process, suitable for nitrate removal, is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. An ion-exchange textile material is introduced as a conducting spacer in the feed compartment of an electropermutation cell. The sheet shaped structure of the textile makes it easy to incorporate into the cell. High permeability and fast ion-exchange kinetics, compared to ion-exchange resins, are other attractive features of the ion-exchange textile. A steady-state model based on the conservation of the ionic species is developed. The governing equations on the microscopic level are volume averaged to give macro-homogeneous equations. The model equations are analyzed and relevant simplifications are motivated and introduced. Dimensionless parameters governing the continuous electropermutation process are identified and their influence on the process are discussed. The mathematical model can be used as a tool when optimising the process parameters and designing equipment. An experimental study that aimed to show the positive influence of using the ion-exchange textile in the feed compartment of an continuous electropermutation process is presented. The incorporation of the ion-exchange textile significantly improves the nitrate removal rate at the same time as the power consumption is decreased. A superficial solution of sodium nitrate with a initial nitrate concentration of 105 ppm was treated. A product stream with less than 20 ppm nitrate could be obtained, in a single pass mode of operation. Its concluded from these experiments that continuous electropermutation using ion-exchange textile provides an interesting alternative for nitrate removal, in drinking water production. The predictions of the mathematical model are compared with experimental results and a good agreement is obtained. Enhanced water dissociation is known to take place at the surface of ion-exchange membranes in electromembrane processes operated above the limiting current density. A model for this enhanced water dissociation in presented in the thesis. The model makes it possible to incorporate the effect of water dissociation as a heterogeneous surface reaction. Results from simulations of electropermutation with and without ion-exchange textile incorporated are presented. The influence of the water dissociation is investigated with the developed model. / QC 20101118
4

Untersuchungen zur Dissoziation von Wasser durch Einwirkung hochfrequenter elektromagnetischer Felder

Schneider, Jens 12 November 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Während die Wasserdissoziation mit der Hilfe von Gleichstrom (Wasser-Elektrolyse) einen gut untersuchten Prozess darstellt, war der Mechanismus der Wasserdissoziation durch Einwirkung hochfrequenter (HF) elektromagnetischer Felder als relativ neues Phänomen noch nicht vollständig aufgeklärt. Für die Realisierung der Wasserdissoziation in HF-Feldern mit einer Frequenz von 13,56 MHz wurde in dieser Arbeit ein neuartiger experimenteller Aufbau verwendet, dessen Kernstück aus einem sich zwischen zwei parallelen Elektroden befindlichen Glasreaktor, der über eine Durchmesserverjüngung verfügte, bestand. Dieser Aufbau ermöglichte die Untersuchung der wässrigen Elektrolytlösung in den drei Phasen Erwärmung, Blasenbildung und Entladung mit Gasbildung. Die messbare Gasbildungsrate wurde als ein Maß für die Intensität der Wasserdissoziation gewählt. Ihre Abhängigkeit von der HF-Spannung, der HF-Leistung, der Art des Elektrolyten, der Konzentration des Elektrolyten und dem geometrischen Aufbau des Reaktors wurden untersucht. Bei vielen Elektrolyten bestand das produzierte Gas vollständig aus Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff im molaren Verhältnis von 2 zu 1 sowie aus Wasserdampf. Für einige Elektrolyte wurden davon abweichende Verhalten hinsichtlich der Stöchiometrie beobachtet. Das im Zusammenhang mit der Wasserdissoziation emittierte Licht wurde spektroskopisch untersucht. Es konnten angeregte OH-, H- und O-Radikale nachgewiesen werden. Dieser Befund legt nahe, dass die Wasserdissoziation durch die Wechselwirkung von hochenergetischen Elektronen mit Wassermolekülen verursacht wird. Der Versuchsaufbau ermöglichte also die Ausbildung eines nicht-thermischen Plasmas in der Gasphase im Bereich der Reaktorverjüngung. Mit Hilfe von Simulationsrechnungen konnte der Verlauf des elektrischen Feldes in Abhängigkeit von der Elektrolytkonzentration für den gewählten Versuchsaufbau modelliert werden. Das Erreichen der für die Initiierung von selbsterhaltenden Entladungen in Wasserdampf notwendigen Feldstärke von 2,6 MV/m wurde durch die Modellierung verifiziert. Modellrechnungen stehen im Einklang mit dem vorgeschlagenen Mechanismus der HF-Wasserdissoziation. Des Weiteren wurde das Anwendungspotenzial der Radikalbildung für den Abbau von Modellschadstoffen wie Perfluoroktansäure (PFOA) untersucht. Der Abbau perfluorierter Verbindungen, der bisher durch eine wenig effiziente thermische Totaloxidation erreicht werden kann, konnte mit dem Plasmaprozess erfolgreich demonstriert werden.
5

Electropermutation assisted by ion-exchange textile : removal of nitrate from drinking water

Danielsson, Carl-Ola January 2006 (has links)
<p>Increased levels of nitrate in ground water have made many wells unsuitable as sources for drinking water. In this thesis an ion-exchang eassisted electromembrane process, suitable for nitrate removal, is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. An ion-exchange textile material is introduced as a conducting spacer in the feed compartment of an electropermutation cell. The sheet shaped structure of the textile makes it easy to incorporate into the cell. High permeability and fast ion-exchange kinetics, compared to ion-exchange resins, are other attractive features of the ion-exchange textile.</p><p>A steady-state model based on the conservation of the ionic species is developed. The governing equations on the microscopic level are volume averaged to give macro-homogeneous equations. The model equations are analyzed and relevant simplifications are motivated and introduced. Dimensionless parameters governing the continuous electropermutation process are identified and their influence on the process are discussed. The mathematical model can be used as a tool when optimising the process parameters and designing equipment.</p><p>An experimental study that aimed to show the positive influence of using the ion-exchange textile in the feed compartment of an continuous electropermutation process is presented. The incorporation of the ion-exchange textile significantly improves the nitrate removal rate at the same time as the power consumption is decreased. A superficial solution of sodium nitrate with a initial nitrate concentration of 105 ppm was treated. A product stream with less than 20 ppm nitrate could be obtained, in a single pass mode of operation. Its concluded from these experiments that continuous electropermutation using ion-exchange textile provides an interesting alternative for nitrate removal, in drinking water production. The predictions of the mathematical model are compared with experimental results and a good agreement is obtained.</p><p>Enhanced water dissociation is known to take place at the surface of ion-exchange membranes in electromembrane processes operated above the limiting current density. A model for this enhanced water dissociation in presented in the thesis. The model makes it possible to incorporate the effect of water dissociation as a heterogeneous surface reaction. Results from simulations of electropermutation with and without ion-exchange textile incorporated are presented. The influence of the water dissociation is investigated with the developed model.</p>
6

Engineering water dissociation sites in MoS2 nanosheets for accelerated electrocatalytic hydrogen production

Feng, Xinliang, Zhang, Jian, Wang, Tao, Liu, Pan, Liu, Shaohua, Dong, Renhao, Zhuang, Xiaodong, Chen, Mingwei 21 July 2017 (has links)
Earth-abundant MoS2 is widely reported as a promising HER electrocatalyst in acidic solutions, but it exhibits extremely poor HER activities in alkaline media due to the slow water dissociation process. Here we present a combined theoretical and experimental approach to improve the sluggish HER kinetics of MoS2 electrocatalysts through engineering the water dissociation sites by doping Ni atoms into MoS2 nanosheets. The Ni sites thus introduced can effectively reduce the kinetic energy barrier of the initial water-dissociation step and facilitate the desorption of the −OH that are formed. As a result, the developed Ni-doped MoS2 nanosheets (Ni-MoS2) show an extremely low HER overpotential of ∼98 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in 1 M KOH aqueous solution, which is superior to those (>220 mV at 10 mA cm−2) of reported MoS2 electrocatalysts.
7

Untersuchungen zur Dissoziation von Wasser durch Einwirkung hochfrequenter elektromagnetischer Felder

Schneider, Jens 16 October 2012 (has links)
Während die Wasserdissoziation mit der Hilfe von Gleichstrom (Wasser-Elektrolyse) einen gut untersuchten Prozess darstellt, war der Mechanismus der Wasserdissoziation durch Einwirkung hochfrequenter (HF) elektromagnetischer Felder als relativ neues Phänomen noch nicht vollständig aufgeklärt. Für die Realisierung der Wasserdissoziation in HF-Feldern mit einer Frequenz von 13,56 MHz wurde in dieser Arbeit ein neuartiger experimenteller Aufbau verwendet, dessen Kernstück aus einem sich zwischen zwei parallelen Elektroden befindlichen Glasreaktor, der über eine Durchmesserverjüngung verfügte, bestand. Dieser Aufbau ermöglichte die Untersuchung der wässrigen Elektrolytlösung in den drei Phasen Erwärmung, Blasenbildung und Entladung mit Gasbildung. Die messbare Gasbildungsrate wurde als ein Maß für die Intensität der Wasserdissoziation gewählt. Ihre Abhängigkeit von der HF-Spannung, der HF-Leistung, der Art des Elektrolyten, der Konzentration des Elektrolyten und dem geometrischen Aufbau des Reaktors wurden untersucht. Bei vielen Elektrolyten bestand das produzierte Gas vollständig aus Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff im molaren Verhältnis von 2 zu 1 sowie aus Wasserdampf. Für einige Elektrolyte wurden davon abweichende Verhalten hinsichtlich der Stöchiometrie beobachtet. Das im Zusammenhang mit der Wasserdissoziation emittierte Licht wurde spektroskopisch untersucht. Es konnten angeregte OH-, H- und O-Radikale nachgewiesen werden. Dieser Befund legt nahe, dass die Wasserdissoziation durch die Wechselwirkung von hochenergetischen Elektronen mit Wassermolekülen verursacht wird. Der Versuchsaufbau ermöglichte also die Ausbildung eines nicht-thermischen Plasmas in der Gasphase im Bereich der Reaktorverjüngung. Mit Hilfe von Simulationsrechnungen konnte der Verlauf des elektrischen Feldes in Abhängigkeit von der Elektrolytkonzentration für den gewählten Versuchsaufbau modelliert werden. Das Erreichen der für die Initiierung von selbsterhaltenden Entladungen in Wasserdampf notwendigen Feldstärke von 2,6 MV/m wurde durch die Modellierung verifiziert. Modellrechnungen stehen im Einklang mit dem vorgeschlagenen Mechanismus der HF-Wasserdissoziation. Des Weiteren wurde das Anwendungspotenzial der Radikalbildung für den Abbau von Modellschadstoffen wie Perfluoroktansäure (PFOA) untersucht. Der Abbau perfluorierter Verbindungen, der bisher durch eine wenig effiziente thermische Totaloxidation erreicht werden kann, konnte mit dem Plasmaprozess erfolgreich demonstriert werden.

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