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Submitted in fulfillment for the degree of Master of Technology, Clinical Technology: Cardiovascular Perfusion, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016. / Introduction: A large volume of residual haemodilute blood remains in the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuit after termination of the bypass. It is common practice in many centres to process residual pump blood with an autologus cell salvage system (ACSS), thereby producing a re-suspended red blood cell (RBC) concentrate and attenuating the need for donor blood RBC concentrate. It has also become standard practice to wash donor pack red blood cells (PRBC) before adding it to neonate cardiopulmonary circuits (Swindell et al., 2007). Manufactures of ACSS recommend 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) as a wash solution for processing salvaged blood. Previous studies have demonstrated that washing PRBC with normal saline results in acid-base (Huber et al., 2013) and electrolyte derangements (Varghese et al., 2007). Infusion of normal saline in healthy volunteers also results in significant changes in osmolality (Williams et al., 1999). The use of normal saline as a wash solution in processing residual CPB blood requires investigation. Aims and Objectives: This was a prospective, quantitative in vitro investigation to analyze and compare the quality of residual pump blood post CPB that had been washed with either an unbalanced electrolyte solution (0.9% normal saline) or a balanced electrolyte solution (Balsol®). Both are crystalloid solutions. The primary objective of the present study was to measure and compare the pH, electrolytes, metabolites, osmolality and strong ion difference (SID) of residual pump blood to the pH, electrolytes, metabolites, osmolality and SID of processed cell saver blood, which was washed with either 0.9% normal saline or Balsol® solution. The secondary objective was to measure and compare protein levels (albumin and total protein) in residual pump blood to protein levels in processed cell saver blood, that is washed with either 0.9% normal saline or Balsol® solution. The final objective was to determine the volume, haematocrit and haemoglobin yield post cell saver processing, from the input volume of residual pump blood when washed with either 0.9% normal saline or Balsol® solution. This was the first study of this nature done in the South African population group. Methodology: In this investigation in a series of forty patients (n=40) undergoing elective cardiac surgery with CPB, the first twenty patients were allocated to the NaCl control group (n=20) and the second twenty patients were allocated to the Balsol® interventional group (n=20). The extracorporeal circuit consisted of a standard integral hollow fibre membrane oxygenator and tubing that was primed with 1500-1800 millilitres of balanced crystalloid solution (Balsol®), for both the control group and the interventional group, and addition of 5000 iu heparin. The balanced crystalloid solution (Balsol®) is the approved standard CPB priming solution for all cardiac procedures at Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital. This setup was used with the Stockert S5 roller pump heart lung machine. The operations were performed as per protocol with standard non-pulsatile CPB and hypothermia was maintained at 28 – 32 ºC (core) and haemodilution (haematocrit 20 % to 30 %). A standard flow rate of 2.4 L/min/m² was used. Cardio protection consisted of either cold Blood Cardioplegia using the Buckberg 4:1 ratio, being four parts blood to one part cardioplegia (with the 35ml of 20 % Dextrose + 1 gram Magnesium Sulphate added per 500ml), or 20ml/kg cold St Thomas II cardioplegia (with addition of 10ml of 8.5% NaHCO3 + 100mg lignocain per litre). Topical cooling was achieved with ice cold 0.9 % saline. Maintenance fluid used during CPB was Balsol® for both the control and the interventional groups. Calcium, potassium and sodium bicarbonate was administered as required during CPB to correct deficits for both groups. Weaning of CPB was performed after re-warming to a rectal temperature of at least 35 ºC for both study groups. Immediately on termination of CPB a blood sample was taken from the sampling manifold of the CPB circuit for pre wash analysis. Residual pump blood was then flushed out with one litre of Balsol® solution for both groups and collected into the Medtronic autolog cell saver reservoir to be processed. In the control study group 0.9% NaCl was used as the wash solution and in the interventional study group Balsol® solution was used as the wash solution. After processing of the salvaged blood is complete, a blood sample was taken for post wash analysis. Clinical data recorded for pre and post wash samples included: pH, pCO2, pO2, [K+], [Na+], [Cl-], [Ca2+], lactate, glucose, [HCO3-], TCO2, haematocrit, haemoglobin (GEM 4000® premier™ blood gas analyser) blood volume (Medtronic autolog) and SID (calculated as per equation). Inorganic phosphate, total magnesium, albumin, total protein (Siemens Advia 1800 blood gas analyser) and osmolality (Gonotech osmometer) were also measured. Results: There was a highly significant decrease (p < 0.05) within the NaCl group after washing with pCO2 (28.3 ± 2.9 vs. <6.0 ± 0.0), [K+] (4.5 ± 0.5 vs. 1.0 ± 0.7), total magnesium (1.7 ± 0.7 vs. 0.29 ± 0), ionized calcium (1.0 ± 0.09 vs. 0.1 ± 0.03), inorganic phosphate (0.9 ± 0.4 vs. 0.09 ± 0.04) and SID (27.1 ± 2.1 vs. 18.4 ± 2.2). There was a highly significant increase (p < 0.05) within the NaCl group after washing with pH (7.5 ± 0.1 vs. 7.7 ± 0.1), [Na+] (132.9 ± 3.2 vs. 146.3 ± 1.9), [Cl-] (107.8 ± 3.1 vs. 127.4 ± 2.1) and osmolaltity (256.9 ± 38.4 vs. 296.2 ± 57.5). There were highly significant decrease (p < 0.05) within the Balsol® group after washing with pCO2 (30.15 ± 6.0 vs. 18.9 ± 4.9), [Na+] (134.7 ± 2.2 vs. 125.6 ± 1), [Cl-] (108.8 ± 2.7 vs. 100.2 ± 1.4), ionized calcium (0.9 ± 0.1 vs. 0.02 ± 0.04), inorganic phosphate (0.8 ± 0.2 vs. 0.1 ± 0.024) and osmolality (288.8 ± 20.6 vs. 272.8 ± 19.9). There were highly significant increase (p < 0.05) within the Balsol® group after washing with pH (7.5 ± 0.1 vs. 7.7 ± 0.1), [K+] (4.2 ± 0.4 vs 4.6 ± 0.3). Total magnesium and SID were similar after washing within the Balsol® group. Albumin and total protein revealed similar significant decreases within both groups after washing. There was a highly significant difference (p < 0.05) in the change between groups after washing in all the variables measured, except for pH, inorganic phosphate, lactate, glucose, albumin, total protein, haematocrit, haemoglobin, and blood volume. Total carbon dioxide and [HCO3-] were not compared because they were incalculable by blood gas analyser in the NaCl group. Conclusion: This investigation concluded that the balanced electrolyte solution Balsol® used for washing residual CPB blood results in a re-suspended RBC concentrate, with an osmolality and electrolyte profile that is superior compared to washing residual CPB blood with 0.9% NaCl solution. / M

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第18816号 / 理博第4074号 / 新制||理||1586(附属図書館) / 31767 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 長谷川 健, 准教授 安藤 耕司, 教授 林 重彦 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20001号 / 工博第4245号 / 新制||工||1657(附属図書館) / 33097 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科物質エネルギー化学専攻 / (主査)教授 作花 哲夫, 教授 安部 武志, 教授 邑瀬 邦明 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:47:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1384371 bytes, checksum: f1e51da0072f042d5fa1bf2f194a5c91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The effect of ad libitum intake of a hydroelectrolitic and energy replenisher on clinical and laboratory variables in six adult healthy male Mangalarga Marchador horses were assessed in the present study. The experiment was conducted in two sessions. The first session consisted in gait exercising. In the second session, water or a hydroelectrolitic replenisher was used as treatments. Two experimental cycles were conducted. There was an interval of seven days between the first and second cycle. In the first cycle, all six horses underwent gait exercising. Then, the hydroelectrolitic replenisher was supplied to three animals (replenisher group), and to the other three animals water was given (control group) during a six hour period. In the second cycle, the same six horses were submitted again to exercise, but exchanged their groups. Clinical (heart and respiratory rates, rectal temperature and volume intake) and laboratory evaluations (Na+, K+, Ca++, Cl-, Mg++, P, urea, creatinine, CK, GOT, pH, PCV, cHbV, pO2V, pCO2V, ctCO2V, cHCO3-V, cBaseV, sO2V) were performed at T0 (immediately before the beginning of exercise), T1 (immediately after exercise), and T2, T4 and T6 (two, four, and six hours after the treatment began, respectively). Gait exercising promoted a decrease in the concentration of all electrolytes analyzed and generated metabolic alkalosis. The replenisher tested led to a satisfactory effect, correcting fluid and electrolyte imbalances along with the metabolic disorder caused by exercise by the end of the treatment period. / O presente estudo avaliou o efeito da ingestão ad libitum de um repositor hidroeletrolítico e energético sobre variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais em equinos machos, hígidos. Ao todo, foram utilizados seis equinos adultos da raça Mangalarga Marchador. O experimento foi realizado em duas etapas: a primeira etapa constituiu o treinamento de marcha e, na segunda etapa, foi realizado o tratamento com o repositor hidroeletrolítico ou a água. Foram realizados dois ciclos experimentais com intervalo de sete dias entre o primeiro e segundo. No primeiro ciclo, os seis equinos foram submetidos treinamento de marcha. Em seguida, o repositor hidroeletrolítico foi fornecido a três animais (grupo repositor) e, aos outros três, foi fornecido água (grupo controle) por um período de seis horas de tratamento. No segundo ciclo, os mesmos seis equinos foram submetidos novamente ao exercício, porém foram trocados de grupo. A avaliação clínica (frequência cardíaca e respiratória, temperatura retal e o volume de ingestão) e laboratorial (Na+, K+, Ca++, Cl-, Mg++, P, ureia, creatinina, CK, AST, pH, Hct, cHbV, pO2V, pCO2V, ctCO2V, cHCO-3V, cBaseV, sO2V) foi realizada nos tempos T0 (imediatamente antes do início do exercício), T1 (imediatamente após o término do exercício), T2 (duas horas após o início do tratamento), T4 (quatro horas após o início do tratamento) e T6 (seis horas após o início do tratamento). O treinamento de marcha promoveu o decréscimo na concentração de todos os eletrólitos analisados e gerou alcalose metabólica. O efeito do repositor foi satisfatório, corrigindo, ao final do período de tratamento os desequilíbrios hidroeletrolíticos e distúrbios metabólicos ocasionados pelo exercício.

Während die Wasserdissoziation mit der Hilfe von Gleichstrom (Wasser-Elektrolyse) einen gut untersuchten Prozess darstellt, war der Mechanismus der Wasserdissoziation durch Einwirkung hochfrequenter (HF) elektromagnetischer Felder als relativ neues Phänomen noch nicht vollständig aufgeklärt. Für die Realisierung der Wasserdissoziation in HF-Feldern mit einer Frequenz von 13,56 MHz wurde in dieser Arbeit ein neuartiger experimenteller Aufbau verwendet, dessen Kernstück aus einem sich zwischen zwei parallelen Elektroden befindlichen Glasreaktor, der über eine Durchmesserverjüngung verfügte, bestand. Dieser Aufbau ermöglichte die Untersuchung der wässrigen Elektrolytlösung in den drei Phasen Erwärmung, Blasenbildung und Entladung mit Gasbildung. Die messbare Gasbildungsrate wurde als ein Maß für die Intensität der Wasserdissoziation gewählt. Ihre Abhängigkeit von der HF-Spannung, der HF-Leistung, der Art des Elektrolyten, der Konzentration des Elektrolyten und dem geometrischen Aufbau des Reaktors wurden untersucht. Bei vielen Elektrolyten bestand das produzierte Gas vollständig aus Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff im molaren Verhältnis von 2 zu 1 sowie aus Wasserdampf. Für einige Elektrolyte wurden davon abweichende Verhalten hinsichtlich der Stöchiometrie beobachtet. Das im Zusammenhang mit der Wasserdissoziation emittierte Licht wurde spektroskopisch untersucht. Es konnten angeregte OH-, H- und O-Radikale nachgewiesen werden. Dieser Befund legt nahe, dass die Wasserdissoziation durch die Wechselwirkung von hochenergetischen Elektronen mit Wassermolekülen verursacht wird. Der Versuchsaufbau ermöglichte also die Ausbildung eines nicht-thermischen Plasmas in der Gasphase im Bereich der Reaktorverjüngung. Mit Hilfe von Simulationsrechnungen konnte der Verlauf des elektrischen Feldes in Abhängigkeit von der Elektrolytkonzentration für den gewählten Versuchsaufbau modelliert werden. Das Erreichen der für die Initiierung von selbsterhaltenden Entladungen in Wasserdampf notwendigen Feldstärke von 2,6 MV/m wurde durch die Modellierung verifiziert. Modellrechnungen stehen im Einklang mit dem vorgeschlagenen Mechanismus der HF-Wasserdissoziation. Des Weiteren wurde das Anwendungspotenzial der Radikalbildung für den Abbau von Modellschadstoffen wie Perfluoroktansäure (PFOA) untersucht. Der Abbau perfluorierter Verbindungen, der bisher durch eine wenig effiziente thermische Totaloxidation erreicht werden kann, konnte mit dem Plasmaprozess erfolgreich demonstriert werden.

Während die Wasserdissoziation mit der Hilfe von Gleichstrom (Wasser-Elektrolyse) einen gut untersuchten Prozess darstellt, war der Mechanismus der Wasserdissoziation durch Einwirkung hochfrequenter (HF) elektromagnetischer Felder als relativ neues Phänomen noch nicht vollständig aufgeklärt. Für die Realisierung der Wasserdissoziation in HF-Feldern mit einer Frequenz von 13,56 MHz wurde in dieser Arbeit ein neuartiger experimenteller Aufbau verwendet, dessen Kernstück aus einem sich zwischen zwei parallelen Elektroden befindlichen Glasreaktor, der über eine Durchmesserverjüngung verfügte, bestand. Dieser Aufbau ermöglichte die Untersuchung der wässrigen Elektrolytlösung in den drei Phasen Erwärmung, Blasenbildung und Entladung mit Gasbildung. Die messbare Gasbildungsrate wurde als ein Maß für die Intensität der Wasserdissoziation gewählt. Ihre Abhängigkeit von der HF-Spannung, der HF-Leistung, der Art des Elektrolyten, der Konzentration des Elektrolyten und dem geometrischen Aufbau des Reaktors wurden untersucht. Bei vielen Elektrolyten bestand das produzierte Gas vollständig aus Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff im molaren Verhältnis von 2 zu 1 sowie aus Wasserdampf. Für einige Elektrolyte wurden davon abweichende Verhalten hinsichtlich der Stöchiometrie beobachtet. Das im Zusammenhang mit der Wasserdissoziation emittierte Licht wurde spektroskopisch untersucht. Es konnten angeregte OH-, H- und O-Radikale nachgewiesen werden. Dieser Befund legt nahe, dass die Wasserdissoziation durch die Wechselwirkung von hochenergetischen Elektronen mit Wassermolekülen verursacht wird. Der Versuchsaufbau ermöglichte also die Ausbildung eines nicht-thermischen Plasmas in der Gasphase im Bereich der Reaktorverjüngung. Mit Hilfe von Simulationsrechnungen konnte der Verlauf des elektrischen Feldes in Abhängigkeit von der Elektrolytkonzentration für den gewählten Versuchsaufbau modelliert werden. Das Erreichen der für die Initiierung von selbsterhaltenden Entladungen in Wasserdampf notwendigen Feldstärke von 2,6 MV/m wurde durch die Modellierung verifiziert. Modellrechnungen stehen im Einklang mit dem vorgeschlagenen Mechanismus der HF-Wasserdissoziation. Des Weiteren wurde das Anwendungspotenzial der Radikalbildung für den Abbau von Modellschadstoffen wie Perfluoroktansäure (PFOA) untersucht. Der Abbau perfluorierter Verbindungen, der bisher durch eine wenig effiziente thermische Totaloxidation erreicht werden kann, konnte mit dem Plasmaprozess erfolgreich demonstriert werden.

Electroconductive cellulose-based fibres were fabricated by depositing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) on the surface using a simple and scalable dip coating. The morphology, mechanical properties and conductive properties of the resultant MWNT–cellulose fibres were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, tensile testing and electrical resistance measurement, respectively. The resistance (RL) of the single MWNT–cellulose fibre can be controlled in a wide range of 50–200 000 kΩ cmˉ¹ by varying the conditions of dip coating. The sensing behaviour of these fibres to liquid water was investigated in detail. The results showed that they exhibit rapid response, high sensitivity and good reproducibility to water, with a relative electrical resistance change of about 100–8000% depending on the initial resistance. It was proposed that the disconnection of MWNT networks caused by swelling effects of the cellulose fibres is the dominant mechanism. Moreover, the sensitivity of the MWNT–cellulose fibres to an electrolyte solution was also investigated.