The topic of this diploma thesis is to design the space and water heating system for a sport hall. The diploma thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter analyzes existing literature with a focus on heat transfer, pipe thermal insulation, hot water source, and existing normative and legislative requirements regarding hot water preparation. The second chapter consists of various calculations that regard the design of radiators, branch dimensioning, and design of water heating system for the target object. Additionally, this chapter contains an elaboration of a design documentation, which Detail Design Documentation. The third chapter focuses on an experimental water heating for the target object with a comparison of a centralized and decentralized water heating system.

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The development of precast concrete housing systems provides an opportunity to easily and inexpensively incorporate solar energy collection by casting collector tubes into the roof structure. A design is presented for a precast solar water heating system used to aid in meeting the space and domestic water heating loads of a single family residence. A three-dimensional transient collector model is developed to characterize the precast solar collector's performance throughout the day. The model describes the collector as a series of segments in the axial direction connected by a fluid flowing through an embedded tube. Each segment is represented by a two-dimensional solid model with top boundary conditions determined using a traditional flat plate solar collector model for convection and radiation from the collector cover plate. The precast collector is coupled to a series solar assisted heat pump system and used to meet the heating needs of the residence. The performance of the proposed system is compared to the performance of a typical air to air heat pump. The combined collector and heat pump model is solved using Matlab in conjunction with the finite element solver, Femlab. Using the system model, various non-dimensional design and operating parameters were analyzed to determine a set of near optimal design and operating values. The annual performance of the near optimal system was evaluated to determine the energy and cost savings for applications in Atlanta, GA and Chicago, IL. In addition, a life cycle cost study of the system was completed to determine the economic feasibility of the proposed system. The results of the annual study show that capturing solar energy using the precast collector and applying the energy through a solar assisted heat pump can reduce the electricity required for heating by more than 50% in regions with long heating seasons. The life cycle cost analysis shows that the energy savings justifies the increase in initial cost in locations with long heating seasons but that the system is not economically attractive in locations with shorter heating seasons. / Master of Science

This master thesis aims to design the heating system and HDW preparation in an apartment building. The first variant deals with condensation gas boiler as the only energy source, while the second variant combines the gas boilers with the solar thermal system. The apartment building is located in Prag and has three above-ground floors and a basement. In the basement is the technical room. Convectors are being used for heat distribution. The theoretical part deals with the introduction to the solar thermal system.

Background: Electricity tariffs charged by Eskom have sharply increased over the past three years, with a 25% annual increase approved by Nersa until April 2012. There is no indication on what to expect in the future with regard to electricity tariffs. Many South Africans are searching for ways to save on their monthly electricity bills by seeking out alternative water heating systems. Solar geysers became a popular investment option, but this might not be the best options available on the market. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the most financially viable investment option in order to reduce electricity cost when it comes to water heating systems for use in households. This is done by comparing the capital expenditure and operational cost needed with the financial benefits generated by the investment, taking into consideration the size of the household. Design and method: A literature study was done on the different alternative water heating systems in order to obtain a better understanding of how these systems operate and what savings they can generate. Different investment appraisals were identified and a literature review was performed in order to identify the most appropriate investment appraisals for the purpose of this study. It was found that the net present value, equivalent annual annuity, internal rate of return, modified internal rate of return, accounting rate of return, discounted payback period and the economic value added were the best investment appraisal methods to use for the purpose of this study. Findings and conclusion: It was found that the five investment options identified in the literature review would all, to some extent, be financially viable to implement within households with high as well as low volume hot water consumption. All the investment appraisals gave positive outcomes. The conclusion was made that a saving will be generated on the monthly electricity bill no matter what alternative water heating system were to be installed in the place of a conventional geyser. Recommendations: It is recommended that a household with low volume hot water consumption should install a time switch as this investment option renders the highest IRR, MIRR, ARR and discounted payback period. The second best investment option for a household with low volume hot water consumption is a heat pump and the third best option is a gas geyser. For a household with high volume hot water consumption, the best investment options is again a time switch, as this renders the best IRR, MIRR, ARR and discounted payback period. The second best investment option is a heat pump, with a gas geyser as the third best investment option. Value of the research: This study focuses on five alternative water heating systems for a household within South Africa in times where electricity charges sharply increase. The financial viability of each of the alternatives is determined through various investment appraisals and the best option can be identified by comparing the outcomes of the alternatives. Furthermore, each individual is able to determine the viability of the alternatives by using the Excel model attached to this study and by inputting his/her own variables, where applicable. Research limitation: Limited literature was available on the different alternative water heating systems. No indication could be found of the maintenance cost of the different water heating systems. Assumptions had to be made with regard to households, although no two households are the same. Areas for further research: The same study could be performed, but with the focus on small businesses and large organisations. Furthermore, a study could be performed to determine the appropriate discount rate for individuals as well as the maintenance cost for water heating systems. / Thesis (MCom (Management Accountancy))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

Com o aumento do consumo de energia elétrica no Brasil, em função de fatores como o aumento da renda per capita e o maior acesso da população aos sistemas de suprimento, justifica-se a procura por fontes alternativas de energia. Esta Dissertação aborda o consumo energético residencial e analisa o papel do aquecimento de água para banho, que representa uma sobrecarga para infraestrutura elétrica no Brasil. O trabalho apresenta uma visão crítica em relação à predominância da eletricidade nesse uso final da energia, já que mais de 80% das residências brasileiras aquecem água para banho com chuveiros elétricos. Propõe-se a utilização de gases combustíveis para o aquecimento de água em residências, identificando que, em vários países do mundo, esse é um uso energético relativamente trivial dos gases combustíveis. A mera comparação internacional peca, porém, em não identificar as particularidades do sistema energético nacional, dentro das quais insere-se a predominância da eletricidade no aquecimento de água. O trabalho descreve os aspectos históricos, sociais, tecnológicos e econômicos que sustentam essa situação e apresenta as dificuldades que inibem iniciativas de promoção da substituição da eletricidade por gases combustíveis nesse serviço energético. A discussão é apresentada por meio da metodologia \"SWOT\", que conduz a uma análise comparativa abrangente entre os chuveiros elétricos e os aquecedores a gás. A metodologia utilizada é sintetizada e sua aplicação enfatiza quatro aspectos principais: tecnológicos, regulatórios, culturais e econômicos. A partir dos resultados apresentados, a Dissertação recomenda ações específicas para cada uma das quatro dimensões analisadas, que permitam ampliar a utilização do uso de gases combustíveis para aquecimento de água nas residências brasileiras, diversificando, portanto, a matriz energética desse segmento e reduzindo a participação relativa da eletricidade. O trabalho encerra com sugestões de temas cuja pesquisa merece ser aprofundada, bem como indicando que várias das críticas aqui apresentadas também são relevantes para a discussão do papel da energia solar térmica em ambientes residenciais no Brasil. / With the increase in electricity consumption in Brazil, due to factors such as increased per capita income and greater access of the population to supply systems, is justified the search for alternative energy sources. This dissertation adresses the residential energy consumption and examines the role of heating water for bathing, which is a burden on electrical infrastructure in Brazil. The paper presents a critical view of the predominance of electricity in final energy use, since more than 80% of Brazilian homes heat water to bath with electric shower. It is proposed the use of combustible gases for heating water in homes, identifying that in many countries, this is a relatively trivial energy use of mere international comparison sins, but not to identify the particularities of national energy system, within which is part of the dominance of electricity in water heating. The work describes the historical, social, technological and economic aspects that sustain this situation and shows the difficulties that inhibit initiatives to promote the substitution of electricity for combustible gases that energy service. The discussion is presented through the SWOT methodology, leading to a comprehensive comparative analysis of the electric showers and gas heaters. The SWOT methodology is synthesized and its application emphasizes four main aspects: technological, regulatory, cultural and economic. From the results presented, the dissertation recommends specific actions for each of the four dimensions analyzed, which can widen the use of the use of domestic gas for water heating in the Brazilian households, diversifying therefore the energy matrix of this segment and reducing the share on electricity. The work concludes with suggestions for topics whose research deserves to be thorough as well as indicating that several of the criticisms presented here are also relevant to the discussion of the role of solar energy in residential environments in Brazil.

Os sistemas de aquecimento solar de água têm sido amplamente utilizados no Brasil para uso doméstico em residências unifamiliares, aproveitando a energia potencial da água do reservatório superior e o fenômeno da termossifonagem para a circulação da água quente. Entretanto estes sistemas de aquecimento de água normalmente são dimensionados através de tabelas fornecidas pelos fabricantes que indicam o número de placas em função do tamanho da família e do número de pontos de utilização de água quente. Esse dimensionamento é muito mais baseado na intuição e experiência dos fabricantes do que em dados científicos. Por isso este trabalho desenvolveu um modelo de otimização para projetos de sistemas de aquecimento solar de água, utilizando uma rotina de simulação numérica em longo prazo em regime transiente. O dimensionamento otimizado fornece a inclinação e a área da placa coletora que resultam no mínimo custo ao longo da vida útil do equipamento. Este custo engloba gastos com a instalação, manutenção e uso de energia auxiliar. O procedimento computacional foi executado com características específicas do projeto, tais como:condições climáticas locais, perfil de demanda de água quente, orientação da placa coletora e a temperatura desejada para o armazenamento da água quente. Foi estudado um sistema de aquecimento solar da água por termossifão com placas coletoras planas para o clima de São Paulo. Este modelo busca facilitar o dimensionamento dos sistemas de aquecimento solar de água para os projetistas, nas condições reais de cada projeto. / Solar water heating systems have been widely used in Brazil for domestic purposes in single-family residences, taking advantage of the potential energy of the water of the superior reservoir and the phenomenon of the termosyphon for the circulation of the hot water. However these solar water heating systems are usually design through tables supplied by the manufacturers that indicate the number of flat plates collectors in function of the size of the family and of the number of points of use of hot water. That design is much more based on the intuition and on the manufacturers’ experience than in scientific data. Therefore this work has developed an optimization model for projects of solar water heating systems, using a routine of a long-period numeric simulation in flow transient. The optimized design supplies the inclination and the area of the flat plate collector that results in the minimum cost over the equipment’s lifetime. This cost includes expenses with the installation, maintenance and use of auxiliary energy. The computational procedure was executed with specific characteristics of the project, such as: local climatic conditions, profile of the hot water’s demand, orientation of the flat plate collector and the temperature wanted for the storage of the hot water. It was studied a solar water heating system by termosyphon with flat plate collector for the climate of São Paulo. This model search to facilitate the design of the solar water heating systems for the designers, of each project’s real conditions.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-07-14T14:56:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudio Soave.pdf: 7375907 bytes, checksum: 473d80e1a4fc185d6e6b38aefe29c2bc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-14T14:56:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudio Soave.pdf: 7375907 bytes, checksum: 473d80e1a4fc185d6e6b38aefe29c2bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-31 / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / FINEP - Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / A energia solar é uma fonte de energia limpa e renovável que vem destacando-se no cenário mundial, em especial em países desenvolvidos como Japão, Alemanha e EUA. Uma das aplicações em que o uso da energia solar vem crescendo, atualmente, é no aquecimento de água para uso doméstico e industrial. No cenário brasileiro, há um incentivo por parte do Governo Federal para trabalhos de pesquisa que visam desenvolver tecnologias de baixo custo para o aproveitamento da energia solar térmica por famílias de baixa renda, diminuindo o consumo de eletricidade. Um sistema de aquecimento de água com energia solar é essencialmente composto por coletor e reservatório térmico. Atualmente, estes dispositivos representam a maior parte dos custos envolvidos devido ao uso de materiais nobres, tais como o aço inoxidável, o cobre e o alumínio. Para que o uso dos coletores solares seja difundido e alcance um preço de mercado compatível com a realidade das famílias de baixa renda é necessário que os custos dos materiais e dos processos de fabricação sejam reduzidos. Os polímeros são materiais sintéticos formados por grandes moléculas que possuem características técnicas específicas e desejáveis para a aplicação na construção de coletores solares, entre elas fácil moldagem, baixo peso e baixo custo. Com o objetivo de auxiliar no desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia de baixo custo e fácil instalação, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e construção de um protótipo de coletor solar utilizando material polimérico com o intuito de testar as variáveis inerentes ao processo. Foram realizadas simulações para o estudo de diversas geometrias de canais retangulares e seu impacto no desempenho térmico dos coletores e foram buscadas formas de desenho a fim de contornar o problema da baixa condutividade térmica dos polímeros. A partir dessas simulações, foi construído um protótipo de coletor solar, que foi ensaiado para determinação de seu desempenho térmico. Os resultados apresentados foram promissores, mostrando que é possível o uso desses materiais sem que haja perda significativa de eficiência, além de mostrarem que existe a possibilidade de redução de seus custos de fabricação. / Solar energy is a clean, renewable energy that is standing out on the world stage, especially in developed countries like Japan, Germany and USA. One of the applications in which the use of solar energy is currently growing is in domestic and industrial water heating. In the Brazilian view, there is an incentive from Governo Federal to research papers aiming the development of the low-cost technologies for the use of solar thermal energy in low income families, thus, there is a reduction in the electricity consumption. A solar water heating system is essentially composed of collector and thermal reservoir. Currently, these devices represent the two most of the costs involved in their use due to the fine materials and high-cost process that are employed in the manufacture of both these equipments such as steel, copper and aluminum. For the use of solar collectors is widespread and reach a market price compatible with the reality of low-income families is necessary that the cost of materials and manufacturing processes be reduced. The polymers are synthetic materials formed by large molecules that have specific technical characteristics and desirable for application in the construction of solar collectors, including easy molding, low weight and low cost. In order to assist in developing a low-cost technology and easy installation, this work presents the development and construction of a prototype solar collector using polymeric material to test the variables inherent in the use of this technology. This work makes a bibliographic study on the types of polymeric materials for possible application, as well as an analysis of appropriate geometries. Finally a simulation was performed using the computer program ESS in order to determine: thermal performance, geometry and proper materials. Based on the data generated by the program, was designed and built a prototype flat plate solar collector in polymeric material. Finally tests was performed at the Laboratory of the University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos - UNISINOS in order to determine the thermal performance of the collector.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T15:14:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertacaoFerandoToniazzo.pdf: 4063087 bytes, checksum: 32e14216dde0f5bd7619d1a08ef14e8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-04 / Fundação Araucária / This work aims to optimize a solar water heating system for use on small farms. The solar heating system to be optimized is based on a collector with conical concentrator. The principle of concentration of light in a solar funnel collector comes down in abstraction and reflection of solar radiation to central hub with a tapered inner faces reflective. The solar energy concentration area is occupied by a receiver with high thermal conductivity material, suitably isolated by transparent surfaces for forming the greenhouse, where thermal energy is transferred to a working fluid. The characterization of the system shall take place with test runs the field to relate the proposed changes as a function of system efficiency. The method is summarized in data sampling in different scenarios, which vary according to the heating system (passive and active) and solar tracking (manual and stationary). Preliminary results show the optimization of the absorber geometry and the interaction of light in a conical concentrator. The results demonstrate that the scenarios with solar tracker have higher efficiency than with fixed orientation and solar heating systems operated actively are more efficient than passive systems / Este trabalho teve por objetivo otimizar um sistema de aquecimento solar de água para uso em pequenas propriedades rurais. O sistema de aquecimento solar otimizado é baseado em um coletor com concentrador cônico. O princípio de concentração de luz em um coletor solar com concentrador cônico resume-se na captação e reflexão da radiação solar ao centro de um concentrador afunilado com faces internas refletivas. A área de concentração de energia solar é ocupada por um receptor com material de alta condutibilidade térmica, devidamente isolado por superfícies transparentes para formação do efeito estufa, onde a energia térmica é transferida para um fluido de trabalho. A caracterização do sistema se efetuou com execuções de testes a campo para relacionar as mudanças propostas em função da eficiência do sistema. A metodologia constituiu-se de amostragens de dados em diferentes cenários, os quais variaram de acordo com o sistema de aquecimento (passivo e ativo) e rastreamento solar (manual e estacionário). Os resultados demonstraram que os cenários com seguidor solar apresentaram maior eficiência do que os com orientação fixa e os sistemas de aquecimento solar operados de forma ativa foram mais eficientes do que os sistemas passivos.

Background: Electricity tariffs charged by Eskom have sharply increased over the past three years, with a 25% annual increase approved by Nersa until April 2012. There is no indication on what to expect in the future with regard to electricity tariffs. Many South Africans are searching for ways to save on their monthly electricity bills by seeking out alternative water heating systems. Solar geysers became a popular investment option, but this might not be the best options available on the market. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the most financially viable investment option in order to reduce electricity cost when it comes to water heating systems for use in households. This is done by comparing the capital expenditure and operational cost needed with the financial benefits generated by the investment, taking into consideration the size of the household. Design and method: A literature study was done on the different alternative water heating systems in order to obtain a better understanding of how these systems operate and what savings they can generate. Different investment appraisals were identified and a literature review was performed in order to identify the most appropriate investment appraisals for the purpose of this study. It was found that the net present value, equivalent annual annuity, internal rate of return, modified internal rate of return, accounting rate of return, discounted payback period and the economic value added were the best investment appraisal methods to use for the purpose of this study. Findings and conclusion: It was found that the five investment options identified in the literature review would all, to some extent, be financially viable to implement within households with high as well as low volume hot water consumption. All the investment appraisals gave positive outcomes. The conclusion was made that a saving will be generated on the monthly electricity bill no matter what alternative water heating system were to be installed in the place of a conventional geyser. Recommendations: It is recommended that a household with low volume hot water consumption should install a time switch as this investment option renders the highest IRR, MIRR, ARR and discounted payback period. The second best investment option for a household with low volume hot water consumption is a heat pump and the third best option is a gas geyser. For a household with high volume hot water consumption, the best investment options is again a time switch, as this renders the best IRR, MIRR, ARR and discounted payback period. The second best investment option is a heat pump, with a gas geyser as the third best investment option. Value of the research: This study focuses on five alternative water heating systems for a household within South Africa in times where electricity charges sharply increase. The financial viability of each of the alternatives is determined through various investment appraisals and the best option can be identified by comparing the outcomes of the alternatives. Furthermore, each individual is able to determine the viability of the alternatives by using the Excel model attached to this study and by inputting his/her own variables, where applicable. Research limitation: Limited literature was available on the different alternative water heating systems. No indication could be found of the maintenance cost of the different water heating systems. Assumptions had to be made with regard to households, although no two households are the same. Areas for further research: The same study could be performed, but with the focus on small businesses and large organisations. Furthermore, a study could be performed to determine the appropriate discount rate for individuals as well as the maintenance cost for water heating systems. / Thesis (MCom (Management Accountancy))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012