Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-28T19:28:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 annecarolinebarbosadecarvalho.pdf: 3703173 bytes, checksum: cf2399fc999068039e78686b8d704d7a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-05T14:34:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 annecarolinebarbosadecarvalho.pdf: 3703173 bytes, checksum: cf2399fc999068039e78686b8d704d7a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-05T14:34:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 annecarolinebarbosadecarvalho.pdf: 3703173 bytes, checksum: cf2399fc999068039e78686b8d704d7a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-09 / A erosão consiste no processo natural de desprendimento e transporte das partículas do solo, inerente à própria formação do solo e possui como principais agentes o vento e a água. Entretanto o homem, por meio da inserção de práticas que desequilibram as condições naturais, pode acelerar os processos erosivos. O controle da erosão torna-se necessário quando a quantidade de solo removida atinge valores acima de um nível considerado aceitável. Desde a década de 50, diversos modelos vêm sendo desenvolvidos e aperfeiçoados com o intuito de prever as perdas de solo por erosão, e o que trata o assunto de modo mais dinâmico, devido ao fato de superar parcialmente restrições climáticas e geográficas e ter uma aplicação generalizada, é a chamada Equação Universal de Perda de Solo – EUPS (no inglês, Universal Soil Loss Equation - USLE). Em função do exposto, o propósito deste trabalho foi realizar o monitoramento em campo das perdas de solo e água utilizando parcelas experimentais montadas em encosta, sob o uso de sistemas diferenciados de manejo do solo e da vegetação e chuva natural, em uma área do campo experimental da Embrapa Gado de Leite, pertencente ao município de Coronel Pacheco – MG, promovendo ajustes e calibrações em um modelo matemático que simula processos de erosão superficial. Para tal, o trabalho foi subdividido em três capítulos, sendo o primeiro uma exposição teórica do tema erosão e alguns dos modelos matemáticos capazes de quantificar as perdas de solo. Apesar de algumas limitações a USLE, quando comparada com outros modelos, é considerada um bom instrumento para previsão das perdas de solo por erosão laminar, por exigir um número de informações relativamente pequeno e por ser uma equação amplamente estudada. O capítulo dois descreve a aplicação do modelo proposto com o diagnóstico dos eventos pluviométricos e suas interações com os atributos do solo em diferentes formas de coberturas vegetais; o monitoramento das perdas de solo e escoamentos pluviais, a partir da montagem de parcelas experimentais situadas ao longo da encosta; a utilização do modelo USLE para estimar as perdas de solo, estabelecendo fatores de erosividade (R), erodibilidade (K), topografia (LS), uso e manejo do solo (C) por meio dos dados obtidos pelo monitoramento das parcelas montadas na encosta, o que gerou simulações de perda de solo em t ha-1ano-1. O valor considerado para o fator (P) foi de 0,5. As perdas de solo e água foram: 117,79 t ha-1 e 2.372.230 L ha-1; 94,68 t ha-1 e 2.086.570 L ha-1; 20,50 t ha-1 e 1.687.135 L ha-1 para o solo exposto, braquiária em monocultivo e braquiária com milho, respectivamente. O fator erosividade (R) foi de vi 7.589 MJ mm ha-1h-1; o de erodibilidade (K) 0,009 t ha MJ-1 mm-1, enquanto os valores do fator (C) foram de 1, 0,54 e 0,15 para os tratamentos solo exposto, braquiária em monocultivo e para o consórcio milho com braquiária, respectivamente. O capítulo três avalia a produtividade dos tipos de vegetação utilizados no experimento. A altura e a cobertura do solo pela braquiária não apresentaram diferenças entre os tratamentos avaliados. Porém, a produção da matéria verde e da matéria seca foram maiores na braquiária em monocultivo. / The erosion consists of a natural process of detachment and transport of particles of the soil being caused mainly because of the wind and the water. However, it can be accelerated by human actions. The erosion control becomes necessary when the amount of soil removed reaches values above an acceptable level. Since 1950, models have been developing to make soil losses predictions. The main one is the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). Therefore, the aim was to monitor the soil and water losses using plots built on slope under three management systems, vegetation and natural rainfall in the area of the experimental field of Embrapa in Coronel Pacheco-MG using the USLE. Thus the search was subdivided in three chapters. The first one is a theoretical exposition about erosion processes and some of the mathematical models used to quantify soil losses. Despite some limitations of the USLE, when it is compared with other mathematical models, the USLE is considered a good equation for predicting soil losses for layer erosion. In addition, it does not demand a great number of information and it has been a widely studied equation. The second chapter is about the application of the USLE with rainfall events and its interactions with soil properties in different forms of vegetation cover; monitoring of soil losses and runoff from plots located on the slope; besides to set rainfall and runoff factor (R), soil erodibility factor (K), topographic factor (LS), cover and management factor (C) using plots. After that, the results were used to carry out soil losses simulations. The assumed value to support practice factor was 0,5. The soil and water losses were of 117.79 t ha-1 and 2.372.230 L ha-1, 94.68 t ha-1 and 2.086.570 L ha-1, 20.50 t ha-1 and 1.687.135 L ha-1 for the soil without plant cultivation, B. decumbens signal cultivation and maize with B. decumbens consortium (iLP), respectively. The rainfall and runoff factor (R) was 7.589 MJ mm ha-1h-1 and the soil erodibility factor (K) was 0,009 t ha MJ-1 mm-1. The values of cover and management factor (C) were of 1, 0,54 e 0,15 for for the soil without plant cultivation, B. decumbens signal cultivation and maize with B. decumbens consortium (iLP), respectively. The last one is about productivity of the sort of vegetation used in the experiment. There was no difference in the height of B. decumbens or in the soil cover in both treatments. However, the green and dry matter productivity were larger in the Brachiaria decumbens monoculture.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Irrigation is an alternative to minimize fluctuations in grain production and yield due to water deficiency. However, to prevent water losses and to improve the efficiency of this use, the irrigation management has to be sustainable. Therefore, the knowledge of the number of variables related with soil and crops, in response to different growing conditions is fundamental to have an adequate irrigation management. Thus, tere objective of tail study was made to evaluate water losses, variations in the soil temperature with different spacing between rows and the amount of plant residues on the surface of the soil during the cultivation of beans. This experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the Agricultural Engineering Department at the Federal University of Santa Maria, in 2010, under a rainout shelter. The experimental design was completely randomized bi-factorial with three replications. Factor A was consisted of three spacing rows between crops: 30, 50 and 70 cm. Factor B was consisted of two quantities of crop residues on soil surface: 1 Mg ha-1 of corn residues and 5 Mg ha-1 of corn + oat residues. The water content in the soil was determined by a FDR set (Frequency domain reflectometry, Campbell Scientific), in layers of the soil profile: 0-10, 10-25, 25-55 and 55-85 cm deep. Daily water storage in the soil (mm), daily and accumulated water losses in soil (mm) were evaluated. Soil temperature was mensured ussing thermocouples made of copper and constantan were installed at the depths of 3, 8, 15 and 35 cm. Morphological determination were conducted of the dry beans plants (leaf area and plant height) and the determination of the coverage fraction of the plants between the rows. The dry beans plants were 7cm higher in the plot with 5 Mg ha-1 of corn + oat residues on the surface. The full coverage of the dry beans plants between rows occurred primarily in the spacing of 30 cm at 47 days after sowing, and the spacing of 50 and 70 cm occurred at 61 days after sowing with a maximum leaf area index 6,8. Accumulated soil water losses during the development cycle of the dry beans, in the different layers of the soil profile down to 85 cm deep, were not affected by row spacing of cultivation from 30 to 70 cm. In the early stage of development of the dry beans plants, considering the period of 30 days after sowing, (104 mm of reference evapotranspiration accumulated) in the layer of the soil profile from 0-10 cm deep, using 5 Mg ha-1 of corn + oat residues on the soil surface reduced 26% of water losses in the soil, resulting in a better water storage and availability to plants. Using 5 Mg ha-1 of corn + oats residues on the soil surface caused reductions in soil temperature (minimum and maximum) up to 3oC. The soil temperature (minimum and maximum) increased linearly with the spacing between rows from 30 to 70 cm. The average values of yield components and yield of the beans of the treatments were 18 pods plant-1, 6 grains pod-1 and 3, 45 Mg ha-1. / A irrigação é uma alternativa para minimizar as oscilações na produção e produtividade de grãos devido à deficiência hídrica. Entretanto, para uma produção sustentável, a irrigação deve ser manejada de forma a evitar desperdícios de água e aumentar a eficiência deste recurso hídrico. Para isso, no manejo de irrigação tornase fundamental o conhecimento de uma série de variáveis, relacionadas ao solo e às culturas, em resposta a diferentes condições de cultivo. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as perdas de água e as variações na temperatura de um solo cultivado com feijão com diferentes espaçamentos entre linhas e quantidades de resíduos vegetais depositados na superfície do solo. O experimento foi realizado em área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, no ano agrícola de 2010/11, no interior de uma cobertura móvel. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, bifatorial, com três repetições. O fator A foi constituído de três espaçamentos entre linhas de cultivo 30, 50 e 70 cm. O fator B constituiu-se de duas quantidades de resíduos vegetais na superfície do solo: 1 Mg ha-1 de resíduos de milho e 5 Mg ha-1 de resíduos de milho+aveia preta. O conteúdo de água do solo foi determinado por um conjunto FDR (Reflectometria no domínio de freqüência, Campbell Scientific), nas camadas do perfil do solo de: 0 a 10, 10 a 25, 25 a 55 e 55 a 85 cm de profundidade. Avaliou-se diariamente o armazenamento de água no solo, perdas diárias e perdas acumuladas de água do solo. Para avaliação da temperatura do solo foram utilizados termopares, constituídos de cobre e constantan, instalados nas profundidades de 3, 8, 15 e 35 cm do perfil do solo. Foram realizadas avaliações morfológicas das plantas de feijão (área foliar e altura de plantas) e determinado a fração de cobertura da entre linha pelo dossel vegetativo da cultura. As plantas de feijão foram, em média, 7 cm mais altas no solo mantido com 5 Mg ha-1 de resíduos de milho+aveia preta na superfície. A cobertura da entre linha pelo dossel vegetativo do feijoeiro ocorreu primeiramente no espaçamento entre linhas de 30 cm, aos 47 dias após a semeadura, e, nos espaçamentos entre linhas de 50 e 70 cm ocorreu aos 61 dias após a semeadura, com o máximo índice de área foliar das plantas de 6,8. As perdas de água do solo acumuladas durante o ciclo de desenvolvimento da cultura do feijão, nas diferentes camadas do perfil do solo, até 85 cm de profundidade, não foram afetadas pelos espaçamentos entre linhas de cultivo de 30 a 70 cm. Na fase inicial de desenvolvimento da cultura do feijão, período compreendido da semeadura até 30 dias após a semeadura (104 mm de evapotranspiração de referência acumulada), na camada do perfil do solo de 0-10 cm de profundidade, as perdas de água do solo acumuladas foram reduzidas em 26% com a utilização de 5 Mg ha-1 de resíduos de milho+aveia preta na superfície do solo, resultando em maior armazenamento de água no solo e disponibilidade de água às plantas. A utilização de 5 Mg ha-1 de resíduos de milho+aveia preta na superfície do solo causou reduções na temperatura do solo (média e máxima) de até 3oC. A temperatura do solo (média e máxima), dos 32 a 56 dias após a semeadura, aumentou linearmente com o incremento do espaçamento entre linhas de 30 para 70 cm. Os valores médios dos componentes do rendimento e rendimento de grãos da cultura do feijão para os tratamentos foram de 18 vagens planta-1, 6 grãos vagem-1 e 3,45 Mg ha-1.

This Diploma thesis deals with minimum night flows issue. Basic findings about minimum night flows were summarized in the introductory part of thesis. Findings like the minimum night flow components, affecting parameters and used methodologies for assessment of minimal night flows. In the practical part of this thesis was this knowledge applied to real water distribution system in the municipality Hrádek u Sušice. The part of this thesis was also determinate the measurement accuracy of used water meter, which was formerly installed at the outlet in the Hrádek water tank. Measurement errors was determinate for the flow values, that are close to the real measured minimum night flow data in the water distribution system in municipality Hrádek u Sušice.

This thesis deals with the problem of water losses in the Loučenský brook and Bouřlivec basins. It was written on the basis of a project for the state enterprise Povodí Ohře, which dealt with the management of these streams. Loučenský potok and Bouřlivec are the sources of water for the Všechlapy reservoir, which provides a number of functions in the reservoir surroundings. However, the Všechlapy reservoir has been threatened by hydrological drought in recent years. For this reason, it is necessary to determine the water losses in the basin and focus on possible methods to ensure that the reservoir has sufficient water levels to maintain all of its major functions. In the first part of the thesis, the theoretical background related to the issue is explained. In the practical part of the thesis, water losses in the basin are detected mainly on the basis of longitudinal profiling of flows and recorded water withdrawals. Flow measurements were carried out on a total of 43 profiles in five different hydrological conditions with a focus on the dry season. The results show that there is a need to look for reserves in two areas. Firstly, in the management of the ponds, where it appears that a significant amount of water is being lost throughout the basins, and secondly, in the small-scale users who draw...

Exposure to high heat and humidity can lead to serious health risks, including heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) and heat index have historically been used to predict heat stress events, but individualized factors are not included in the measurement. It has been shown that there is a relationship between cardiovascular measurements and heat stress, which could be used to measure heat stress risk on an individual level. Research has been done to find relationships between cardiovascular metrics in a workplace environment, however the study did not include the use of a controlled environment as a baseline. This study provides measurements of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), heart rate, body core temperature, and blood pressure in a controlled environment when human subjects are exposed to high heat and humidity. Thirty subjects (n=17 females, 13 males) were asked to self-express their activity level (active vs. sedentary), gender, and age. The subjects performed a 30-minute moderate exercise routine on a stationary stepper machine in a heated environmental chamber (average WBGT of 26ºC). TEWL, heart rate, tympanic temperature, and blood pressure were recorded at every 10-minute increment of the exercise protocol per subject. The data was analyzed using JMP® software to find significant (P

La peau, organe le plus étendu du corps humain, réalise une barrière entre l’environnement et le milieu interne préservant ainsi l’homéostasie. De nombreuses fonctions sont assurées par le tégument telles une modulation des échanges thermiques, une barrière physique, chimique et immunitaire contre l’entrée des composés et microorganismes exogènes mais également contre la perte des substances du milieu interne. L’altération de la surface cutanée et donc de ses fonctions, engendre un processus complexe de réparation qui vise à restaurer le système. Lors de ce travail de thèse des outils biophysiques ont été expérimentés dans un premier temps afin de renseigner sur la qualité de la fonction barrière, et donc sur la qualité de la cicatrisation cutanée. La première approche consistait à quantifier la qualité de la barrière cutanée par mesure de la perte insensible en eau. Cette approche s’est révélée fructueuse et a été proposée comme standard interne dans les études de perméation cutanée ex vivo afin de permettre une comparaison plus aisée des résultats expérimentaux issus de différentes préparations de peau. Dans un second temps la mesure des paramètres du micro relief cutané a été confrontée aux résultats des mesures concomitantes des paramètres biophysiques classiques (perte insensible en eau et hydratation cutanée) afin de mettre en évidence une possible corrélation entre qualité de la fonction barrière cutanée et topologie de surface. Les résultats des deux méthodes d’investigation sont effectivement bien corrélés dans le cas d’une altération physique de la surface cutanée, suggérant les mesures des paramètres du micro relief cutané comme une méthode originale de quantification de la réépithélialisation cutanée. Une approche plus fondamentale a également été éprouvée afin d’appréhender les mesures de « pertes insensibles en oxygène » comme une mesure innovante de la qualité de la fonction barrière cutanée. Cette première approche a permis de mettre en évidence, une orientation préférentielle significative du flux d’oxygène à travers la peau.La deuxième partie de ce travail de thèse a consisté à développer une nouvelle formulation pro cicatrisante et de tester son potentiel thérapeutique in vitro. Initialement basée sur l’administration d’oxygène afin de lutter contre l’hypoxie qui accompagne souvent les lésions cutanées, cette ligne d’étude a rapidement été écartée au profit du développement d’une formulation pour l’établissement d’un stress oxydant améliorant les processus de cicatrisation. Cette théorie du stress oxydant comme promoteur de la cicatrisation découle d’observations récentes qui démontrent un retard de cicatrisation en l’absence d’un stress oxydant in vivo, et une stimulation spécifique des cellules in vitro. Les formulations développées à ce dessein ont été testées sur des cultures de kératinocytes in vitro afin d’étudier leurs effets sur la réépithélialisation : l’une des dernières étapes de la cicatrisation. / Skin, the largest organ of the human body, confers protection from the environment through several barrier functions which provide physical, immune and chemical defenses. Skin provides protection to microorganisms, exogenous compounds, shocks, radiations, temperature and out flowing of solutes or water from the body. Without an efficient system to restore skin structures and functions, skin wounding may be deleterious. Over the course of this Ph.D. work, varied biophysical parameters have been experienced as tools to investigate the cutaneous wound healing quality. Measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) to quantify the barrier function quality of the skin has been successfully assessed. It has been proposed as an internal standard of skin integrity facilitating direct comparison of data issued from different skin samples. In an in vivo approach, skin micro-relief parameters have been set against TEWL and hydration values after a physical or chemical damage onto the skin. Interestingly micro-relief parameters and biophysical measurements were closely related after tape-stripping, suggesting topographical parameters as an original method to quantify skin reepithelialization. A more fundamental assay was performed suggesting oxygen flux as a new tool to investigate skin barrier quality. From our results a “transepidermal oxygen loss” development seems to be compromised but surprisingly, we pointed out a preferential oxygen delivery course through the skin from endogenous reservoir. Besides the improvement of these tools for wound healing assessment, an innovative formulation to promote skin wound healing has been developed. The challenge of this new preparation is to generate reactive oxygen species, namely hydrogen peroxide, at sub-cytotoxic levels. Indeed recent studies pointed out that down regulation of hydrogen peroxide production in vivo delayed wound healing; furthermore, in vitro stimulation of fibroblasts or keratinocytes with hydrogen peroxide induced expression of healing promoting factors. The developed formulation was therefore assayed on keratinocytes’ in vitro culture in order to evaluate their efficacy on réépithélialisation, ending wound closure. Interestingly one of the developed formulation stimulated significantly keratinocytes migration, through a mechanism which do not imply TGF-1 expression, suggesting a potential benefit in wound réépithélialisation.

Introdução: Dermatite atópica (DA) é uma doença cutânea crônica, predominante na infância, cujo sintoma principal é o prurido de intensidade variável, e os sinais são classicamente as lesões de padrão eczematoso. Há anormalidades na formação e função da barreira cutânea, que estão presentes não somente nas lesões cutâneas como na pele clinicamente não afetada. Objetivo: Analisar a correlação entre as medidas biofísicas da função de barreira cutânea e os critérios clínicos e intensidade da dermatite, de acordo com os critérios de Rajka e Langeland. Métodos: 231 doentes do Departamento de Dermatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, com diagnóstico clínico de dermatite atópica segundo os critérios diagnósticos de Rajka e Langeland foram avaliados por exame físico, anamese, medidas biofísicas de grau de hidratação de camada córnea pelo método de capacitância (corneometria) e pelo método de perda de água transepidérmica (TEWL); a medida sérica de IgE também foi solicitada no ato do exame. Resultados: Houve uma relação significativa entre as medidas de corneometria, TEWL e gravidade clínica da dermatite atópica. Os dados demonstraram uma correlação inversamente proporcional entre a corneometria e o TEWL, e houve uma diferença estatisticamente significativa (p<0,001) entre as médias de corneometria e TEWL e grau de DA (leve, moderada ou intensa). Com relação aos níveis séricos de IgE, as medidas de corneometria apresentaram uma correlação negativa significativa; para TEWL, a correlação positiva foi estatisticamente significativa (p<0,001). Conclusão: As medidas biofísicas de barreira cutânea na DA, mesmo em pele aparentemente não lesada, podem funcionar como fator de avaliação do grau clínico da DA e da intensidade do prurido. / Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic dermatosis, predominant in childhood, characterized by pruritus and eczematous type lesions with xerosis as the proeminent clinical sign. Objectives: To analyze the correlation between biophysical measurements of skin barrier function and other assessment criteria of clinical severity according to Rajka and Langelands criteria. Methods: Biophysical measurements (Transepidermal water loss and corneometry) were obtained from 231 patients from the department of dermatology, Hospital das Clinicas FMUSP with the diagnsosis of atopical dermatitis. Serum levels of IgE were also evaluated. Results: A significant correlation between corneometry, TEWL and clinical severity of atopic dermatitis were found. Data showed an inverse correlation between corneometry, TEWL, and AD severity, and a significant difference (p<0,001) between means of corneometry and TEWL and AD severity (mild, moderate and severe). As for IgE levels, corneometry had significant negative correlation, in contrast with TEWL, wich showed a significant positive correlation (p<0,001). Conclusion: Biophysical measurements of skin barrier in non lesional skin of atopic dermatitis may work as an evaluation factor for AD severity and pruritus.

Résumé : Lobjectif des travaux entrepris au cours de cette thèse visait à mettre en place un procédé global de conservation des graines de grenade (Punica granatum L.). Ce procédé se base essentiellement sur une déshydratation osmotique (DO), associée à un pré-traitement de congélation et un post-traitement de séchage par entrainement. Dans ce contexte, plusieurs paramètres d'optimisation du transfert de masse ont été étudiés, tels que la nature de la solution dimmersion (saccharose, glucose, glucose/saccharose et jus de datte « sous-produit » enrichi en saccharose), la température (30, 40, et 50°C) et létat du fruit (frais, congelé). En outre, nous avons mis en relation ces conditions avec certaines propriétés des graines : leur texture, leur structure, et leur couleur. Létude des paramètres de déshydratation (perte en eau (WL), gain en solides (SG), et réduction en poids (WR)) a montré quen utilisant des graines congelées et indépendamment de la température et de la solution utilisée, la majorité du transfert de masse seffectue pendant les vingt premières minutes de traitement. A lissue de cette période, la perte en eau est estimée à 46%, 41%, 39%, et 37% respectivement dans les solutions de saccharose, glucose/saccharose, de jus de datte et du glucose. La DO des graines fraîches est caractérisée par une cinétique plus lente, mais une perte finale en eau plus importante. Comme le montrent les analyses en microscopie électronique, cela sexplique par une déstructuration cellulaire survenant à la suite de la congélation des graines, ce qui vient conforter les résultats des observations microscopiques. Les mêmes techniques ont également indiqué une modification de texture/structure induite par le processus de DO. Dautre part, lutilisation dune solution de saccharose (55°Brix) et dune température de 50°C favorise un meilleur transfert de masse. La détermination des différentes fractions deau dans la graine par calorimétrie différentielle (DSC) a montré une augmentation dun facteur ~2,5 fois de la fraction deau non congelable (eau liée) et une réduction de ~3,5 fois de la fraction deau congelable (eau libre) favorisant ainsi une meilleure conservation du fruit. Le suivi de la qualité intrinsèque des graines au cours de la DO a montré une perte dune quantité non négligeable de certains composés (protéines, cendres) de la graine vers la solution, ce qui pourrait avoir une influence majeure sur la qualité organoleptique et nutritionnelle du fruit. La DO seule ne pourrait pas maintenir une stabilité du produit au cours de la conservation. En effet, lactivité deau du produit fini après DO est proche de 0,90. Ainsi, dans un but plus appliqué, un traitement complémentaire de séchage par entrainement (2 m/s durant 4 heures) a été mis en place, à différentes températures (40, 50, et 60°C), afin de réduire lactivité deau à une valeur inférieure à 0,65. Afin doptimiser le traitement de séchage, nous avons étudié en premier lieu leffet de la température sur lévolution de la matière sèche, de lactivité deau et du pourcentage de séchage des graines. Dautre part, plusieurs paramètres de qualité des graines de grenade (lactivité antioxydante, la teneur en composés phénoliques, les anthocyanines, la couleur, et la texture) ont été étudiés à différentes températures. Ce travail est une contribution à létude des propriétés physico-chimiques des graines de grenade (Punica granatum L.) au cours des procédés de congélation, de déshydratation et de séchage. Les caractéristiques du produit fini peuvent justifier de nouvelles voies de transformation et dexploitation des graines de grenade. Abstract: The aim of this work was to create a complete conservation process of pomegranate seeds (Punica granatum L.). This process is essentially based on osmotic dehydration (OD), which was associated to freezing and air-drying process. Several parameters were studied to optimize the process such as osmotic solution (sucrose, glucose, and sucrose/glucose and date juice with sucrose added), temperature (30, 40, and 50°C) and state of the fruit (fresh and frozen). All these conditions were linked to seed proprieties (texture, structure, and colour). The study of osmotic dehydration parameters (water loss (WL), solids gain (SG) and weight reduction (WR)) showed that most significant changes of mass transfer took place during the first 20 min of dewatering using frozen seeds, independently of temperature and sugar type. During this period, seeds water loss was estimated at 46% in sucrose, 41% in sucrose/glucose mix, 39% in date juice, and 37% in glucose. Mass transfer was slower starting from fresh fruit but led to a higher rate of WL at the end of the process. This fact can be explained by scanning electron microscopy, which showed damage of seed cell structure after freezing. This has practical consequences in terms of the modification of seeds texture. The same process also revealed a modification of seed texture and cell structure after osmotic dehydration. Using a sucrose solution and a temperature of 50°C favoured the best mass transfer. The determination of different water fractions of seed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the % of frozen water decreased 3.5 times contrary the % of unfreezable water that increased 2.5 times. This favours a better seeds conservation. During osmotic dehydration, there was a non negligible leaching of natural solutes from seeds into the solution, which might have an important impact on the sensorial and nutritional value of seeds. Using only osmotic dehydration could not maintain the stability of seeds during conservation. In fact, after the osmotic process, water activity of seeds was found to be higher than 0.9, allowing to the development of microorganisms and some undesirable reactions. As a consequence, a drying of the pomegranate seeds (during four hours) was investigated at three different temperatures (40, 50, and 60 °C) with air flow rate of 2 ms-1. Prior to the drying process, seeds were osmodehydrated in a sucrose solution (55°Brix) during 20 min at 50°C. The drying kinetics and the effects of OD and air-drying temperature on antioxidant capacity, total phenolic, colour, and texture were determined. This work is a contribution to the study of physico-chemical properties of pomegranate seeds (Punica granatum L.) during freezing, osmotic dehydration and drying. After the global process, the pomegranate seed characteristics lead to new industrial developments.

From the Proceedings of the 1977 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 15-16, 1977, Las Vegas, Nevada / Relative water content (RWC), water potential (P), and gas exchange were measured on saltcedar at the Bernardo, New Mexico, lysimeter site. RWC and s were closely correlated; but, water potential measurements, taken with a pressure bomb, were more convenient and reliable. RWC and r decreased sharply from sunup until about 0900, when minimum values of about -26 bars T or 80% RWC were reached. Water status then remained constant or improved slightly through late afternoon. Transpiration rates typically remained high until about noon and then began a steady, gradual decrease that continued throughout the afternoon. The data suggest that water stress may be a factor in initiating stomatal closure; however, transpiration continued to decline despite a constant or improved leaf water status. Maximum net photosynthetic rates occurred by 0900, and depressions throughout the remainder of the day were largely accounted for by increased leaf temperatures. Afternoon depressions in transpiration and photosynthesis occurred in twigs held at constant temperature and relative humidity, suggesting that a diurnal rhythm may be involved in control of gas exchange. Water status of plants growing on the lysimeters was comparable to that of plants in adjacent natural stands; gas exchange rates were slightly higher for the lysimeter-grown plants.

Introdução: Dermatite atópica (DA) é uma doença cutânea crônica, predominante na infância, cujo sintoma principal é o prurido de intensidade variável, e os sinais são classicamente as lesões de padrão eczematoso. Há anormalidades na formação e função da barreira cutânea, que estão presentes não somente nas lesões cutâneas como na pele clinicamente não afetada. Objetivo: Analisar a correlação entre as medidas biofísicas da função de barreira cutânea e os critérios clínicos e intensidade da dermatite, de acordo com os critérios de Rajka e Langeland. Métodos: 231 doentes do Departamento de Dermatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, com diagnóstico clínico de dermatite atópica segundo os critérios diagnósticos de Rajka e Langeland foram avaliados por exame físico, anamese, medidas biofísicas de grau de hidratação de camada córnea pelo método de capacitância (corneometria) e pelo método de perda de água transepidérmica (TEWL); a medida sérica de IgE também foi solicitada no ato do exame. Resultados: Houve uma relação significativa entre as medidas de corneometria, TEWL e gravidade clínica da dermatite atópica. Os dados demonstraram uma correlação inversamente proporcional entre a corneometria e o TEWL, e houve uma diferença estatisticamente significativa (p<0,001) entre as médias de corneometria e TEWL e grau de DA (leve, moderada ou intensa). Com relação aos níveis séricos de IgE, as medidas de corneometria apresentaram uma correlação negativa significativa; para TEWL, a correlação positiva foi estatisticamente significativa (p<0,001). Conclusão: As medidas biofísicas de barreira cutânea na DA, mesmo em pele aparentemente não lesada, podem funcionar como fator de avaliação do grau clínico da DA e da intensidade do prurido. / Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic dermatosis, predominant in childhood, characterized by pruritus and eczematous type lesions with xerosis as the proeminent clinical sign. Objectives: To analyze the correlation between biophysical measurements of skin barrier function and other assessment criteria of clinical severity according to Rajka and Langelands criteria. Methods: Biophysical measurements (Transepidermal water loss and corneometry) were obtained from 231 patients from the department of dermatology, Hospital das Clinicas FMUSP with the diagnsosis of atopical dermatitis. Serum levels of IgE were also evaluated. Results: A significant correlation between corneometry, TEWL and clinical severity of atopic dermatitis were found. Data showed an inverse correlation between corneometry, TEWL, and AD severity, and a significant difference (p<0,001) between means of corneometry and TEWL and AD severity (mild, moderate and severe). As for IgE levels, corneometry had significant negative correlation, in contrast with TEWL, wich showed a significant positive correlation (p<0,001). Conclusion: Biophysical measurements of skin barrier in non lesional skin of atopic dermatitis may work as an evaluation factor for AD severity and pruritus.