No / In this paper, a framework is developed to consider collective action, sustainability and the capability approach with regard to resolution of water disputes, followed by a brief discussion of how identity can hinder cooperation or the development of universalism. This framework is then examined with a case study of the Cauvery river dispute in India. At the heart of river water disputes are issues related to justice and fairness, which depend to a significant extent on: how citizens perceive their claims over river water (shaped by cultural and historical factors); the extent to which citizens are able to collectivize their claims through location, economic activity and identity, and use their voice to influence the state; the extent to which the state policy and actions reflect the 'voice' and collective interests of different groups; and how the various riparian states recognize and deal with each others' claims. The framework discussed here suggests that the capability approach provides us with a much broader framework than collective action or Robert Solow's sustainability as inter-generational fairness. These are conjectures for further exploration.

Mine influenced waters (MIW) pose a broad range of potential environmental impacts, which often also carry financial and social consequences. MIWs are often high in solids content, and can have highly acidic or alkaline pH and high contents of metals or other problematic constituents (e.g., traces of chemicals used in minerals processing or water treatment). Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a common type of MIW characterized by low pH. Release of untreated MIWs like AMD to surface waters, for example, can lead to problems such as a sedimentation and siltation, undesirable changes in pH and/or precipitation of metals and salts, and addition of particular stressors for various aquatic organisms. As such, these waters are frequently captured and treated on-site in systems requiring extensive piping. Polyethylene (PE) pipes are popular in mining, including MIW, applications because they are chemically inert, and have relatively low costs, low density, and high flexibility. However, PE material is susceptible to abrasion. To combat this problem and offer a single pipe option for a variety of mining applications, Gerodur MPM Kunststoffverarbeitung GmbH and Co. KG.(Gerodur) has developed a novel liner for PE pipes. The liner is made of a rubber-like material that is resistant to mechanical abrasion by slurries or high-solids waters, but its susceptibility to mineral scale buildup has not been specifically evaluated. In order to evaluate scale buildup on the lined PE versus traditional PE pipe material, two studies were undertaken and are reported in this thesis. A short-term field study was conducted in the Reiche Zeche underground mine in Freiberg, Germany – an inactive lead-zinc mine. Water quality varies considerably between different zones in this mine, but is characterized by very high dissolved solids, which is typical for AMD. For this study, the pipe materials were exposed to waters in six locations for three weeks; and were then analyzed for weight gain and scale composition. Results showed that there was only a marginal difference in the scale build up when comparing the two piping materials. In a follow-up study in the laboratory, the two pipe materials were exposed over a total of 16 weeks to three idealized AMD water qualities: an untreated AMD made to simulate the most extreme condition observed in the field study, the same AMD following passive treatment (i.e., neutral pH), and the same AMD following active treatment (i.e., slightly basic pH). Exposure was done in pipe-loop apparatuses such that samples could be subjected to different flow and sedimentation conditions (i.e., gentle mixing only on the sides of the water reservoir, gentle mixing and sedimentation on the bottom of the reservoir, and constant flow and possible sedimentation within the pipe-loop tubing itself). Results of this study indicated that factors such as water chemistry and flow velocity had significant effect on the quantity and chemistry of scale. However, there was very little difference in propensity for scale build up between the two materials. This liner was designed in an effort to resist mechanical abrasion. Because scale build up is not exacerbated by the liner, it may provide a means for uniform applications across mines with contiguous abrasive and scale prone waters. That is, it could eliminate the need to have various specialized piping materials on a site to handle these problems individually, streamlining the pumping and piping network installation and operation. / Master of Science

Chronic oil pollution or frequent small-scale oil discharges from vessel operations is an important source of marine oil pollution and considered a constant threat to marine and coastal environments. In Canada’s Pacific region, evidence of such illegal discharges has been gathered by the National Aerial Surveillance Program (NASP) from 1998 to 2007. We used this information to fit Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) for offshore waters and inshore waters and explore the relationships between oil spill occurrences and four predictor variables: shipping traffic densities for different vessel types, distance to shore, distance to port and density of small harbours. The best-fit models for both regions show that areas closer to shore and with higher density of small harbours have a higher probability of oil spill occurrences. However, only in inshore waters was shipping traffic significantly related with oil spill occurrences. Tug boats and oil tanker traffic show a significant positive relationship with oil spill observations, while carriers presented a negative association. Mapped results for offshore areas depicted the highest probability of oily discharges in Barkley Sound and at the entrance of the Juan de Fuca Strait; whereas in inshore waters, oil pollution hot spots were found in the vicinity of major commercial and tourist centres. These probability maps were used to identify Coastal and Marine Protected Areas (CMPAs) and Important Bird Areas (IBAs) more likely to be exposed to chronic oil pollution during a period of 10 years. Three areas were highlighted as the most vulnerable based on their likelihood of exposure and the sensitivity of the species they contain to oil pollution. These sites are the Tofino Mudflats, Barkley Sound, Scott Islands and the Sturgeon and Robert Banks, in the Fraser River delta. Our findings provide better understanding of the relationships between oil spill occurrences and vessel operations and help us identify likely oil pollution hot spots and sites particularly vulnerable to this stressor in Canada’s Pacific region. This information can be useful to NASP in improving its efficiency and in targeting monitoring efforts to troublesome areas. Additionally, this research contributes to regional studies that focus on analyzing the distribution of anthropogenic stressors from sea-based activities in British Columbia. Finally, we highlight the importance of collecting accurate data to properly model the probability of oil spill occurrences and encourage future research aiming to better understand and ultimately reduce the chronic release of pollutants from shipping activities into the marine environment.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed January 9, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Orientador: José Anderson do Nascimento Batista / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T09:40:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Boldrin_AndressaJuliana_M.pdf: 9153781 bytes, checksum: bbc9ce49c75a33ca25987be08d9136a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O crescimento urbano acelerado gera a necessidade de implantação de infraestruturas que impermeabilizam o solo, aumentando o escoamento superficial e motivando a implantação de sistema de drenagem de águas pluviais urbanas. A ausência de planejamento e da integração entre as entidades responsáveis pelo gerenciamento da infraestrutura urbana associada à ocupação inadequada do espaço urbano ocasiona inundações. Considerando esta situação dos sistemas de drenagem de águas pluviais, o presente trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho hidráulico de um sistema de drenagem de águas pluviais urbanas em funcionamento, identificando a localização e as causas de possíveis deficiências por intermédio do índice de desempenho hidráulico proposto por BENNIS et al. (2003). A área de estudo escolhida foi a área de contribuição do sistema de drenagem de águas pluviais urbanas do Campus Universitário "Professor Zeferino Vaz". Normalmente em áreas urbanas os dados hidrológicos disponíveis restringem-se apenas aos dados pluviométricos. Por isso foram utilizados métodos de transformação de chuva-vazão para o cálculo das vazões afluentes à rede de drenagem. Após a determinação da vazão, foram averiguadas as condições hidráulicas utilizando o método do UDFCD (Distrito de Drenagem Urbana e Controle de Inundações) e o programa computacional SWMM (Modelo de Gerenciamento de Águas Pluviais da Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos Estados Unidos). Por meio do índice de desempenho hidráulico de BENNIS et al. (2003), foi possível verificar o grau de sobrecarga de cada trecho da rede de drenagem urbana. Além disso, a elaboração da matriz da condição hidráulica da rede de drenagem possibilitou identificar a origem e as causas das sobrecargas em cada trecho. Os resultados obtidos pelo método UDFCD e pelo modelo SWMM, sistematizados por meio do índice de desempenho hidráulico possibilitaram avaliar globalmente o sistema de drenagem de águas pluviais da área de estudo. As sobrecargas e os extravasamentos foram identificados, incluindo as causas e consequências de suas ocorrências / Abstract: The accelerated urban growth generates the need for deployment of infrastructures that seals the soil, increasing runoff and motivating the implementation of urban stormwater drainage system. The absence of planning and integration between the entities responsible for the management of urban infrastructure associated with the inadequate occupation of urban space cause flooding. Considering this situation of stormwater drainage system, the present study aims to assess the hydraulic performance of an urban stormwater drainage system in operation, identifying the location and causes of possible deficiencies through the hydraulic performance index proposed by BENNIS et al. (2003). The study area was chosen at stormwater drainage system catchment area of the University Campus "Professor Zeferino Vaz". Typically in urban areas the available hydrological data are restricted only to rainfall data. For this reason methods of transformation of rainfall ¿ runoff were applied for the calculation of drainage network flows. After determining the flow rate, were verified the hydraulic conditions using the UDFCD (Urban Drainage and Flood Control District) method and the computational program SWMM (Storm Water Management Model of the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States). Through the hydraulic performance index proposed by BENNIS et al. (2003) was possible to verify the degree of surcharge of each pipe of the urban stormwater drainage network. Furthermore, the development of the matrix design of the hydraulic conditions of the urban stormwater drainage network allowed identifies the origin and causes of the surcharges in each pipe section. The results obtained by UDFCD method and SWMM model were organized through of the hydraulic performance index and it possible an overall assessment of the urban stormwater system of the study area. Surcharges and overflows were identified, including their causes and consequences of their events / Mestrado / Recursos Hidricos, Energeticos e Ambientais / Mestra em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Alexandre Nunes Ponezi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T03:39:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_AdrianaMoreirade_M.pdf: 1845215 bytes, checksum: 959617b3b0d7f3705be1207e704dc50d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Atualmente a preocupação em relação à qualidade das águas consumidas, seja para hidropinia, recreação ou para usos terapêuticos é fato. As águas termais usadas para fins terapêuticos não poderiam deixar de estar nesse contexto. Na cidade de Poços de Caldas-MG, a população dispõe de dois Fontanários de águas termais sulfurosas de livre acesso para usos diversos, inclusive para ingerir. Desde que foram captadas em 1882, o sistema permanece com as mesmas características estruturais de quando foram implantadas. Além disso, a cidade cresceu e invadiu as áreas próximas às nascentes dessas águas, oferecendo riscos devido às ações antrópicas. Esse trabalho analisou a qualidade das águas termais sulfurosas distribuídas no Fontanário Pedro Botelho, localizado nas Thermas Antônio Carlos, e no Fontanário dos Macacos, situado no Balneário Mário Mourão, fazendo uma avaliação das águas segundo os padrões microbiológicos, bacteriológicos, físico-químicos, composição química e de radionuclídeos, durante um período de 12 meses e comparou com as legislações vigentes. Praticamente, todos os padrões estão dentro dos parâmetros de qualidade, exceto para os elementos denominados fluoreto e sódio que se encontram com valores acima do permitido pela legislação, que estipula limites para águas utilizadas para consumo humano, embora os usos a que se destinam as águas termais sulfurosas sejam para fins terapêuticos. Quanto aos valores altos de fluoreto foram detectados tanto no ponto do Fontanário Pedro Botelho quanto no Fontanário dos Macacos. Estas alterações no valor deste elemento estão relacionadas com uma incorporação natural do fluoreto às águas subterrâneas, devido à lixiviação das rochas fluoritas alcalinas, abundantes nessa região. O excesso de fluoreto nas águas consumidas podem causar fluorose dentária que se caracteriza por apresentar um escurecimento do esmalte dos dentes ou a fluorose óssea que se manifesta causando um enfraquecimento do esqueleto. Quanto ao valor de sódio, que ultrapassou os limites permissíveis pela legislação Portaria n. 2914/11 em média de 20 a 25%, nos dois Fontanários, pode-se relacionar a presença deste elemento nas águas termais sulfurosas à geologia do local. O sódio em excesso e se ingerido com frequência pode ser prejudicial para indivíduos hipertensos / Abstract: Currently the concern about the quality of water consumed, either for hidropinia, recreation or a therapeutic use is fact. The thermal waters used for therapeutic purposes could not help but be in that context. In the city of Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, the population has two Fountains of sulphurous hot springs with free access for various uses, including drinking. Since they were captured in 1882, the system remains the same structural characteristics when implemented. In addition, the city grew and invaded the waters near the headwaters of these areas, offering risks due to human actions. This study examined the quality of the sulphurous hot springs distributed in Fountains Pedro Botelho, located in thermas Antônio Carlos, and Fountain of the Macacos, located in Balneario Mario Mourão, with an evaluation of the water according to the microbiological, bacteriological, physical and chemical composition standards chemicals and radionuclides for a period of 12 months and compared with the existing laws. Virtually all standards are within the quality parameters, except for the elements called fluoride and sodium which are values above those permitted by law, which stipulates limits for waters used for human consumption, although the uses for which the waters are intended thermal sulphurous be for therapeutic purposes. As for the high values of fluoride were detected in both point Fountain Pedro Botelho as the Fountain of the Macacos. These changes in the value of this element are related to a natural incorporation of fluoride to groundwater due to leaching of alkaline, abundant fluorite rocks in this region. Excess fluoride in water consumed can cause dental fluorosis which is characterized by having a darkening of tooth enamel or skeletal fluorosis which manifests a weakening of the skeleton. As for the sodium value that exceeded allowable limits by legislation Ordinance no. 2914/11 on average from 20 to 25 % in the two Fountains, one can relate the presence of sulfur element in the thermal water the local geology. The excess sodium ingested and often can be harmful for hypertensive patients / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestra em Engenharia Civil

Este trabalho lança novos dados em relação à gênese das águas termais da região centro-sul da Borda Oriental do Estado de Santa Catarina. Pouco se sabe a este respeito, apesar das águas termais serem exploradas a mais de 180 anos no Estado de Santa Catarina, pouco se falou sobre sua gênese e evolução. Neste trabalho foram reunidos os dados existentes sobre as águas termais e termo-minerais no Estado de Santa Catarina até o presente momento e compilados na forma de tabelas, quadros e modelos genéticos, o que possibilitou lançar novas hipóteses sobre as origens destas águas. Não foram consideradas as ocorrências a Oeste de Santa Catarina por serem captações feitas por poços tubulares profundos e não por surgências naturais ou poços pouco profundos, como ocorre na região centro-sul da Borda Oriental. / This work intends to dare new basis in relation to the origin of the thermal and thermal-mineral waters in the Centre-South of the Eastern Cost in the state of Santa Catarina. Only a few information about it is available, in spite of the thermal and thermal-mineral waters are being explored over 180 years in the state of Santa Catarina, a few was spoken about their origin and evolution. In this work were joined the information available about the thermal and thermalmineral waters in the state of Santa Catarina until the present moment and compiled in schedules and genetic models that permited to criate new hypothesis about the origin of those waters. The accurences in the West of Santa Catarina were not considered because the captivating is done by deep tubular wells and not by natural existence or by less deep wells like occurs in the Centre-South and the Eastern Cost.

Este trabalho lança novos dados em relação à gênese das águas termais da região centro-sul da Borda Oriental do Estado de Santa Catarina. Pouco se sabe a este respeito, apesar das águas termais serem exploradas a mais de 180 anos no Estado de Santa Catarina, pouco se falou sobre sua gênese e evolução. Neste trabalho foram reunidos os dados existentes sobre as águas termais e termo-minerais no Estado de Santa Catarina até o presente momento e compilados na forma de tabelas, quadros e modelos genéticos, o que possibilitou lançar novas hipóteses sobre as origens destas águas. Não foram consideradas as ocorrências a Oeste de Santa Catarina por serem captações feitas por poços tubulares profundos e não por surgências naturais ou poços pouco profundos, como ocorre na região centro-sul da Borda Oriental. / This work intends to dare new basis in relation to the origin of the thermal and thermal-mineral waters in the Centre-South of the Eastern Cost in the state of Santa Catarina. Only a few information about it is available, in spite of the thermal and thermal-mineral waters are being explored over 180 years in the state of Santa Catarina, a few was spoken about their origin and evolution. In this work were joined the information available about the thermal and thermalmineral waters in the state of Santa Catarina until the present moment and compiled in schedules and genetic models that permited to criate new hypothesis about the origin of those waters. The accurences in the West of Santa Catarina were not considered because the captivating is done by deep tubular wells and not by natural existence or by less deep wells like occurs in the Centre-South and the Eastern Cost.

Orientador: Sueli Yoshinaga Pereira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T03:31:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Caetano_LucioCarramillo_D.pdf: 5044683 bytes, checksum: 412a0660e3f44ef06c81163d34ffb15a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Os conflitos, hoje, existentes para a inserção da água mineral, na gestão integrada de recursos hídricos, são oriundos de modelos de gestão formulados em momentos diferentes da história política brasileira. A legislação de água mineral (Código de Águas Minerais de 1945 e Código de Mineração de 1967) foi criada em regimes autoritários e centralizadores, enquanto que a legislação de recursos hídricos (Constituição Federal, de 1988 e a Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos, de 1997) possui um caráter democrático, descentralizador e participativo. Esta constatação provém de uma análise de todo um registro histórico da evolução política, que foi baseado nas Constituições Federais e nas legislações voltadas para os recursos minerais e para a água. Foi analisada também a evolução do conceito de água mineral que se inicia como um medicamento, passando a commodity, na atualidade. A participação da União, em diversas etapas do processo burocrático, desencadeia uma série de pré-requisitos entre diplomas da União, do Estado e do Município que geram a superposição de poderes culminando com entraves na condução processual, muitas vezes, dificultando todo um investimento no setor industrial de água mineral, o que causa sérios prejuízos às empresas. Apesar de toda a burocracia, estudos importantes, como os de disponibilidade hídrica de uma região, não são considerados, o que pode acarretar danos à comunidade local. No estado do Rio de Janeiro, os conflitos existentes entre a utilização da água como recurso mineral e hídrico, refletem um retrato da situação no Brasil. Neste Estado, ainda hoje, são constatadas por esta pesquisa, 20 (vinte) etapas necessárias para a legalização de uma indústria de água mineral, no contexto Federal, Estadual e Municipal, incapazes de solucionar os conflitos. A presente proposta, baseada na Constituição Federal de 1988, reduz em 10 (dez) etapas este trâmite burocrático, resultado da descentralização e retirada das sobreposições de poder. Ao Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral cabe, nessa proposta, estabelecer diretrizes gerais da política da água mineral brasileira / Abstract: Nowadays conflicts for the insertion of mineral water in the management of water resource are originated in management models formulated at different moments of the Brazilian political history. The mineral water legislation (Mineral Water Code, 1945 and Mining Code, 1967) was created into authoritarian and centralizing regimes, while the legislation of water resource possesses a democratic, decentralizing and multi-participative character. This verification comes from an overall analysis of the historical registration of the policy evolution, which was based on the Federal Constitution and the Legislation regarding both mineral and water resources. Also, the evolution of the mineral water concept was analyzed. It begins as a medicine and turns out to be a commodity. The participation of the Federal government in several stages of the bureaucratic process attracts a series of pre-requirements among the Federal, the State and the Municipal diplomas generating the overlap of powers, which culminate with impediments in the procedural conduction. It often hinders an entire investment in the mineral water industry, causing serious damages to the companies. In spite of all the bureaucracy, important studies, such as the water availability of a region is not taken into consideration, what can result in damages to the local community. The existent conflicts in the State of Rio de Janeiro between the use of the water as mineral and water resource reflect a picture of the situation in Brazil. In this State there were evidenced twenty necessary stages among the three governmental levels for the legalization of an industry of mineral water, yet unable of solving the conflicts. The present proposal, based in the Federal Constitution of 1988, reduces to ten stages this bureaucratic proceeding, result of the decentralization and the elimination of overlapping powers. It is up to the National Department of Mineral Production, in this proposal, to establish general guidelines of the Brazilian mineral water policy / Doutorado / Administração e Politica de Recursos Minerais / Doutor em Ciências

My thesis research provides an alternative argument for the protection of the wilderness that extends far beyond that of the purely biological and instead looks at wilderness for the intrinsic value, focusing on the social and cultural aspects. Through an ethnographic approach, I uncovered the how, why, and in what context people connect with wilderness and how people lean on these experiences. Through analysis of the interviews and data that was collected, I was able to identify tangible and intangible values associated with wilderness exploration and understand how these social and cultural aspects manifest themselves in people's day-to-day lives.